ECS
From the ECS State Policy Database
2002 State Policies / Activities

Education Commission of the States • 700 Broadway, Suite 810 • Denver, CO 80203-3442 • 303.299.3600 • fax 303.296.8332 • www.ecs.org

The following summary includes policies enacted in 2002. This database is made possible by your state's fiscal support of the Education Commission of the States (ECS). Most entries are legislative, although rules/regulations and executive orders that make substantive changes are included. Every effort is made to collect the latest available version of policies; in some instances, recent changes might not be reflected. For expediency purposes minimal attention has been paid to style (capitalization, punctuation) and format. To view the documents, click on the blue triangle next to the topic of interest. To view all, press the button located at the top labeled "Expand All."

Please cite use of the database as: Education Commission of the States (ECS) State Policy Database, retrieved [date].

State Status/Date Level Summary
+ Accountability
+ Accountability--Accreditation
+ Accountability--Measures/Indicators
+ Accountability--Reporting Results
+ Accountability--Rewards
+ Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions
+ Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions--No Pass No Drive
+ Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions--Takeovers
+ Accountability--School Improvement
+ Adult Basic Education
+ Assessment
+ Assessment--Accommodations
+ Assessment--End-of-Course
+ Assessment--Formative/Interim
+ Assessment--High Stakes/Competency
+ Assessment--NAEP (NAEP Results and NAEP Organization)
+ At-Risk (incl. Dropout Prevention)
+ At-Risk (incl. Dropout Prevention)--Alternative Education
+ At-Risk (incl. Dropout Prevention)--Drugs/Alcohol
+ Attendance
+ Attendance--Truancy
+ Background Checks
- Bilingual/ESL
CORejected by voters 11/2002P-12The proposed amendment to the Colorado Constitution: requires that all public school students be taught in English unless they are exempted under the proposal; requires students who do not speak English (English learners) to be taught English through English language immersion programs and to be transferred to a regular classroom, generally after one year; allows parents or legal guardians to request a waiver from English immersion requirements under certain circumstances and gives schools the power to approve or deny the request; authorizes a parent or legal guardian to sue for enforcement of the proposal; requires all English learners in grades two through twelve to be tested annually in English using a nationally standardized test of academic subject matter. http://www.state.co.us/gov_dir/leg_dir/lcsstaff/2002/ballot/EnglishLanguage.htm
Title: Amendment 31
Source: Colorado Elections Division

MAApproved by voters 11/2002P-12Proposes by initiative petition; requires public schools to educate English learners through a sheltered English immersion program; provides that parents or guardians of certain children could apply each year to have the requirements waived; provides that a parent or guardian could sue for damages to enforce the proposed law; relates to any school employee, administrator, or elected official who refused to implement the proposed law.
Title: Question 2
Source: Massachusetts Elections Division

NERejected by voters 11/2002P-12(LR 1CA 2001-2002) Amends section 27 of the Article I of the Nebraska Constitution to eliminate language requirements for private, denominational and parochial schools.
Title: Proposed Amendment 1
Source: Nebraska Secretary of State Web site

CASigned into law 09/2002P-12Enacts the English Learner and Immigrant Pupil Federal Conformity Act. Ensures that instructional services are provided to pupils with limited English proficiency in conformity with federal requirements that are designed to ensure that all pupils have reasonable access to educational opportunities with regard to English and other core curriculum areas of instruction. Provides certain federal funds would be used for these provisions.
Title: S.B. 2083
Source: Lexis-Nexis/StateNet

CAVetoed 09/2002P-12Makes legislative findings and declarations regarding limited-English-proficient pupils and would state the intent of the Legislature to integrate and restate the most basic protections in the State and federal law for these pupils and their parents and to ensure sustained achievement for these pupils in the public schools. Requires the demonstration of comparable improvement in academic achievement by certain subgroups of English learners.
Title: S.B. 1665
Source: Lexis-Nexis/StateNet

CTSigned into law 09/2002P-12Amends the provisions concerning the exemptions of limited English proficient special education students from participation in the state mastery testing program (Sec. 5)
Title: H.B. 6004 (Special Session Act No. 02-7)
Source: http://www.state.ct.us/sde/commish/

FLSigned into law 08/2002P-12Shifts responsibility for establishing rules regarding student report cards from state superintendent to state board. Modifies rules relating to remediation, retention and promotion. Specifically, as stated by legislative summary, "The bill requires retention of students whose reading deficiency is not remedied by the third grade, as demonstrated by scoring at Level 2 or higher on the third grade reading portion of the FCAT. Before third grade, students identified as having a substantial reading deficiency must be given intensive reading instruction." Also, "The bill requires that academic improvement plans describe specific areas of reading deficiency, desired levels of performance in these areas, and necessary support services. The bill requires written parental notification of a substantial reading disability, current services, proposed remediation, and a mandatory third grade retention requirement. The bill outlines good cause exemptions: Limited English Proficient students who have had less than two years of instruction in an English for Speakers of Other Languages program; those with disabilities whose individual education plan (IEP) indicates that participation in the statewide assessments is not appropriate; those who demonstrate an acceptable level of performance on an alternative standardized reading assessment approved by the State Board of Education; those who demonstrate, through a student portfolio, the mastery of the Sunshine State Standards in reading equal to a Level 2 performance on the FCAT; students with disabilities who were previously retained in kindergarten, first or second grade, who participate in the FCAT and whose IEP or 504 plan shows a remaining deficiency after intensive remediation in reading for more than two years; and students who have received the intensive remediation in reading for two or more years but still demonstrate a deficiency or who were previously retained in kindergarten, grade one or grade two for a total of two years. The bill requires the teacher to document and report any good cause exemption to the principal. The principal reviews and reports a recommendation to the superintendent who makes the final decision. Each step of this process must be in writing. The bill gives the State Board of Education authority to enforce these provisions by requiring that districts submit relevant data, allowing the Commissioner of Education to investigate noncompliance, ordering compliance within a specified time frame, and withholding funds in the event of continued noncompliance." See bill section 371, page 825, line 4 ff: http://www.leg.state.fl.us/data/session/2002E/Senate/bills/billtext/pdf/s0020Eer.pdf
Title: S.B. 20E
Source: http://www.leg.state.fl.us

FLSigned into law 08/2002P-12State-approved teacher preparation programs must incorporate appropriate English for Speakers of Other Languages instruction so that program graduates will have completed the requirements for teaching limited English proficient students in Florida public schools. http://www.leg.state.fl.us/data/session/2002E/Senate/bills/billtext/pdf/s0020Eer.pdf
Title: S.B. 20E (Code Re-Write)
Source: Bill Text

MASigned into law 08/2002P-12Creates within department the office of language acquisition to aid the commissioner in overseeing creation of district English language learners programs, and to gather and disseminate to districts best practices in terms of programs and techniques for bringing limited English proficient students to English proficiency. Replaces references to "programs of transitional bilingual education" with those to "English language learners programs. Requires every district to annually file specified data with the state, such as the type(s) of English language learners program provided and the the number of students formerly enrolled as English language learners who enroll in postsecondary institutions. Requires state commissioner to annually publish both statewide and district-level data on English language learner programs and limited English proficient students. Requires candidates for provisional or standard teacher certification or recertification to have completed state board-required courses in second language acquisition. Districts are required to provide teachers with development in second language acquisition techniques, and professional development plans are to be filed annually with the state commissioner. Also requires state commissioner's annual plan for providing assistance to indicate both statewide and by district the types of development provided educators who work with limited English proficient students. Requires student performance plans to describe opportunities given by the school to ensure limited English proficient students' progress in meeting reading, writing, speaking and listening skills in English as well as opportunities given these students to meet academic standards and curriculum frameworks. Requires every district to determine annually by March 1 the number of limited English proficient K-12 students served by the district. Establishes requirements to be met by programs for English language learners as well as annual assessment of these students' proficiency in English oral comprehension, speaking, reading and writing. Requires that limited English proficient students be taught to the same academic standards and curriculum frameworks as all students and allows assessment of attainment of these standards and frameworks in a language other than English as long as the student is enrolled in an English language learners program.

Permits students to remain in English language learners program for maximum of three years. Requires district development, with cooperation of student's parents, of English learning success plan for any limited English proficient student who does not make sufficient progress in attaining English proficiency after second year of enrollment in English language learners program. Requires that parents of limited English proficient student be notified in writing, both in English and the parents' primary language, of the English language learners program(s) in the district and of the existence of the district parent advisory council, with a recommendation of a specific program for the student and notification of their right to remove student from program, visit program, etc. Establishes in each district serving at least 50 students in English language learners program a parent advisory council comprised of parents of children enrolled in English language learners program in district. Each council must include at least one representative of every language group in which a program is conducted in the district. Establishes rights and duties of parent advisory councils, including right to meet at least once annually with the local school council. Permits nonresident students to attend a district's English language learners program(s.) Requires "limited English proficient students [to] participate fully with their English-speaking peers in those regular education classrooms, subjects, or activities in which verbalization in English is not essential to understanding" (i.e., physical education, art, music, etc.), and requires districts to ensure that limited English proficient students have the opportunity to participate fully in district's extracurricular offerings. Establishes requirements relating to certificates for teachers of bilingual education or English as a Second Language. Permits districts to establish full-time or part-time preschool, after-school or summer school programs English language learners programs, although these programs may not substitute for English language learners programs provided during the regular school year. Requires department to carry out an on-site visit at least once every three years to every school district with approved district English language learner plans, both to evaluate programs and to offer assistance in improving programs. Requires that any limited English proficient student who was unable to attain English proficiency prior to leaving high school be given access to English language and literacy skill instruction courses offered through the state adult basic education program. "[W]ithin five years of the effective date of this act, any foreign language classes required by the department [...] or by a school district shall be required for students in elementary schools and optional for students in high schools." http://www.state.ma.us/legis/bills/house/ht05010.htm
Title: H.B. 5010
Source: www.state.ma.us

MDSigned into law 07/2002P-12Establishes tobacco tax as well as special fund to dedicate tobacco tax revenues for education funding. Monies are to 1) provide unrestricted grants to districts; 2) assist local lead agencies and Baltimore City under the Maryland Infants and Toddlers Program; and 3) provide funding for adult education and literacy services. http://mlis.state.md.us/2002rs/bills/sb/sb0856e.rtf
Title: S.B. 856
Source: mlis.state.md.us

COSigned into law 06/2002P-12Requires department to develop single test for districts to identify students eligible to participate in K-12 English language proficiency programs; establish statewide proficiency levels and accomodations on test; and disaggregate testing data to track the academic progress of ESL students who have been in a Colorado public school for three years or more or have subsequently been assessed as having attained proficiency in English. Also mandates creation of advisory commission within department and membership thereof to assist in implementing the above changes. Beginning July 1, 2005, requires districts to use single test developed by department to identify students eligible to participate in K-12 English language proficiency programs. Requires districts to annually report to the department the number of non-English languages which are the primary language of students served, as well as the number of students who speak each non-English language as their primary language. Requires as an accreditation indicator the results of the assessments of students whose dominant language is other than English but who have been enrolled in a Colorado public school for at least three years or have been assessed as proficient in English, and are consequently required to take the state assessment in English. Authorizes the state board to recommend to the general assembly any format or content changes to the school accountability reports, as well as to reconfigure and rearrange the data due to space limitations. Beginning in the 2005-06 academic year, provided there are sufficient funds from "No Child Left Behind," school accountability reports must provide a chart indicating the progress of students on the test to determine if the student's dominant language is one other than English. Requires scores of students whose dominant language is not English and who have attained a proficient score in English in each component of the test to identify students eligible to participate in K-12 English language proficiency programs to be included in the calculation of school academic performance ratings and accreditation. Requires the department to administer reading assessments in Spanish for 3rd- and 4th-graders whose dominant language is Spanish and a writing assessment in Spanish to such 4th-graders. Provided there are sufficient funds provided by the "No Child Left Behind Act of 2001," the board must develop and, starting spring 2003 the department must administer a writing assessment in Spanish for 3rd-graders whose dominant language is Spanish http://www.leg.state.co.us/2002a/inetcbill.nsf/fsbillcont/5FC3C9C533C2716287256B3C0059EE95?Open&file=109_enr.pdf.
Title: S.B. 109
Source: www.leg.state.co.us

HIVetoed 06/2002P-12Establishes a commission on language access. Requires the commission to develop and implement systems by which limited English speaking persons can access services, activities, and programs within each department. http://www.capitol.hawaii.gov/sessioncurrent/bills/sb2568_.htm
Title: S.B. 2568
Source: Lexis-Nexis/StateNet

ILSigned into law 06/2002P-12Requires schools that are part of the sample drawn by the National Center for Education Statistics to administer the biennial State academic assessments of 4th and 8th grade reading and mathematics under the National Assessment of Educational Progress. Provides that the school report card must be posted on the schools website rather than automatically mailed to parents, and a written notice sent home to parents with the Web site address. Printed copies are available on request. Requires districts to adopt policies for the transfer of students within the district. Requires requests for transfer in relation to ESEA to be made within 30 days of notification of right to transfer. Establishes criteria under which local board may refuse request to transfer. Requires the notifice of parents of child's placement in bilingual education program to include more specific information, including reasons why child was placed in program, child's level of English proficiency, how this level was assessed, and the child's current level of academic achievement. Permits parents to immediately withdraw child from bilingual program rather than at time of notice or end of semester. Increases supplemental aid to low income school districts. http://www.legis.state.il.us/publicacts/pubact92/acts/92-0604.html
Title: S.B. 1983
Source: www.legis.state.il.us

COSigned into law 05/2002P-12Establishes a Family Literacy Education Grant Program within the Department of Education; permits local education providers to apply for grants in order to provide family literacy education, adult literacy education or English language literacy education. http://www.leg.state.co.us/2002a/inetcbill.nsf/fsbillcont/749A738EBAEFDEC587256B3E0082C23B?Open&file=1303_enr.pdf
Title: H.B. 1303
Source: www.leg.state.co.us

FLSigned into law 05/2002P-12Creates new section on charter school capital outlay. According to legislative summary, bill "requires the full-credit for teaching service to apply to experience in charter schools, either in-state or out-of-state" and revises charter school purposes "to include both mandatory and permissive objectives." Gives charter schools exemption from fees for building permits and impact and service availability fees. Gives state commissioner authority to identify in writing a dedicated funding source for charter school capital outlay. States that charter schools are not exempt from law mandating provision of services to limited-English proficient students; removes Commissioner's waiver provisions; demands that nonrenewed charter schools be held in trust, pending appeal. Establishes a Charter School Appeal Commission composed of 1/2 representatives of school district and 1/2 representatives of charter operators to review and make recommendations to the state board regarding charter school appeals. Designates state board decision in charter school appeals as binding. Also section on charter technical career centers that deletes commissioner's waiver provisions. See bill section 98, page 207, line 28 ff and bill section 99, page 245, line 1: http://www.leg.state.fl.us/data/session/2002E/Senate/bills/billtext/pdf/s0020Eer.pdf
Title: S.B. 20E
Source: www.leg.state.fl.us

MDSigned into law 05/2002P-12States the intent of the general assembly that state agencies provide equal access to public services for individuals with limited English proficiency; requires documents to be translated into any language spoken by 3% of any limited English proficient population within the geographic service area; includes vital documents or informational materials, notices, and complaint forms offered by state deparments, agencies, and programs. Requires the Maryland State Department of Education to be in full compliance by July 1, 2005. http://mlis.state.md.us/2002rs/bills/sb/sb0265e.rtf
Title: S.B. 265
Source: Lexis-Nexis/StateNet

MDSigned into law 05/2002P-12Establishes sales and use tax on telecommunications service in Prince George's County. Net proceeds from the revenue must be used only as supplemental funds for the operation of the Prince George's County School System. The board must consider using such funds for the provision of a program for at-risk or low-performing students in grades 6-12 that meets specified criteria; and a Spanish language immersion program for at least 450 pupils in grades K-5. http://mlis.state.md.us/2002rs/bills/hb/hb0949e.rtf
Title: H.B. 949
Source: mlis.state.md.us

MDSigned into law 05/2002P-12Requires that county board financial audit results be reported to state superintendent, county fiscal authority, and specified house and senate committees. Requries Management Oversight Panel to monitor implementation of audits' recommendations and coordination office to support Management Oversight Panel until the state superintendent determines that all the audits' recommendations have been addressed. Modifies the basic current expense formula to create a new foundation program for state education funding; creates a compensatory education funding program; creates a funding program for students with limited English; creates a special education funding program; establishes guaranteed tax base program. Extends funding for public school construction projects in Prince George's County and Baltimore City from 2003 to 2004. Establishes Task Force to Study Public School Facilities; requires task force to study specified issues in the realms of school construction. Terminates task force on December 31, 2002. Provides unrestricted grants of specified amounts in FY 03 to county boards. Requires Prince George's County Board to develop and submit comprehensive master plan and Superintendent to approve master plan before it receives its unrestricted grant. http://mlis.state.md.us/2002rs/bills/sb/sb0856e.rtf
Title: S.B. 856
Source: mlis.state.md.us

MDSigned into law 04/2002P-12Requires the department of education to distribute need- and performance-based grants for adult education. Adult education and -literacy grant funds under this program may be used for GED instruction, the Maryland Adult External High School Program, ESL, family literacy and basic skills and literacy instruction. Funding is as provided in state budget. http://mlis.state.md.us/2002rs/bills/sb/sb0737t.rtf
Title: S.B. 737
Source: mlis.state.md.us

MSSigned into law 04/2002P-12Establishes requirements for nontraditional teacher preparation and licensure through the Teach Mississippi Institute (TMI), as well as mentoring and induction program for nontraditionally certified teachers. Establishes license certification for transitional bilingual teachers. Allows nontraditionally certified teachers to qualify for William F. Winter Teacher Scholar Loan Program and Critical Needs Teacher Scholarship Program. Modifies statutes regarding nontraditional administrator certification.
Title: S.B. 2370
Source: Lexis-Nexis/StateNet

+ Business Involvement
+ Career/Technical Education
+ Cheating
+ Choice of Schools--Charter Schools
+ Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Charter Districts
+ Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Finance
+ Choice of Schools--Choice/Open Enrollment
+ Choice of Schools--Magnet or Specialized Schools
+ Choice of Schools--Tax Credits
+ Choice of Schools--Vouchers
+ Civic Education
+ Civic Education--Character Education
+ Civic Education--Pledge of Allegiance
+ Class Size
+ Curriculum
+ Curriculum--Arts Education
+ Curriculum--Core Curriculum
+ Curriculum--Drivers Education
+ Curriculum--Environmental Education
+ Curriculum--Family Living Education
+ Curriculum--Financial Literacy/Economics Ed.
+ Curriculum--Foreign Language/Sign Language
+ Curriculum--Health/Nutrition Education
+ Curriculum--Language Arts--Writing/Spelling
+ Curriculum--Mathematics
+ Curriculum--Multicultural
+ Curriculum--Physical Education
+ Curriculum--Science
+ Curriculum--Sex Education
+ Curriculum--Social Studies/History
+ Data-Driven Improvement
+ Demographics--Enrollments
+ Desegregation
+ Economic/Workforce Development
+ Education Research
+ Equity
+ Federal
+ Finance
+ Finance--Adequacy/Core Cost
+ Finance--Bonds
+ Finance--District
+ Finance--Does Money Matter?
+ Finance--Equity
+ Finance--Facilities
+ Finance--Funding Formulas
+ Finance--Local Foundations/Funds
+ Finance--Lotteries
+ Finance--Private Giving
+ Finance--Resource Efficiency
+ Finance--State Budgets/Expenditures
+ Finance--Student Fees
+ Finance--Taxes/Revenues
+ Finance--Taxes/Revenues--Alternative Revenues
+ Governance
+ Governance--School Boards
+ Governance--School Boards--Training
+ Governance--Site-Based Management
+ Governance--State Boards/Chiefs/Agencies
+ Health
+ Health--Child Abuse
+ Health--Mental Health
+ Health--School Based Clinics or School Nurses
+ High School
+ High School--Advanced Placement
+ High School--Dual/Concurrent Enrollment
+ High School--Exit Exams
+ High School--GED (General Education Development)
+ High School--Graduation Requirements
+ High School--International Baccalaureate
+ Instructional Approaches--Grading Practices
+ Instructional Approaches--Homeschooling
+ Instructional Approaches--Official English
+ Instructional Approaches--Tracking/Ability Grouping
+ Integrated Services/Full-Service Schools
+ International Benchmarking
+ Leadership
+ Leadership--District Superintendent
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Certification and Licensure
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Compensation and Diversified Pay
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Evaluation and Effectiveness
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Preparation
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Recruitment and Retention
+ Middle School
+ Minority/Diversity Issues
+ Minority/Diversity Issues--African American
+ Minority/Diversity Issues--American Indian / Alaska Native / Native Hawaiian
+ Minority/Diversity Issues--Hispanic
+ No Child Left Behind
+ No Child Left Behind--Adequate Yearly Progress
+ No Child Left Behind--Assessment
+ No Child Left Behind--Choice/Transfer
+ No Child Left Behind--Consequences for Schools
+ No Child Left Behind--Report Cards
+ No Child Left Behind--School Support
+ No Child Left Behind--Supplemental Services
+ Online Learning--Digital/Blended Learning
+ Online Learning--Virtual Schools/Courses
+ P-16 or P-20
+ P-3
+ P-3 Child Care
+ P-3 Early Intervention (0-3)
+ P-3 Ensuring Quality
+ P-3 Family Involvement
+ P-3 Finance
+ P-3 Governance
+ P-3 Grades 1-3
+ P-3 Kindergarten--Full-Day Kindergarten
+ P-3 Preschool
+ P-3 Teaching Quality/Professional Development
+ Parent/Family
+ Parent/Family--Parent Rights
+ Postsecondary
+ Postsecondary Affordability--Financial Aid
+ Postsecondary Affordability--Tuition/Fees
+ Postsecondary Affordability--Tuition/Fees--Prepd/College Savings Plans
+ Postsecondary Affordability--Tuition/Fees--Undocumented Immigrants
+ Postsecondary Faculty
+ Postsecondary Faculty--Intellectual Property
+ Postsecondary Faculty--Tenure
+ Postsecondary Finance
+ Postsecondary Governance and Structures
+ Postsecondary Institutions--Community/Technical Colleges
+ Postsecondary Institutions--For-Profit/Proprietary
+ Postsecondary Participation--Access
+ Postsecondary Participation--Admissions Requirements
+ Postsecondary Participation--Affirmative Action
+ Postsecondary Participation--Outreach
+ Postsecondary Students--Disabled
+ Postsecondary Students--Minority
+ Private Schools
+ Privatization
+ Promotion/Retention
+ Public Involvement
+ Reading/Literacy
+ Religion
+ Religion--Prayer/Meditation
+ Scheduling/School Calendar
+ Scheduling/School Calendar--Extended Day Programs
+ Scheduling/School Calendar--Summer School
+ Scheduling/School Calendar--Year
+ Scheduling/School Calendar--Year Round
+ School Safety
+ School Safety--Bullying Prevention/Conflict Resolution
+ School Safety--Code of Conduct
+ School Safety--Expulsion/Suspension
+ School Safety--No Child Left Behind--Safe Schools
+ School Safety--Sexual Harassment and Assault
+ School Safety--Uniforms/Dress Codes
+ School/District Structure/Operations
+ School/District Structure/Operations--District Consolidation/Deconsolidation
+ School/District Structure/Operations--Facilities
+ School/District Structure/Operations--Food Service
+ School/District Structure/Operations--Libraries
+ School/District Structure/Operations--Personnel (Non-Teaching)
+ School/District Structure/Operations--School Size
+ School/District Structure/Operations--Transportation
+ Service-Learning
+ Special Education
+ Special Education--Finance
+ Special Education--Placement
+ Special Populations--Corrections Education
+ Special Populations--Gifted and Talented
+ Special Populations--Homeless Education
+ Standards
+ Standards--Implementation
+ State Longitudinal Data Systems
+ State Policymaking
+ State Policymaking--Politics
+ State Policymaking--Task Forces/Commissions
+ Student Achievement
+ Student Supports--Counseling/Guidance
+ Student Supports--Mentoring/Tutoring
+ Student Supports--Remediation
+ Students
+ Students--Athletics/Extracurricular Activities
+ Students--Employment
+ Students--Records/Rights
+ Teaching Quality
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Alternative
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Highly Qualified Teachers
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Natl. Bd. for Prof. Teach. Stds.
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Special Education
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--State Prof. Standards Bds.
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Substitute Teachers
+ Teaching Quality--Compensation and Diversified Pay
+ Teaching Quality--Compensation and Diversified Pay--Retirement/Benefits
+ Teaching Quality--Evaluation and Effectiveness
+ Teaching Quality--Induction Programs and Mentoring
+ Teaching Quality--Paraprofessionals
+ Teaching Quality--Preparation
+ Teaching Quality--Professional Development
+ Teaching Quality--Recruitment and Retention
+ Teaching Quality--Teacher Rights
+ Teaching Quality--Tenure or Continuing Contract
+ Teaching Quality--Unions/Collective Bargaining
+ Technology
+ Technology--Devices/Software/Hardware
+ Technology--Equitable Access
+ Technology--Funding Issues
+ Technology--Internet Safety
+ Technology--Teacher/Faculty Training
+ Textbooks and Open Source
+ Urban