 |
State |
Status/Date |
Level |
Summary |
|
 | Accountability |
| |
 | Accountability--Accreditation |
| |
 | Accountability--Measures/Indicators |
| |
 | Accountability--Reporting Results |
| |
 | Accountability--Rewards |
| |
 | Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions |
| |
 | Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions--No Pass No Drive |
| |
 | Accountability--School Improvement |
| |
 | Adult Basic Education |
| |
 | Assessment |
| |
 | Assessment--Accommodations |
| |
 | Assessment--Computer Based |
| |
 | Assessment--End-of-Course |
| |
 | Assessment--Formative/Interim |
| |
 | Assessment--High Stakes/Competency |
| |
 | Assessment--NAEP (NAEP Results and NAEP Organization) |
| |
 | Assessment--Performance Based/Portfolio |
| |
 | Assessment--Value Added |
| |
 | At-Risk (incl. Dropout Prevention) |
| |
 | At-Risk (incl. Dropout Prevention)--Alternative Education |
| |
 | At-Risk (incl. Dropout Prevention)--Drugs/Alcohol |
| |
 | Attendance |
| |
 | Attendance--Compulsory |
| |
 | Attendance--Statutory Ages (Upper and Lower) |
| |
 | Attendance--Truancy |
| |
 | Background Checks |
| |
 | Bilingual/ESL |
| |
 | Business Involvement |
| |
 | Career/Technical Education |
| |
 | Career/Technical Education--Career Academies/Apprenticeship |
| |
 | Choice of Schools--Charter Schools |
| |
 | Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Charter Districts |
| |
 | Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Cyber Charters |
| |
 | Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Finance |
| |
 | Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Research |
| |
 | Choice of Schools--Choice/Open Enrollment |
| |
 | Choice of Schools--Magnet or Specialized Schools |
| |
 | Choice of Schools--Vouchers |
| |
 | Civic Education |
| |
 | Civic Education--Character Education |
| |
 | Civic Education--Pledge of Allegiance |
| |
 | Class Size |
| |
 | Curriculum |
| |
 | Curriculum--Alignment |
| |
 | Curriculum--Arts Education |
| |
 | Curriculum--Drivers Education |
| |
 | Curriculum--Environmental Education |
| |
 | Curriculum--Excusal |
| |
 | Curriculum--Family Living Education |
| |
 | Curriculum--Financial Literacy/Economics Ed. |
| |
 | Curriculum--Foreign Language/Sign Language |
| |
 | Curriculum--Health/Nutrition Education |
| |
 | Curriculum--International Education |
| |
 | Curriculum--Language Arts |
| |
 | Curriculum--Language Arts--Writing/Spelling |
| |
 | Curriculum--Mathematics |
| |
 | Curriculum--Multicultural |
| |
 | Curriculum--Physical Education |
| |
 | Curriculum--Science |
| |
 | Curriculum--Sex Education |
| |
 | Curriculum--Social Studies/History |
| |
 | Data-Driven Improvement |
| |
 | Demographics--Enrollments |
| |
 | Desegregation |
| |
 | Economic/Workforce Development |
| |
 | Education Research |
| |
 | Equity |
| |
 | Finance |
| |
 | Finance--Adequacy/Core Cost |
| |
 | Finance--Aid to Private Schools |
| |
 | Finance--Bonds |
| |
 | Finance--District |
| |
 | Finance--Equity |
| |
 | Finance--Facilities |
| |
 | Finance--Funding Formulas |
| |
 | Finance--Local Foundations/Funds |
| |
 | Finance--Lotteries |
| |
 | Finance--Private Giving |
| |
 | Finance--Resource Efficiency |
| |
 | Finance--State Budgets/Expenditures |
| |
 | Finance--Student Fees |
| |
 | Finance--Taxes/Revenues |
| |
 | Finance--Taxes/Revenues--Alternative Revenues |
| |
 | Governance |
| |
 | Governance--Deregulation/Waivers/Home Rule |
| |
 | Governance--Ethics/Conflict of Interest |
| |
 | Governance--School Boards |
| |
 | Governance--School Boards--Training |
| |
 | Governance--Site-Based Management |
| |
 | Governance--State Boards/Chiefs/Agencies |
| |
 | Health |
| |
 | Health--Child Abuse |
| |
 | Health--Nutrition |
| |
 | Health--School Based Clinics or School Nurses |
| |
 | Health--Suicide Prevention |
| |
 | Health--Teen Pregnancy |
| |
 | High School |
| |
 | High School--Advanced Placement |
| |
 | High School--Dual/Concurrent Enrollment |
| |
 | High School--Exit Exams |
| |
 | High School--GED (General Education Development) |
| |
 | High School--Graduation Requirements |
| |
 | High School--International Baccalaureate |
| |
 | Instructional Approaches--Grading Practices |
| |
 | Instructional Approaches--Homeschooling |
| |
 | Instructional Approaches--Problem Based Learning |
| |
 | Instructional Approaches--Tracking/Ability Grouping |
| |
 | Integrated Services/Full-Service Schools |
| |
 | Leadership |
| |
 | Leadership--District Superintendent |
| |
 | Leadership--District Superintendent--Compensation and Diversified Pay |
| |
 | Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Certification and Licensure |
| |
 | Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Compensation and Diversified Pay |
| |
 | Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Evaluation and Effectiveness |
| |
 | Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Preparation |
| |
 | Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Recruitment and Retention |
| |
 | Middle School |
| |
 | Minority/Diversity Issues |
| |
 | Minority/Diversity Issues--African American |
| |
 | Minority/Diversity Issues--American Indian / Alaska Native / Native Hawaiian |
| |
 | Minority/Diversity Issues--Hispanic |
| |
 | No Child Left Behind |
| |
 | No Child Left Behind--Adequate Yearly Progress |
| |
 | No Child Left Behind--Assessment |
| |
 | No Child Left Behind--Choice/Transfer |
| |
 | No Child Left Behind--Consequences for Schools |
| |
 | No Child Left Behind--Finance |
| |
 | No Child Left Behind--Parent Involvement |
| |
 | No Child Left Behind--Reauthorization Issues/Waivers |
| |
 | No Child Left Behind--Report Cards |
| |
| GA | Adopted 12/2004 | P-12 | Clarifies rules regarding the following: single statewide accountability system; accountability system definitions; accountability profiles; and accountability system awards and consequences.
Single statewide accountability system: http://www.doe.k12.ga.us/_documents/doe/legalservices/160-7-1-.01.pdf
Definitions: http://www.doe.k12.ga.us/_documents/doe/legalservices/160-7-1-.02.pdf
School profiles: http://www.doe.k12.ga.us/_documents/doe/legalservices/160-7-1-.03.pdf
Awards and consequences: http://www.doe.k12.ga.us/_documents/doe/legalservices/160-7-1-.04.pdf
Title: GAC 160-7-1-.01 thru .04
Source: StateNet
|  |
| CA | Vetoed 09/2004 | P-12 | Existing law establishes the Public School Performance Accountability Program which consists of the Academic Performance
Index (API), the Immediate Intervention/Underperforming Schools Program, and the High Achieving/Improving Schools Program. The API
measures the performance of schools and the academic performance of pupils and consists of a variety of indicators.
This bill states the intent of the Legislature to establish the Opportunity for Teaching and Learning (OTL) index as part of the
Public School Performance Accountability Program to measure the opportunities for teaching and learning as evidenced by access to
high-quality learning resources, conditions, and opportunities, based on standards that specify what all schools should have available for
instruction and support.
This bill requires the Superintendent of Public Instruction to, beginning in 2006, publish OTL index values for each school at
the same time and in the same manner as the API. The superintendent is required to, no later than October 15, 2005, develop the OTL index that includes various specified indicators. The superintendent is required to determine a method for computing an OTL index for each school on an annual basis, and to determine minimal standards for indicators measured within the OTL index on a school-level basis.
This bill would provide that its provisions are to be implemented only if funds are appropriated for its purposes. http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/pub/bill/sen/sb_1401-1450/sb_1419_bill_20040818_enrolled.html
Title: S.B. 1419
Source: California Legislative Web site
|  |
| CA | Signed into law 09/2004 | P-12 | SEC. 19: Existing law requires the governing board of a school district maintaining an elementary or secondary school to develop and cause to be implemented for each school in the school district a school accountability report card that includes specified information regarding the academic achievement of the school. Other existing law establishes the Standardized Testing and Reporting (STAR) Program which requires each school district, charter school, and county office of education to administer to each of its pupils in grades 2 to 11, inclusive, an achievement test and a standards-based achievement test, as specified.
This bill would require the Commission on State Mandates, on or before December 31, 2005, to reconsider certain decisions it issued relating to state reimbursement for the school accountability report card and the STAR Program, and to reconsider its parameters and guidelines for calculating the state reimbursement, in light of federal statutes enacted and state court decisions rendered since those mandates were enacted. http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/pub/bill/asm/ab_2851-2900/ab_2855_bill_20040826_enrolled.html
Signing message: http://www.governor.ca.gov/govsite/pdf/press_release/AB_2853_2855_2856_sign.pdf
Title: A.B. 2855 (multiple provisions)
Source: California Legislative Web site
|  |
| CA | Signed into law 09/2004 | P-12 | SEC. 13: Requires the county superintendent of schools to include in the review of audit exceptions those audit exceptions related to use of instructional materials program funds, teacher misassignments, and information reported on the school accountability report card and to
determine whether the exceptions are either corrected or an acceptable plan of correction developed. Prohibits a local educational agency from being required to repay an apportionment based on a significant audit exception related to the verification of the sufficiency of textbooks and instructional materials, teacher misassignments, and the accuracy of the information reported on the school accountability report card if the county superintendent of schools certifies to the Superintendent of Public Instruction and the Controller that the audit exception was corrected or that an acceptable plan of correction was submitted to the county superintendent of schools. http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/pub/bill/sen/sb_0501-0550/sb_550_bill_20040929_chaptered.pdf
Title: S.B. 550 (multiple provisions)
Source: www.leginfo.ca.gov
|  |
| CA | Signed into law 09/2004 | P-12 | SEC. 10: Requires the school accountability report card to include information regarding the availability of sufficient textbooks and other instructional materials for each pupil, any needed maintenance of school facilities to ensure good repair, the misassignments of teachers, including misassignments of English learner teachers, and the number of vacant teacher positions for the most recent 3-year period. Defines ''misassignment'' and ''vacant position'' for this purpose.
Requires the template for the school accountability report card to include a field to report the determination of the sufficiency of textbooks and instructional materials and a summary statement of the condition of school facilities. Requires the department to provide examples of summary statements of the condition of school facilities that are acceptable and those that are unacceptable. Declares that these provisions further the purposes of the Classroom Instructional Improvement and Accountability Act. http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/pub/bill/sen/sb_0501-0550/sb_550_bill_20040929_chaptered.pdf
Title: S.B. 550 (multiple provisions)
Source: www.leginfo.ca.gov
|  |
| CA | Signed into law 09/2004 | P-12 | Requires a master contracts with nonpublic, nonsectarian schools for the provision of special education and related services to include that, with respect to a nonpublic, nonsectarian school that is associated with a licensed children's institution, there be a method of evaluating whether the school meets specified guidelines, and with respect to a nonpublic, nonsectarian school, the school be subject to the alternative accountability system of the Public School Performance Accountability Program in the same manner as public schools during the school's testing period, and each pupil placed in the school be tested in accordance with that accountability program, and the school prepare a school accountability report card. Requires the test results to be reported by the nonpublic, nonsectarian school to the State Department of Education.
Authorizes the Superintendent of Public Instruction to certify a nonpublic, nonsectarian school or agency for a period of not longer than 18 months. Requires a nonpublic, nonsectarian school or agency to make notification of its intent to seek certification. Requires that only those nonpublic, nonsectarian schools and agencies that provide special education that utilize staff who hold a certificate, permit, or other document equivalent to that which staff in a public school would be required to hold may be certified.
Requires a nonpublic, nonsectarian school that provides special education and related services to an individual with exceptional needs to certify in writing to the Superintendent of Public Instruction that the school satisfies various requirements relating to, among others, access to standards-based curriculum and instructional materials, access to specific instruction and assistance, and a discipline policy. http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/pub/bill/asm/ab_1851-1900/ab_1858_bill_20040930_chaptered.pdf
Signing message: http://www.governor.ca.gov/govsite/pdf/press_release/AB_1858_sign.pdf
Title: A.B. 1858 (multiple provisions)
Source: www.leginfo.ca.gov
|  |
| IL | Signed into law 08/2004 | P-12 | Amends the School Code. Requires the State Board of Education to establish a system for accurate tracking of transfer students. Requires that certain students be counted as dropouts unless the school district sends a notice that the student is enrolled elsewhere. Provides that all records indicating the school or school district to which a student transferred are subject to the School Student Records Act. http://www.legis.state.il.us/legislation/publicacts/fulltext.asp?Name=093-0859
Title: S.B. 3109
Source: Illinois Legislative Web site
|  |
| NM | Rule Adoption 08/2004 | P-12 | Amends to reflect the Public Education Department as the issuing agency, current statutory authority, adds and clarifies definitions, and amends indicators and measurement and school ratings sections. Defines adequate yearly progress (AYP) and requires AYP to be based primarily on academic assessments. AYP is to be based on the criterion-referenced test in grades 3-9 and 11. Clarifies that annual measurable objectives and intermediate objectives will be the same such that each school, grade, subject area, group and subgroup will have the same required percent proficient from year to year as determined by the starting point based on baseline percentages of proficient. Defines "disaggregate" as including five subgroups (ethnic, economically disadvantaged, students with disabilities and English language learners). Defines graduation rate as the percentage of the students who graduated from a high school divided by the number of students who were enrolled in the schools 40th day of the same year. This calculation will be used until four-year cohort data can be collected, with 9th grade students from 2003-2004 as the first cohorts. Statewide Indicators are student achievement, attendance, dropout rate for middle and high schools, school safety, parent and community involvement, and high school graduation rate. Groups are considered for accountability purposes when 10 or more students for the norm referenced test and 25 for the criterion referenced test. Stduents will be tested using the criterion referenced tests in Spanish or English or other assessments, when appropriate, as defined by federal guidelines. NEW MEXICO REG 4161 (SN)
http://www.nmcpr.state.nm.us/nmac/parts/title06/06.019.0001.htm
Title: NMAC 6.19.1, .3, .7, .8, .9
Source: http://www.nmcpr.state.nm.us
|  |
| AK | Signed into law 07/2004 | P-12 | Relates to reports on school and school district performance; relates to accountability of public schools and school districts. http://www.legis.state.ak.us/basis/get_bill_text.asp?hsid=HB0405Z&session=23
Title: H.B. 405
Source: Alaska Legislative Web site
|  |
| GA | Adopted 07/2004 | P-12 | Clarifies rules to define school and special entity so as to ensure an accurate reporting to ensure an accurate reporting of FTEs and Annual Yearly Progress (AYP) determinations for all schools and school systems throughout the state. http://www.doe.k12.ga.us/_documents/doe/legalservices/160-4-5-.03.pdf
Title: GAC 160-5-1-.03
Source: Georgia State Web site
|  |
| GA | Adopted 07/2004 | P-12 | Clarifies rules regarding statewide accountability, applicable definitions, school profiles, and awards and consequences; creates a single statewide accountability system consistent with state and federal law; provides valid, reliable accountability determinations at school, local education agency and state levels with the purpose of promoting continuous improvement in student achievement levels; provides annual profiles for every school and local education agency.
http://www.doe.k12.ga.us/_documents/doe/legalservices/160-7-1-.01.pdf; http://www.doe.k12.ga.us/_documents/doe/legalservices/160-7-1-.02.pdf; http://www.doe.k12.ga.us/_documents/doe/legalservices/160-7-1-.03.pdf; http://www.doe.k12.ga.us/_documents/doe/legalservices/160-7-1-.04.pdf
Title: GAC 160-7-1-.01 thru -.04
Source: Georgia State Web site
|  |
| CO | Signed into law 04/2004 | P-12 | Concerns changes to the school accountability report to include a page that specifies certain information a parent may request from a school. http://www.leg.state.co.us/clics2004a/csl.nsf/fsbillcont2/
Title: H.B. 1217
Source: Colorado Legislative Web site
|  |
| CO | Signed into law 03/2004 | P-12 | Changes the state school accountability report to add information on adequate yearly progress; adds information on achievement levels for various subgroups of students. http://www.leg.state.co.us/clics2004a/csl.nsf/fsbillcont3/C2D25CD76E178B3687256DE40060AE49?Open&file=1124_enr.pdf
Title: H.B. 1124
Source: Colorado Legislative Web site
|  |
| AR | Signed into law 01/2004 | P-12 | Amends Ark. Code § 6-15-404, adds 6-15-434, 6-15-1806, 6-15-1901, 6-15-1902, 6-15-1903 .Creates the Student Assessment and Educational Accountability act of 2003; requires the establishment of a reporting system of schools' academic performance on the state-mandated criterion-referenced exam; student performance data shall be reported to parents and the public and serve as one of the components in developing a school improvement plan; beginning with the 2004-05 school year, information on the prior school year shall be published annually by October 15 and include demographic breakdowns, graduation rate, drop-out rate, transfers under the unsafe school choice option and transfers under the Public School Choice Act; annual reports must use a school rating system and performance goals.
http://www.arkleg.state.ar.us/ftproot/bills/2003s2/public/SB33.pdf
Title: S.B. 33 §§ 1, 4, 5, 6
Source: Arkansas Legislative Web site
|  |
| AR | Signed into law 01/2004 | P-12 | Add Ark. Code 6-18-227. Requires parental/student notification as soon as practicable that school has been designated Level 1 performance for two or more consecutive years and available options including transfer. The state is responsible for necessary transportation. http://www.arkleg.state.ar.us/ftproot/bills/2003s2/public/SB33.pdf
Title: S.B. 33 § 7
Source: Arkansas Legislative Web site
|  |
 | No Child Left Behind--School Support |
| |
 | No Child Left Behind--Supplemental Services |
| |
 | Online Learning--Digital/Blended Learning |
| |
 | Online Learning--Virtual Schools/Courses |
| |
 | P-16 or P-20 |
| |
 | P-3 |
| |
 | P-3 Brain Development |
| |
 | P-3 Child Care |
| |
 | P-3 Content Standards and Assessment |
| |
 | P-3 Early Intervention (0-3) |
| |
 | P-3 Ensuring Quality |
| |
 | P-3 Family Involvement |
| |
 | P-3 Finance |
| |
 | P-3 Governance |
| |
 | P-3 Grades 1-3 |
| |
 | P-3 Kindergarten |
| |
 | P-3 Kindergarten--Full-Day Kindergarten |
| |
 | P-3 Preschool |
| |
 | P-3 Teaching Quality/Professional Development |
| |
 | Parent/Family |
| |
 | Parent/Family--Parent Rights |
| |
 | Postsecondary |
| |
 | Postsecondary Accountability |
| |
 | Postsecondary Accountability--Accreditation |
| |
 | Postsecondary Accountability--Diploma Mills |
| |
 | Postsecondary Affordability--Financial Aid |
| |
 | Postsecondary Affordability--Tuition/Fees |
| |
 | Postsecondary Affordability--Tuition/Fees--Prepd/College Savings Plans |
| |
 | Postsecondary Affordability--Tuition/Fees--Undocumented Immigrants |
| |
 | Postsecondary Faculty |
| |
 | Postsecondary Faculty--Compensation |
| |
 | Postsecondary Faculty--Intellectual Property |
| |
 | Postsecondary Faculty--Teaching Assistants |
| |
 | Postsecondary Faculty--Tenure |
| |
 | Postsecondary Finance |
| |
 | Postsecondary Governance and Structures |
| |
 | Postsecondary Institutions--Community/Technical Colleges |
| |
 | Postsecondary Institutions--For-Profit/Proprietary |
| |
 | Postsecondary Institutions--Private/Independent |
| |
 | Postsecondary Online Instruction |
| |
 | Postsecondary Participation--Access |
| |
 | Postsecondary Participation--Admissions Requirements |
| |
 | Postsecondary Participation--Affirmative Action |
| |
 | Postsecondary Students--Disabled |
| |
 | Postsecondary Students--Graduate/Professional |
| |
 | Postsecondary Success--Developmental/Remediation |
| |
 | Postsecondary Success--Transfer/Articulation |
| |
 | Private Schools |
| |
 | Promotion/Retention |
| |
 | Public Involvement |
| |
 | Reading/Literacy |
| |
 | Religion |
| |
 | Rural |
| |
 | Scheduling/School Calendar |
| |
 | Scheduling/School Calendar--Extended Day Programs |
| |
 | Scheduling/School Calendar--Summer School |
| |
 | Scheduling/School Calendar--Year |
| |
 | Scheduling/School Calendar--Year Round |
| |
 | School Safety |
| |
 | School Safety--Bullying Prevention/Conflict Resolution |
| |
 | School Safety--Code of Conduct |
| |
 | School Safety--Expulsion/Suspension |
| |
 | School Safety--No Child Left Behind--Safe Schools |
| |
 | School Safety--Sexual Harassment and Assault |
| |
 | School/District Structure/Operations |
| |
 | School/District Structure/Operations--District Consolidation/Deconsolidation |
| |
 | School/District Structure/Operations--Facilities |
| |
 | School/District Structure/Operations--Food Service |
| |
 | School/District Structure/Operations--Libraries |
| |
 | School/District Structure/Operations--Personnel (Non-Teaching) |
| |
 | School/District Structure/Operations--School Size |
| |
 | School/District Structure/Operations--Shared Services |
| |
 | School/District Structure/Operations--Transportation |
| |
 | Service-Learning |
| |
 | Special Education |
| |
 | Special Education--Federal Law/Regulations |
| |
 | Special Education--Finance |
| |
 | Special Education--Inclusion (Mainstreaming) |
| |
 | Special Education--Placement |
| |
 | Special Education--Transition |
| |
 | Special Populations--Corrections Education |
| |
 | Special Populations--Homeless Education |
| |
 | Special Populations--Military |
| |
 | Standards |
| |
 | Standards--Implementation |
| |
 | State Comparisons/Statistics |
| |
 | State Longitudinal Data Systems |
| |
 | State Policymaking |
| |
 | State Policymaking--Ballot Questions |
| |
 | State Policymaking--Constitutional Clauses |
| |
 | State Policymaking--Task Forces/Commissions |
| |
 | Student Achievement |
| |
 | Student Achievement--Closing the Achievement Gap |
| |
 | Student Supports--Counseling/Guidance |
| |
 | Student Supports--Mentoring/Tutoring |
| |
 | Student Supports--Remediation |
| |
 | Students |
| |
 | Students--Athletics/Extracurricular Activities |
| |
 | Students--Employment |
| |
 | Students--Mobility |
| |
 | Students--Records/Rights |
| |
 | Teaching Quality |
| |
 | Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure |
| |
 | Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Alternative |
| |
 | Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Assignment |
| |
 | Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Highly Qualified Teachers |
| |
 | Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Natl. Bd. for Prof. Teach. Stds. |
| |
 | Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Special Education |
| |
 | Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--State Prof. Standards Bds. |
| |
 | Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Substitute Teachers |
| |
 | Teaching Quality--Compensation and Diversified Pay |
| |
 | Teaching Quality--Compensation and Diversified Pay--Pay-for-Performance |
| |
 | Teaching Quality--Compensation and Diversified Pay--Retirement/Benefits |
| |
 | Teaching Quality--Evaluation and Effectiveness |
| |
 | Teaching Quality--Induction Programs and Mentoring |
| |
 | Teaching Quality--Paraprofessionals |
| |
 | Teaching Quality--Preparation |
| |
 | Teaching Quality--Professional Development |
| |
 | Teaching Quality--Recruitment and Retention |
| |
 | Teaching Quality--Recruitment and Retention--At-Risk Schools |
| |
 | Teaching Quality--Teacher Rights |
| |
 | Teaching Quality--Tenure or Continuing Contract |
| |
 | Technology |
| |
 | Technology--Devices/Software/Hardware |
| |
 | Technology--Equitable Access |
| |
 | Technology--Funding Issues |
| |
 | Technology--Teacher/Faculty Training |
| |
 | Textbooks and Open Source |
| |
 | Urban |
| |