ECS
From the ECS State Policy Database
2004 State Policies / Activities

Education Commission of the States • 700 Broadway, Suite 810 • Denver, CO 80203-3442 • 303.299.3600 • fax 303.296.8332 • www.ecs.org

The following summary includes policies enacted in 2004. This database is made possible by your state's fiscal support of the Education Commission of the States (ECS). Most entries are legislative, although rules/regulations and executive orders that make substantive changes are included. Every effort is made to collect the latest available version of policies; in some instances, recent changes might not be reflected. For expediency purposes minimal attention has been paid to style (capitalization, punctuation) and format. To view the documents, click on the blue triangle next to the topic of interest. To view all, press the button located at the top labeled "Expand All."

Please cite use of the database as: Education Commission of the States (ECS) State Policy Database, retrieved [date].

State Status/Date Level Summary
+ Accountability
+ Accountability--Accreditation
+ Accountability--Measures/Indicators
+ Accountability--Reporting Results
+ Accountability--Rewards
+ Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions
+ Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions--No Pass No Drive
+ Accountability--School Improvement
+ Adult Basic Education
+ Assessment
+ Assessment--Accommodations
+ Assessment--Computer Based
+ Assessment--End-of-Course
+ Assessment--Formative/Interim
+ Assessment--High Stakes/Competency
+ Assessment--NAEP (NAEP Results and NAEP Organization)
+ Assessment--Performance Based/Portfolio
+ Assessment--Value Added
+ At-Risk (incl. Dropout Prevention)
+ At-Risk (incl. Dropout Prevention)--Alternative Education
+ At-Risk (incl. Dropout Prevention)--Drugs/Alcohol
+ Attendance
+ Attendance--Compulsory
+ Attendance--Statutory Ages (Upper and Lower)
+ Attendance--Truancy
+ Background Checks
+ Bilingual/ESL
+ Business Involvement
+ Career/Technical Education
+ Career/Technical Education--Career Academies/Apprenticeship
+ Choice of Schools--Charter Schools
+ Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Charter Districts
+ Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Cyber Charters
+ Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Finance
+ Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Research
+ Choice of Schools--Choice/Open Enrollment
+ Choice of Schools--Magnet or Specialized Schools
+ Choice of Schools--Vouchers
+ Civic Education
+ Civic Education--Character Education
+ Civic Education--Pledge of Allegiance
+ Class Size
+ Counseling/Guidance
+ Curriculum
+ Curriculum--Alignment
+ Curriculum--Arts Education
+ Curriculum--Drivers Education
+ Curriculum--Environmental Education
+ Curriculum--Excusal
+ Curriculum--Family Living Education
+ Curriculum--Financial Literacy/Economics Ed.
+ Curriculum--Foreign Language/Sign Language
+ Curriculum--Health/Nutrition Education
+ Curriculum--International Education
+ Curriculum--Language Arts
+ Curriculum--Language Arts--Writing/Spelling
+ Curriculum--Mathematics
+ Curriculum--Multicultural
+ Curriculum--Physical Education
+ Curriculum--Science
+ Curriculum--Sex Education
+ Curriculum--Social Studies/History
+ Data-Driven Improvement
+ Demographics--Enrollments
+ Desegregation
+ Economic/Workforce Development
+ Education Research
+ Equity
+ Finance
+ Finance--Adequacy/Core Cost
+ Finance--Aid to Private Schools
+ Finance--Bonds
+ Finance--District
+ Finance--Equity
+ Finance--Facilities
+ Finance--Funding Formulas
+ Finance--Local Foundations/Funds
+ Finance--Lotteries
+ Finance--Private Giving
+ Finance--Resource Efficiency
+ Finance--State Budgets/Expenditures
+ Finance--Student Fees
+ Finance--Taxes/Revenues
+ Finance--Taxes/Revenues--Alternative Revenues
+ Governance
+ Governance--Deregulation/Waivers/Home Rule
+ Governance--Ethics/Conflict of Interest
+ Governance--School Boards
+ Governance--School Boards--Training
+ Governance--Site-Based Management
+ Governance--State Boards/Chiefs/Agencies
+ Health
+ Health--Child Abuse
+ Health--Nutrition
+ Health--School Based Clinics or School Nurses
+ Health--Suicide Prevention
+ Health--Teen Pregnancy
+ High School
+ High School--Advanced Placement
+ High School--Dual/Concurrent Enrollment
+ High School--Exit Exams
+ High School--GED (General Education Development)
+ High School--Graduation Requirements
+ Instructional Approaches--Grading Practices
+ Instructional Approaches--Homeschooling
+ Instructional Approaches--Problem Based Learning
+ Instructional Approaches--Tracking/Ability Grouping
+ Integrated Services/Full-Service Schools
+ International Baccalaureate
+ Leadership
+ Leadership--District Superintendent
+ Leadership--District Superintendent--Compensation and Diversified Pay
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Certification and Licensure
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Compensation and Diversified Pay
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Evaluation and Effectiveness
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Preparation
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Recruitment and Retention
+ Mentoring/Tutoring
+ Middle School
+ Minority/Diversity Issues
+ Minority/Diversity Issues--African American
+ Minority/Diversity Issues--American Indian / Alaska Native / Native Hawaiian
+ Minority/Diversity Issues--Hispanic
+ No Child Left Behind
+ No Child Left Behind--Adequate Yearly Progress
+ No Child Left Behind--Assessment
+ No Child Left Behind--Choice/Transfer
+ No Child Left Behind--Consequences for Schools
+ No Child Left Behind--Finance
+ No Child Left Behind--Parent Involvement
+ No Child Left Behind--Reauthorization Issues/Waivers
+ No Child Left Behind--Report Cards
+ No Child Left Behind--School Support
+ No Child Left Behind--Supplemental Services
+ Online Learning--Digital/Blended Learning
+ Online Learning--Virtual Schools/Courses
+ P-16 or P-20
+ P-3
+ P-3 Brain Development
+ P-3 Child Care
+ P-3 Content Standards and Assessment
+ P-3 Early Intervention (0-3)
+ P-3 Ensuring Quality
+ P-3 Family Involvement
+ P-3 Finance
+ P-3 Governance
+ P-3 Grades 1-3
+ P-3 Kindergarten
+ P-3 Kindergarten--Full-Day Kindergarten
+ P-3 Preschool
+ P-3 Teaching Quality/Professional Development
+ Parent/Family
+ Parent/Family--Parent Rights
+ Postsecondary
+ Postsecondary Accountability
+ Postsecondary Accountability--Accreditation
+ Postsecondary Accountability--Diploma Mills
- Postsecondary Affordability--Financial Aid
AZIssued 12/2004Postsec.
Community College
Relating to the Arizona Higher Education Loan Authority
Executive Order 31
Orders the Arizona Higher Education Loan Authority to provide an additional Arizona educational loan secondary market and warehousing facility pursuant to Part B of Title IV of the Higher Education Act of 1965.
http://www.governor.state.az.us/eo/2004_31.pdf ...

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CORule Adoption 12/2004Postsec.Student Loan Program; College Access Network
8 CCR 1504-3
Repeals and incorporates rules regarding the student loan program. Changes the name from the Colorado Student Loan Program to the Colorado College Access Network. COLORADO REG 8010 (SN)...

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MISigned into law 12/2004P-12
Postsec.
Merit Award Scholarships
S.B. 1156
Replaces high school MEAP test with the Michigan Merit Examination in determining eligibility for Michigan Merit Award scholarships.

http://www.michiganlegislature.org/mileg.asp?page=getObject&objName=2004-SB-1156...

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MERule Adoption 11/2004Postsec.
Community College
Maine Guaranteed Student Loan Programs
94-457-602
Repeals and replaces rules relating to the guaranteed student loan programs. Establishes industry standard procedures and policies for the administration of the Guaranteed Student Loan Program. Establishes separate policies with regard to Consolidation Loans a...

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MISigned into law 10/2004Postsec.Education Trust Fund Act
H.B. 5783
Revises higher education financial aid in the Michigan Education Trust Fund Act.

http://www.michiganlegislature.org/mileg.asp?page=getObject&objName=2004-HB-5783...

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CASigned into law 09/2004Postsec.
Community College
Student Financial Aid
A.B. 1997
Specifies that a qualifying member of the National Guard, the State Military Reserve, or the Naval Militia is entitled to academic leave throughout the period that his or her loan payments are assumed under the National Guard Assumption Program of Loans for Ed...

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CASigned into law 09/2004Postsec.
Community College
Veterans: Student Financial Aid
S.B. 1322
Existing law, until January 1, 2007, grants to qualifying members of the National Guard, the State Military Reserve, and the Naval Militia
an entitlement to academic leave when active duty, as defined, interrupts undergraduate college attendance for the purpos...

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CASigned into law 09/2004Postsec.Student Financial Aid: Student Aid Commission
A.B. 2122
Prohibits the Student Aid Commission from authorizing its auxiliary organization to participate in the issuance of bonds or in loan origination or loan capitalization activities. Specifies these provisions would not preclude the commission or auxiliary organiz...

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CAVetoed 09/2004P-12
Postsec.
Golden State Scholarshare Trust
A.B. 2724
Amends the Golden State Scholarshare Trust Act. Provides financial aid for postsecondary education costs of participating students. Deletes a provision that permits participants in the trust to make up payments in full or in part, for years in which they were ...

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IAAdopted 09/2004Postsec.License Sanction Program
283 IAC 37.1 thru 37.4
Specifies that the College Student Aid Commission may apply administrative wage garnishment procedures in the collection of all delinquent student loans owed tot he Commission, specifically including private partnership loans. Changes the chapter name from 'Li...

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ILSigned into law 09/2004Postsec.
Community College
Student Financial Assistance
S.B. 1971
Amends the Higher Education Student Assistance Act. Makes changes concerning the Monetary Award Program. Provides for a maximum amount. Provides that an applicant is ineligible for assistance after the equivalent of 135 semester hours. http://www.legis.state.i...

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ARReport Issued 08/2004Postsec.
Community College
Arkansas Blue Ribbon Committee for Higher Education
N/A
The governor formed the committee to make recommendations to the governor and the Legislature for improving postsecondary education in Arkansas. http://www.arkansas.gov/governor/media/releases/press/11062003-1.html

The Blue Ribbon Committee for Higher Educati...

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ILSigned into law 08/2004Postsec.Nursing Education Scholarship
S.B. 2756
Amends the Nursing Education Scholarship Law. Authorizes scholarships for registered nurses pursuing graduate degrees in nursing. Provides that 20% of scholarships shall be for recipients pursuing graduate degrees and reduces percentages for other recipients. ...

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ILSigned into law 08/2004Postsec.
Community College
National Guard Grant
S.B. 2755
Provides that if the recipient of an Illinois National Guard Grant ceases to be a member of the Illinois National Guard while enrolled in a course of study under that grant but has served in the Illinois National Guard for at least 5 years and has served a cum...

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DESigned into law 07/2004Postsec.
Community College
Education Benefits
H.B. 538
Provides education benefits to the children of certain Department of Transportation employees who are killed in the line of duty or who die from disease, wounds, or disabilities arising or resulting from job-related, official duties; adds those Department empl...

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HISigned into law 07/2004P-12
Postsec.
Community College
Education Trust Fund
H.B. 1893
Authorizes the University of Hawaii to create a trust fund to dispense scholarships as a requirement of the State's participation in the federal Gaining Early Awareness and Readiness for Undergraduate Program. http://www.capitol.hawaii.gov/sessioncurrent/bills...

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ILSigned into law 07/2004Postsec.
Community College
MIA and POW Scholarships
H.B. 4491
Amends the School Code. In a provision concerning MIA/POW scholarships, defines "eligible veteran or serviceperson" to include an Illinois National Guard member who is on active duty or is active on a training assignment and who has been declared to be a priso...

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ILSigned into law 07/2004Postsec.Nursing Scholarships
S.B. 2381
Increases the amount of moneys in the Nursing Dedicated and Professional Fund to be appropriated to the Department of Public Health for nursing scholarships awarded pursuant to the Nursing Education Scholarship Law to $1,200,000 for the fiscal year beginning J...

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LASigned into law 07/2004P-12
Postsec.
Disabled Firefighters and Spouses Scholarships
S.B. 641
Establishes program providing free tuition and waiver of fees and other charges, including room and board, for spouses of firefighters seriously injured or killed in the line of duty. Spouse must be otherwise eligible and meets all of the college or universit...

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LASigned into law 07/2004Postsec.Postsecondary Education Financial Aid
S.B. 617
Requires the Board of Regents to develop and maintain a state student financial aid plan....

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LASigned into law 07/2004P-12
Postsec.
Tuition Opportunity Program for Students
S.B. 435
Adds Agriscience I and II to the list of sciences that may be taken as part of the TOPS curriculum. http://www.legis.state.la.us/leg_docs/04RS/CVT2/OUT/0000LWCU.PDF...

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MERule Adoption 07/2004Postsec.Maine College Savings Program
94-457-611
Amends the rule by adding an attendance at a U.S. military service academy as an early termination event, not subject to the penalty for nonqualified withdrawals. Makes changes to the NextGen scholarship program. Makes changes to the matching grant programs. S...

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MISigned into law 07/2004Postsec.
Community College
Nonprofit Institutions of Higher Learning Grants
S.B. 661
Provides grants to students enrolled in independent nonprofit institutions of higher learning.

http://www.michiganlegislature.org/mileg.asp?page=getObject&objName=2003-SB-0661...

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MISigned into law 07/2004Postsec.
Community College
Postsecondary Grants
S.B. 628
A recognized postsecondary school is eligible to participate in the Michigan educational opportunity grant (MEOG) program under this
act if the postsecondary school is a degree-granting public institution approved by the department of labor and economic
growt...

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CTSigned into law 06/2004Postsec.
Community College
Connecticut Student Loan Foundation
H.B. 5410
Concerns the Connecticut Student Loan Foundation; creates a nonprofit corporation know as the Student Loan Foundation to improve educational opportunity and promote repayment of loans; guarantees loans for expenses of education instate and out of state. http:/...

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HISigned into law 06/2004Postsec.Student Scholarship and Assistance Special Fund
H.B. 1710
Establishes system-wide student scholarship and assistance special fund at the University of Hawaii that will allow the university a mechanism to administer tuition and scholarship assistance system-wide and, where appropriate, obtain additional scholarship su...

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LASigned into law 06/2004Postsec.Motor Vehicle License Plates
H.B. 246
Creates the Louisiana State University National Champions and Southern University Black College National Champions prestige license plates. Each license issued shall be assessed a one-time $25 royalty fee, which monies must be used solely for academic or finan...

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LASigned into law 06/2004P-12
Postsec.
Student Loans and Scholarships
H.B. 487
Establishes additional means for certain students to qualify for TOPS Opportunity, Performance and Honors scholarship awards. A student who meets all of the following criteria may receive an award: (a) meets citizenship requirements; (b) does not meet initial...

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LASigned into law 06/2004Postsec.Student Loans Scholarship
H.B. 257
Increases the membership of the Louisiana Student Financial Assistance Commission....

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LASigned into law 06/2004P-12
Postsec.
Student Loans and Scholarships
H.B. 32
Provides relative to student eligibility for Louisiana Tuition Opportunity Program for Students (TOPS) scholarship program. Eliminates provision that completion of one-half unit of computer science, computer literacy and computer business applications is requ...

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NHSigned into law 06/2004Postsec.Vocational School Licensing Statute Revisions
S.B. 409
Revises the definitions, exclusions, fee structure, and licensing requirements for private postsecondary career schools....

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NHSigned into law 06/2004Postsec.University Tuition Waivers for Children of Deceased Firefighters and Police Officers
H.B. 1378
Provides tuition waivers at the University of New Hampshire, Plymouth State University and Keene State College for children under the age of 25 of firefighters and police officers who died in the performance of their duties. http://gencourt.state.nh.us/legisla...

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NJSigned into law 06/2004Postsec.Scholarships For County College Students
S.B. 1192
Establishes the New Jersey Student Tuition Assistance Reward Scholarship Program (NJ STARS) to provide scholarships for students attending New Jersey county colleges on a full-time basis in a curriculum leading to a degree. Scholarships awarded under the progr...

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TNSigned into law 06/2004Postsec.
Community College
Lottery Scholarship Eligibility
H.B. 2134
Changes Lottery Scholarship eligibility requirements for graduates of home school programs and non- eligible high schools; relates to HOPE scholarships; amends provisions regarding a dependent child whose parent is in active military service to include an adop...

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ARRule Adoption 05/2004P-12
Postsec.
State Teacher Assistance Resource Program
008.10.04-001
Establishes rules regarding the amendment of the state teacher assistance resource program. ARKANSAS REG 3933 (SN)
http://www.sos.arkansas.gov/elections/elections_pdfs/register/may_2004/008.10.04-001.pdf...

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AZSigned into law 05/2004Postsec.Tuition Waivers
S.B. 1158
Provides tuition waivers for child or spouse of peace officer, fire fighter, correctional officer, emergency paramedic or national guard member killed in the line of duty; provides for disabled national guard member. http://www.azleg.state.az.us/DocumentsForBi...

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COSigned into law 05/2004Postsec.
Community College
College Opportunity Fund Program
S.B. 189
Establishes the College Opportunity Fund Program; requires each state and private institution of higher education which does not receive loan services through the Colorado Student Loan Program to pay an implementation fee and an on going disbursement fee; spec...

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CTSigned into law 05/2004Postsec.
Community College
Scholarship Contributions
H.B. 5499
Concerning the deadline for depositing political contributions and authorizes town committees to contribute to scholarships. http://www.cga.state.ct.us/2004/act/Pa/2004PA-00112-R00HB-05499-PA.htm...

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FLBecame law without governor's signature 05/2004P-12
Postsec.
Community College
Education Funding
H.B. 1867
Relates to education funding; requires school districts to establish certain policies and procedures regarding lottery fund enhancements; provides tax credit cap for contributions to nonprofit scholarship-funding organizations; prohibits use of funds for lab s...

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GASigned into law 05/2004Postsec.
Community College
HOPE Scholarships
H.B. 1325
Relates to elementary and secondary education and to postsecondary education; changes the reporting system and method for determining eligibility for HOPE scholarships, other scholarships, grants, or loan assistance, and certain postsecondary courses and advan...

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IASigned into law 05/2004Postsec.College Student Aid Commission
H.F. 2559
Relates to the duties of the College Student Aid Commission and the approval and registration of postsecondary schools by the commission, the Department of Education, and the Secretary of State, and the establishment and collection of fees and chargeable expen...

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KSSigned into law 05/2004Postsec.Higher Education
H.B. 2795
Provides procedures for a certificate of approval and the revocation therefor for private and out-of- state postsecondary educational institutions; creates the Workforce Development Loan Program for vocational and technical training loans; exempts Family Posts...

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MSSigned into law 05/2004Postsec.
Community College
Student Financial Aid
S.B. 3117
Relates to a student financial aid appropriation....

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TNSigned into law 05/2004P-12
Postsec.
Uniform Grading System
S.B. 2205
Directs the state board to establish a task force comprised of superintendents, principals, teachers, and representatives of school
boards and higher education no later than June 30, 2004. The task force is to make recommendations to the board including, but n...

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AZSigned into law 04/2004Postsec.
Community College
Student Program Investing Resources in Education
H.B. 2546
Repeals the Arizona Student Program Investing Resources for Education (ASPIRE) program. ASPIRE was added by Laws 1994, Chapter 298, Section 3 to provide guaranteed tuition scholarships to persons residing within the state who attend a school selected for parti...

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COSigned into law 04/2004Postsec.
Community College
Financial Assistance Programs
H.B. 1350
Concerns state programs to assist higher education students in paying tuition. http://www.leg.state.co.us/clics2004a/csl.nsf/fsbillcont2/8665449929ab4b5f87256e1d0062f763?OpenDocument&Click=87256D6C00679B13.b925f7d822283ac087256dd3003efcdb/$Body/1.2...

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LAEmergency Rule Adoption 04/2004Postsec.Student Tuition and Revenue Trust (START Saving)
LAC 26:VI.107, 305
Establishes emergency rules relating to the administration of the Student Tuition and Revenue Trust (START Saving) programs. Protects the welfare of eligible students. LOUISIANA REG 9364 (SN)...

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LAAdopted 04/2004Postsec.Discharge of Obligation for Scholarships and Grants
LAC 28:IV.911, 1111, 2105
Amends rules relating to discharge of obligation for scholarship and grant rules. ...

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IDSigned into law 03/2004Postsec.
Community College
Promise Scholarship
S.B. 1322
Amends existing law to increase the maximum amount of the Promise Scholarship. http://www3.state.id.us/oasis/S1322.html#billtext...

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VTSigned into law 02/2004Postsec.
Community College
Trust Fund
H.B. 171
Relates to the establishment of a trust fund; provides aid to students who do not have parental support and are in Social and Rehabilitation Services custody and wish to attend college or university....

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+ Postsecondary Affordability--Tuition/Fees
+ Postsecondary Affordability--Tuition/Fees--Prepd/College Savings Plans
+ Postsecondary Affordability--Tuition/Fees--Undocumented Immigrants
+ Postsecondary Faculty
+ Postsecondary Faculty--Compensation
+ Postsecondary Faculty--Intellectual Property
+ Postsecondary Faculty--Teaching Assistants
+ Postsecondary Faculty--Tenure
+ Postsecondary Finance
+ Postsecondary Governance and Structures
+ Postsecondary Institutions--Community/Technical Colleges
+ Postsecondary Institutions--For-Profit/Proprietary
+ Postsecondary Institutions--Private/Independent
+ Postsecondary Online Instruction
+ Postsecondary Participation--Access
+ Postsecondary Participation--Admissions Requirements
+ Postsecondary Participation--Affirmative Action
+ Postsecondary Students--Disabled
+ Postsecondary Students--Graduate/Professional
+ Postsecondary Success--Developmental/Remediation
+ Postsecondary Success--Transfer/Articulation
+ Private Schools
+ Promotion/Retention
+ Public Involvement
+ Reading/Literacy
+ Religion
+ Remediation (K-12)
+ Rural
+ Scheduling/School Calendar
+ Scheduling/School Calendar--Extended Day Programs
+ Scheduling/School Calendar--Summer School
+ Scheduling/School Calendar--Year
+ Scheduling/School Calendar--Year Round
+ School Safety
+ School Safety--Bullying Prevention/Conflict Resolution
+ School Safety--Code of Conduct
+ School Safety--Expulsion/Suspension
+ School Safety--No Child Left Behind--Safe Schools
+ School Safety--Sexual Harassment and Assault
+ School/District Structure/Operations
+ School/District Structure/Operations--District Consolidation/Deconsolidation
+ School/District Structure/Operations--Facilities
+ School/District Structure/Operations--Food Service
+ School/District Structure/Operations--Libraries
+ School/District Structure/Operations--Personnel (Non-Teaching)
+ School/District Structure/Operations--School Size
+ School/District Structure/Operations--Shared Services
+ School/District Structure/Operations--Transportation
+ Service-Learning
+ Special Education
+ Special Education--Federal Law/Regulations
+ Special Education--Finance
+ Special Education--Inclusion (Mainstreaming)
+ Special Education--Placement
+ Special Education--Transition
+ Special Populations--Corrections Education
+ Special Populations--Homeless Education
+ Special Populations--Military
+ Standards
+ Standards--Implementation
+ State Comparisons/Statistics
+ State Longitudinal Data Systems
+ State Policymaking
+ State Policymaking--Ballot Questions
+ State Policymaking--Constitutional Clauses
+ State Policymaking--Task Forces/Commissions
+ Student Achievement
+ Student Achievement--Closing the Achievement Gap
+ Students
+ Students--Athletics/Extracurricular Activities
+ Students--Employment
+ Students--Mobility
+ Students--Records/Rights
+ Teaching Quality
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Alternative
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Assignment
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Highly Qualified Teachers
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Natl. Bd. for Prof. Teach. Stds.
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Special Education
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--State Prof. Standards Bds.
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Substitute Teachers
+ Teaching Quality--Compensation and Diversified Pay
+ Teaching Quality--Compensation and Diversified Pay--Pay-for-Performance
+ Teaching Quality--Compensation and Diversified Pay--Retirement/Benefits
+ Teaching Quality--Evaluation and Effectiveness
+ Teaching Quality--Induction Programs and Mentoring
+ Teaching Quality--Paraprofessionals
+ Teaching Quality--Preparation
+ Teaching Quality--Professional Development
+ Teaching Quality--Recruitment and Retention
+ Teaching Quality--Recruitment and Retention--At-Risk Schools
+ Teaching Quality--Teacher Rights
+ Teaching Quality--Tenure or Continuing Contract
+ Technology
+ Technology--Devices/Software/Hardware
+ Technology--Equitable Access
+ Technology--Funding Issues
+ Technology--Teacher/Faculty Training
+ Textbooks and Open Source
+ Urban