ECS
From the ECS State Policy Database
2003 State Policies / Activities

Education Commission of the States • 700 Broadway, Suite 810 • Denver, CO 80203-3442 • 303.299.3600 • fax 303.296.8332 • www.ecs.org

The following summary includes policies enacted in 2003. This database is made possible by your state's fiscal support of the Education Commission of the States (ECS). Most entries are legislative, although rules/regulations and executive orders that make substantive changes are included. Every effort is made to collect the latest available version of policies; in some instances, recent changes might not be reflected. For expediency purposes minimal attention has been paid to style (capitalization, punctuation) and format. To view the documents, click on the blue triangle next to the topic of interest. To view all, press the button located at the top labeled "Expand All."

Please cite use of the database as: Education Commission of the States (ECS) State Policy Database, retrieved [date].

State Status/Date Level Summary
+ Accountability
+ Accountability--Accreditation
+ Accountability--Measures/Indicators
+ Accountability--Reporting Results
+ Accountability--Rewards
+ Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions
+ Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions--No Pass No Drive
+ Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions--Takeovers
+ Accountability--School Improvement
+ Adult Basic Education
+ Assessment
+ Assessment--Accommodations
+ Assessment--End-of-Course
+ Assessment--Formative/Interim
+ Assessment--High Stakes/Competency
+ Assessment--NAEP (NAEP Results and NAEP Organization)
+ At-Risk (incl. Dropout Prevention)
+ At-Risk (incl. Dropout Prevention)--Alternative Education
+ At-Risk (incl. Dropout Prevention)--Drugs/Alcohol
+ Attendance
+ Attendance--Compulsory
+ Attendance--Statutory Ages (Upper and Lower)
+ Attendance--Truancy
+ Background Checks
+ Bilingual/ESL
+ Business Involvement
+ Career/Technical Education
+ Career/Technical Education--Career Academies/Apprenticeship
+ Choice of Schools--Charter Schools
+ Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Closings
+ Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Cyber Charters
+ Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Finance
+ Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Research
+ Choice of Schools--Choice/Open Enrollment
+ Choice of Schools--Magnet or Specialized Schools
+ Choice of Schools--Vouchers
+ Civic Education
+ Civic Education--Character Education
+ Civic Education--Pledge of Allegiance
+ Class Size
+ Curriculum
+ Curriculum--Alignment
+ Curriculum--Arts Education
+ Curriculum--Drivers Education
+ Curriculum--Environmental Education
+ Curriculum--Financial Literacy/Economics Ed.
+ Curriculum--Foreign Language/Sign Language
+ Curriculum--Health/Nutrition Education
+ Curriculum--International Education
+ Curriculum--Language Arts--Writing/Spelling
+ Curriculum--Mathematics
+ Curriculum--Multicultural
+ Curriculum--Physical Education
+ Curriculum--Science
+ Curriculum--Sex Education
+ Curriculum--Social Studies/History
+ Demographics
+ Demographics--Enrollments
+ Desegregation
+ Economic/Workforce Development
+ Equity
+ Federal
+ Finance
+ Finance--Adequacy/Core Cost
+ Finance--Bonds
+ Finance--District
+ Finance--Equity
+ Finance--Facilities
+ Finance--Federal
+ Finance--Funding Formulas
+ Finance--Litigation
+ Finance--Local Foundations/Funds
+ Finance--Lotteries
+ Finance--Performance Funding
+ Finance--Private Giving
+ Finance--Resource Efficiency
+ Finance--State Budgets/Expenditures
+ Finance--Student Fees
+ Finance--Taxes/Revenues
+ Finance--Taxes/Revenues--Alternative Revenues
+ Governance
+ Governance--Deregulation/Waivers/Home Rule
+ Governance--Ethics/Conflict of Interest
+ Governance--School Boards
+ Governance--School Boards--Training
+ Governance--Site-Based Management
+ Governance--State Boards/Chiefs/Agencies
+ Health
+ Health--Child Abuse
+ Health--School Based Clinics or School Nurses
+ Health--Suicide Prevention
+ Health--Teen Pregnancy
+ High School
+ High School--Advanced Placement
+ High School--College Readiness
+ High School--Dual/Concurrent Enrollment
+ High School--Exit Exams
+ High School--GED (General Education Development)
+ High School--Graduation Requirements
+ Instructional Approaches--Grading Practices
+ Instructional Approaches--Homeschooling
+ Instructional Approaches--Homework/Study Skills
+ Integrated Services/Full-Service Schools
+ Leadership
+ Leadership--District Superintendent
+ Leadership--District Superintendent--Compensation and Diversified Pay
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Certification and Licensure
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Compensation and Diversified Pay
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Evaluation and Effectiveness
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Preparation
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Recruitment and Retention
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Tenure
+ Minority/Diversity Issues
+ Minority/Diversity Issues--African American
+ Minority/Diversity Issues--American Indian / Alaska Native / Native Hawaiian
+ Minority/Diversity Issues--Hispanic
+ No Child Left Behind
+ No Child Left Behind--Adequate Yearly Progress
+ No Child Left Behind--Assessment
+ No Child Left Behind--Choice/Transfer
+ No Child Left Behind--Consequences for Schools
+ No Child Left Behind--Finance
+ No Child Left Behind--Parent Involvement
+ No Child Left Behind--Report Cards
+ No Child Left Behind--School Support
+ No Child Left Behind--Supplemental Services
+ Online Learning--Digital/Blended Learning
+ Online Learning--Virtual Schools/Courses
+ P-16 or P-20
+ P-3
+ P-3 Child Care
+ P-3 Early Intervention (0-3)
+ P-3 Ensuring Quality
+ P-3 Family Involvement
+ P-3 Finance
+ P-3 Governance
+ P-3 Grades 1-3
+ P-3 Kindergarten
+ P-3 Kindergarten--Full-Day Kindergarten
+ P-3 Preschool
+ P-3 Teaching Quality/Professional Development
+ Parent/Family
+ Parent/Family--Parent Rights
+ Postsecondary
+ Postsecondary Accountability
+ Postsecondary Accountability--Accreditation
+ Postsecondary Accountability--Diploma Mills
+ Postsecondary Affordability--Financial Aid
+ Postsecondary Affordability--Tuition/Fees
+ Postsecondary Affordability--Tuition/Fees--Prepd/College Savings Plans
+ Postsecondary Affordability--Tuition/Fees--Undocumented Immigrants
+ Postsecondary Faculty
+ Postsecondary Faculty--Compensation
+ Postsecondary Faculty--Intellectual Property
+ Postsecondary Faculty--Tenure
+ Postsecondary Finance
+ Postsecondary Governance and Structures
+ Postsecondary Institutions--Community/Technical Colleges
+ Postsecondary Institutions--For-Profit/Proprietary
+ Postsecondary Online Instruction
+ Postsecondary Participation--Access
+ Postsecondary Participation--Admissions Requirements
+ Postsecondary Students--Disabled
+ Postsecondary Success--Completion
+ Postsecondary Success--Developmental/Remediation
+ Postsecondary Success--Transfer/Articulation
+ Private Schools
+ Privatization
+ Promotion/Retention
+ Public Involvement
+ Purposes of Public Education
+ Reading/Literacy
+ Religion
+ Scheduling/School Calendar
+ Scheduling/School Calendar--Day/Class Length
+ Scheduling/School Calendar--Extended Day Programs
+ Scheduling/School Calendar--Summer School
+ Scheduling/School Calendar--Week
+ Scheduling/School Calendar--Year
- School Safety
ILSigned into law 12/2003P-12Unsafe Schools Choice Option
S.B. 1957
Amends the School Code. Makes a technical change in a Section concerning charter schools. Requires the State Board of Education to maintain ...

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CASigned into law 10/2003P-12School Safety
S.B. 719
Requires each school district and county office of education to review and approve all comprehensive safety plans for its schools operating ...

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WAEmergency Rule Adoption 10/2003P-12Emergency Expulsion
WAC 148-120-400 thru -415
Adopts rules concerning emergency expulsion of students. Ensures that the superintendent is able to immediately expel any student whose pres...

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CASigned into law 09/2003P-12Teacher Development: Intolerance and Hatred
A.B. 1250
Expands existing law that authorizes the Superintendent of Public Instruction to provide each eligible school district, county office of edu...

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CASigned into law 09/2003P-12School Safety
A.B. 115
Authorizes the filing of a complaint of noncompliance with the school safety plans under the Uniform Complaint Procedures. Increases the mon...

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DEAdopted 09/2003P-12Releasing Students to Caregivers
14 DAC 881
Amends Regulation 881 "Releasing Students to Persons Other Than Their Parents or Legal Guardians" to add the category of "relative caregiver...

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NYSigned into law 09/2003Postsec.Campus Security
S.B. 296
Provides that the president or chief administrative officer of each college shall appoint an advisory committee on campus security to publis...

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DERule Adoption 08/2003P-12Gun Free School Act
14 DAC 603
Regulation 878 School District Compliance with the Gun Free School Act replaced with Regulation 603. Requires school districts to have a Gun...

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ORSigned into law 08/2003P-12Suspension of Driving Privileges
S.B. 342
Allows a school district to request suspension of driving privileges of a student who has been suspended or expelled at least twice for acti...

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CASigned into law 07/2003P-12Parole Placement
A.B. 1495
Amends existing law that provides persons released on parole for specified sex offenses involving child victims may not be placed or reside,...

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DESigned into law 07/2003P-12Gun-Free Schools Act
S.B. 158
Relates to possession of a firearm or deadly weapon in a safe school and recreation zone. The federal No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 (NCLB...

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GAAdopted 07/2003P-12Unsafe School Choice Option
GAC 160-4-8-.16
Establishes rules regarding "Unsafe School Choice Option" (USCO). Specifies a three- year process to declare a school as unsafe and an appea...

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ILSigned into law 07/2003P-12School Board Election Eligibility
H.B. 338
Provides that in order to be eligible for election to a school board (or in Chicago to be eligible for appointment), a person must not be a ...

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ILSigned into law 07/2003P-12Disaster Relief Organizations and School Boards
S.B. 877
Requires a school board to cooperate with disaster relief organizations, including the Red Cross, with regard to civil defense shelters. htt...

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ILSigned into law 07/2003P-12
Postsec.
Community College
Arson Involving School Facilities
H.B. 2446
Amends the Criminal Code of 1961. Provides that aggravated arson includes the arson of a school building when other elements of the offense ...

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LASigned into law 07/2003P-12Students Possession or Use of Cell Phones or Pagers on School Property
H.B. 750
Effective beginning with the 2003-04 school year and thereafter, eliminates ban on student possession of cell phone or pager on school prope...

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LASigned into law 07/2003P-12Teachers' Bill of Rights
H.B. 1342
Establishes the Teachers' Bill of Rights. The teachers' rights enumerated include: 1) The right to teach free from the fear of frivolous law...

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MISigned into law 07/2003P-12Student Pager and Cell Phone Use
H.B. 4218
Previous law barred students from carrying pagers or any other personal communication device in school except for health or other extraordin...

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NCSigned into law 07/2003P-12
Postsec.
Hazing Laws
H.B. 1171
Amends the laws regarding hazing. Specifies that it is unlawful to subject another student to physical injury as part of an initiation, or ...

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RIBecame law without GOVERNOR'S signature. 07/2003P-12Harassment, Bullying
H.B. 5919, S.B. 272
This act would require schools to adopt policies that prohibit harassment, intimidation and bullying by students at school. Defines harassme...

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CASigned into law 06/2003P-12School Safety: Hazing
A.B. 1411
Expands definition of hazing to include any method of initiation or pre-initiation into a student body; authorizes a superintendent or princ...

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COSigned into law 06/2003P-12Criminal Conviction and Background Checks
H.B. 1114
Requires courts to report felony convictions to the Department of Education when the convicted person is a current or former employee of a s...

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DERule Adoption 06/2003P-12Unsafe School Choice Option
14 DAC 608
Establishes rules requiring that a State Education Agency establish a State Unsafe School Choice Option (USCO) policy in order to receive fu...

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GASigned into law 06/2003P-12Sexually Violent Predators
S.B. 101
Provides that persons required to register as a result of a conviction of a crime against minors or of sexual violence or as a result of hav...

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GASigned into law 06/2003P-12
Postsec.
Teen Dating Violence
S.B. 346
Requires the State Board of Education to develop a rape prevention and personal safety education program, and a program for preventing teen ...

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LASigned into law 06/2003P-12Discipline of Student With a Small Knife
S.B. 110
Previously adopted law required principal to immediately suspend student found carrying a knife the blade of which is at least 2 inches long...

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MDRule Adoption 06/2003P-12Student Right to Safe School Environment
COMAR 13A.01.04.03
Establishes that all students in Maryland's public schools, without exception and regardless of race, ethnicity, region, religion, gender, s...

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MESigned into law 06/2003P-12Health Records
S.P. 96 (LD 262)
Requires that disciplinary, attendance and health records be included in the records that follow a student who transfers to another school e...

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NVSigned into law 06/2003P-12Placement of Disruptive Pupils
A.B. 218
Revises provisions governing the plan required of each public school for the progressive discipline of pupils and on-site review of discipli...

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OKSigned into law 06/2003P-12Prohibits Firearms
S.B. 834
Part of this law prohibits the possession of a firearm on school property; provides an exception for persons officially licensed to carry a ...

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TXSigned into law 06/2003P-12Expulsion of Students
H.B. 552
Expands expulsion of students from public schools to include (1) actions on school property of a school in another district in the state or ...

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FLSigned into law 05/2003P-12Controlled Substances
S.B. 160
Clarifies the hours during which it is unlawful to sell, manufacture, deliver, or possess controlled substances within specified distances o...

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GASigned into law 05/2003P-12Electronic and Communication Devices
S.B. 29
Authorizes each local board of education to establish a policy to either permit or prohibit the possession of electronic communication devic...

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IASigned into law 05/2003Postsec.Policy Forbidding Harassment of Wearers of U.S. Military Uniforms on Postsecondary Campuses
H.B. 549 (omnibus bill)
Requires the state board of regents to create a policy by August 1, 2003 that every postsecondary institution under the regents' control mus...

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IASigned into law 05/2003P-12Tobacco Settlement Trust Fund
H.F. 685
Makes appropriation from the healthy Iowans tobacco trust and the tobacco settlement trust fund for various initiatives, including for a $40...

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IDSigned into law 05/2003P-12Safe and Drug-Free Schools
S.B. 1198
Appropriates funds for Public Schools Division of Children's Programs, including the allocation of moneys and requirements for the Idaho Saf...

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INSigned into law 05/2003P-12Background checks, criminal acts, contract and license termination, liability,
H.B. 1620
Revises policies a school may adopt concerning criminal history checks; requires a prosecuting attorney to notify the state superintendent o...

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LASigned into law 05/2003P-12Expulsion Provisions for Students Found Guilty of Certain Drug Charges
H.B. 639
States that mandatory minimum 24-month expulsion of any student age 16 or older, or mandatory minimum 12-month expulsion of student under ag...

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MDSigned into law 05/2003P-12Pager Ban on School Grounds Repealed
S.B. 466
Repeals the prohibition against possessing a portable pager on public school property in Baltimore City and Caroline, Dorchester, Somerset, ...

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MESigned into law 05/2003P-12Outdoor Playground Surface Standards
H.P. 458
(House Resolve) Directs the Department of Education to develop standards for outdoor playground surfaces....

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MESigned into law 05/2003P-12Record Sharing Between Law Enforcement and School Administrators
S.P. 145 (LD 427)
Clarifies that the Maine Juvenile Code does not preclude a law enforcement officer or criminal justice agency from sharing information perta...

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MEResolve No. 05/2003P-12Uniform Fire Code Standards
H.P. 808 (LD 1105)
Applies uniform fire code standards to preschool facilities located in public schools regardless of whether they are a child care center or ...

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NVSigned into law 05/2003P-12Pupils And Pager Restrictions
A.B. 138
Requires the boards of trustees of school districts to adopt policies concerning the use and possession by pupils of pagers, cellular teleph...

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OKSigned into law 05/2003P-12Safety Zones
S.B. 554
Creates a safety zone against sex offenders on elementary and junior high school and licensed child care facility property and playgrounds; ...

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TNSigned into law 05/2003Postsec.Student Disciplinary Records
S.B. 272
Allows a higher education institution to disclose to an alleged victim of any crime of violence or a nonforcible sex offense, the final resu...

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TNSigned into law 05/2003P-12Sexual Offenders
S.B. 740, H.B. 865
Relates to sexual offenders; provides that no defined sexual offender shall knowingly reside or accept employment within 1,000 feet from a p...

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TNSigned into law 05/2003P-12Juvenile Offenders
S.B. 1744
Concerns juvenile offenders; strengthens procedures for notifying school principals of enrollment of students who have been convicted of ser...

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TXSigned into law 05/2003P-12Student Expulsion
H.B. 567
Allows a public school to expel a student who assaults, murders, or attempts to murder another student, or for the offense of aggravated rob...

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TXSigned into law 05/2003P-12Public School Disciplinary Action
H.B. 2061
Under current law, if a disciplinary action is being taken against a student who is transferring from a charter school to a public school, t...

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WASigned into law 05/2003Postsec.Registration of Sex Offenders
H.B. 1712
Revises provisions relating to registration of sex offenders and kidnapping offenders; requires such offenders who gain employment or studen...

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ARSigned into law 04/2003P-12
Postsec.
Manufacturing a Controlled Substance
H.B. 2155
Subjects an offender to an enhanced sentence of an additional ten years in prison for manufacturing a controlled substance nears various fac...

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ARSigned into law 04/2003P-12Quality Education Act of 2003 - Safe Schools
H.B. 2697 §17 (Omnibus Bill)
Adds § 6-15-431. Creates the Unsafe School Choice Program required by No Child Left Behind; provides for transfer of students attending a pe...

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COAdopted 04/2003P-12Schools
6 CCR 1010-6
Establishes emergency rules concerning schools, specifying the following: general provisions; grounds; sanitary facilities and controls; bui...

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DESigned into law 04/2003P-12Use and Justification of Corporal Punishment
S.B. 15
Limits the use and justification of corporal punishment by public teachers, administrators and school employees. http://www.legis.state.de.u...

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IDSigned into law 04/2003P-12Reporting School Violence
H.B. 269
Adds to current law to provide for reports of threats of violence or potential violence at a school; governs liability for defamation. http:...

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MTSigned into law 04/2003Postsec.Clarify And Expand Jurisdiction Of Campus Police
H.B. 256
Allows any university system security department to seek an agreement with local law enforcement agencies that specifies geographic and subj...

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NMSigned into law 04/2003Postsec.Firearms on University Premises
S.B. 901
Creates a criminal offense that makes it unlawful to carry a firearm on university premises....

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OKSigned into law 04/2003P-12Notice to Superintendent
H.B. 1707
Amends 70 O.S. 2001, Section 5- 144. Upon filing an information or indictment for a felony or violent misdemeanor, the district attorney sha...

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ALAdopted 03/2003P-12Persistently Dangerous Schools
AAC 290-3-1-.02(l)(e)
Establishes rules adding section (e) to the existing rule which will allow notification for schools that have been identified as persistentl...

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ARSigned into law 03/2003P-12School Safety: Terrorist Attacks
S.B. 452
Provides an act to require school districts to develop a plan to provide for the safety of students and employees in the event of a terroris...

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ARSigned into law 03/2003P-12School Districts to Adopt Anti Bullying Policies
H.B. 2274
Requires school districts to adopt anti-bullying policies; requires the policies to be filed with the Department of Education. http://www.ar...

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COSigned into law 03/2003P-12Sex Offender Information
S.B. 72
Requires each public school to provide the parents of students a statement identifying where and the procedures to obtain information concer...

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KYSigned into law 03/2003P-12Missing Child Information
S.B. 156
Requires the Kentucky Missing Child Information Center to provide the state registrar and the commissioner of education with names of all mi...

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KYSigned into law 03/2003P-12Safety Education
H.B. 398
Establishes a Safety Education Fund to be administered by the Commission on Fire Protection Personnel Standards and Education to initiate ed...

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MSSigned into law 03/2003P-12
Community College
Schools
H.B. 744
Changes repealer from 2003 to 2007 on 1) the School Crisis Management Program, 2) the transfer of the industrial and adult short-term traini...

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NDSigned into law 03/2003P-12School Firearm and Weapon Policies
H.B. 1237
Allows expulsion for possession of a weapon (non-firearm) in schools for up to 12 months. For possession of a firearm, expulsion must be fo...

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NJSigned into law 03/2003Postsec.Megans Law
A.B. 3173
Amends Megan's Law to comply with requirements of federal Campus Sex Crimes Prevention Act. http://www.njleg.state.nj.us/2002/Bills/AL03/34_...

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VASigned into law 03/2003P-12
Postsec.
Hazing
H.B. 1617, S.B. 864
Defines hazing; Revises the hazing law to authorize public educational institutions, or schools to sanction and discipline students found gu...

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VASigned into law 03/2003P-12School Safety Audits
H.B. 2621
Directs local school boards to require schools to conduct school safety audits annually, requires the audits to include specific recommendat...

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VASigned into law 03/2003P-12Firearms In Schools
H.B. 1907
Modifies the Gun-Free Schools statute to add possession of an air rifle or BB gun on school property or at a school-sponsored activity to th...

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VASigned into law 03/2003P-12Juvenile Criminal Information
H.B. 1572
Rewrites provisions regarding the notification to a school division superintendent or school principal of criminal involvement of students; ...

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VASigned into law 03/2003P-12School Aulthorities Crime Reports
H.B. 2680
Clarifies and revises the requirements for principals' reports to local law enforcement of incidents occurring on school buses, school prope...

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VASigned into law 03/2003P-12Firearms on School Property
H.B. 2763
Clarifies an exception for a person possessing an unloaded firearm on school property in a "closed container" by providing that the definiti...

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WVSigned into law 03/2003P-12Student Supervision
S.B. 206
Relates to authorizing aides to supervise students who are undergoing in-school suspension....

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UTRule Adoption 02/2003P-12Persistently Dangerous Schools
R277-483
Provides criteria and procedures designating schools as persistently dangerous and provides for parent notification and transfers for studen...

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+ School Safety--Bullying Prevention/Conflict Resolution
+ School Safety--Expulsion/Suspension
+ School Safety--No Child Left Behind--Safe Schools
+ School Safety--Sexual Harassment and Assault
+ School Safety--Special Education
+ School/District Structure/Operations
+ School/District Structure/Operations--District Consolidation/Deconsolidation
+ School/District Structure/Operations--Facilities
+ School/District Structure/Operations--Food Service
+ School/District Structure/Operations--Libraries
+ School/District Structure/Operations--Personnel (Non-Teaching)
+ School/District Structure/Operations--Shared Services
+ School/District Structure/Operations--Transportation
+ Service-Learning
+ Special Education
+ Special Education--Federal Law/Regulations
+ Special Education--Finance
+ Special Education--Inclusion (Mainstreaming)
+ Special Education--Placement
+ Special Education--Transition
+ Special Populations--Corrections Education
+ Special Populations--Gifted and Talented
+ Special Populations--Homeless Education
+ Special Populations--Immigrant Education
+ Standards
+ Standards--Implementation
+ State Longitudinal Data Systems
+ State Policymaking
+ State Policymaking--Ballot Questions
+ State Policymaking--Politics
+ State Policymaking--Task Forces/Commissions
+ Student Achievement
+ Student Achievement--Closing the Achievement Gap
+ Student Supports--Counseling/Guidance
+ Student Supports--Mentoring/Tutoring
+ Student Supports--Remediation
+ Students
+ Students--Athletics/Extracurricular Activities
+ Students--Employment
+ Students--Mobility
+ Students--Records/Rights
+ Teaching Quality
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Alternative
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Assignment
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Highly Qualified Teachers
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Natl. Bd. for Prof. Teach. Stds.
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Special Education
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--State Prof. Standards Bds.
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Substitute Teachers
+ Teaching Quality--Compensation and Diversified Pay
+ Teaching Quality--Compensation and Diversified Pay--Pay-for-Performance
+ Teaching Quality--Compensation and Diversified Pay--Retirement/Benefits
+ Teaching Quality--Evaluation and Effectiveness
+ Teaching Quality--Induction Programs and Mentoring
+ Teaching Quality--Paraprofessionals
+ Teaching Quality--Preparation
+ Teaching Quality--Professional Development
+ Teaching Quality--Recruitment and Retention
+ Teaching Quality--Recruitment and Retention--At-Risk Schools
+ Teaching Quality--Teacher Rights
+ Teaching Quality--Tenure or Continuing Contract
+ Teaching Quality--Unions/Collective Bargaining
+ Teaching Quality--Unions/Collective Bargaining--Strikes
+ Technology
+ Technology--Devices/Software/Hardware
+ Technology--Equitable Access
+ Technology--Funding Issues
+ Technology--Internet Safety
+ Textbooks and Open Source
+ Urban--Governance