ECS
From the ECS State Policy Database
2004 State Policies / Activities

Education Commission of the States • 700 Broadway, Suite 810 • Denver, CO 80203-3442 • 303.299.3600 • fax 303.296.8332 • www.ecs.org

The following summary includes policies enacted in 2004. This database is made possible by your state's fiscal support of the Education Commission of the States (ECS). Most entries are legislative, although rules/regulations and executive orders that make substantive changes are included. Every effort is made to collect the latest available version of policies; in some instances, recent changes might not be reflected. For expediency purposes minimal attention has been paid to style (capitalization, punctuation) and format. To view the documents, click on the blue triangle next to the topic of interest. To view all, press the button located at the top labeled "Expand All."

Please cite use of the database as: Education Commission of the States (ECS) State Policy Database, retrieved [date].

State Status/Date Level Summary
+ Accountability
+ Accountability--Accreditation
+ Accountability--Measures/Indicators
+ Accountability--Reporting Results
+ Accountability--Rewards
+ Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions
+ Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions--No Pass No Drive
+ Accountability--School Improvement
+ Adult Basic Education
+ Assessment
+ Assessment--Accommodations
+ Assessment--Computer Based
+ Assessment--End-of-Course
+ Assessment--Formative/Interim
+ Assessment--High Stakes/Competency
+ Assessment--NAEP (NAEP Results and NAEP Organization)
+ Assessment--Performance Based/Portfolio
+ Assessment--Value Added
+ At-Risk (incl. Dropout Prevention)
+ At-Risk (incl. Dropout Prevention)--Alternative Education
+ At-Risk (incl. Dropout Prevention)--Drugs/Alcohol
+ Attendance
+ Attendance--Compulsory
+ Attendance--Statutory Ages (Upper and Lower)
+ Attendance--Truancy
+ Background Checks
+ Bilingual/ESL
+ Business Involvement
+ Career/Technical Education
+ Career/Technical Education--Career Academies/Apprenticeship
+ Choice of Schools--Charter Schools
+ Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Charter Districts
+ Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Cyber Charters
+ Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Finance
+ Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Research
+ Choice of Schools--Choice/Open Enrollment
+ Choice of Schools--Magnet or Specialized Schools
+ Choice of Schools--Vouchers
+ Civic Education
+ Civic Education--Character Education
+ Civic Education--Pledge of Allegiance
+ Class Size
+ Counseling/Guidance
- Curriculum
UTRule Adoption 12/2004P-12Driver Education Programs for State Schools
R277-746
Amends rules concerning driver education programs for state schools. Reflects revision date change made to the Driver Education for Utah High Schools Manual. UTAH REG 27423 (SN)...

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CASigned into law 09/2004P-12Private Schools: Driver's Education Instruction
S.B. 524
Provides that the satisfactory completion of a course in automobile driver education offered by a private secondary school satisfies the instructional requirements for a provisional driver's license for persons under 18 years of age if specified conditions are...

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CAVetoed 09/2004P-12Pupil Attendance: Precinct Board Membership
A.B. 1944
Deems, for purposes of computing the average daily attendance generated by a pupil enrolled in a history or social science course required by a school district as a condition of receipt of a high school diploma, a pupil serving as a member of a precinct board ...

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CAVetoed 09/2004P-12Courses of Study: Financial Planning
A.B. 2435
Permits a school district to include instruction on personal finance, including budgeting, savings and credit, in social sciences courses for students in grades 7 through 12. http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/pub/bill/asm/ab_2401-2450/ab_2435_bill_20040826_enrolled.ht...

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CAVetoed 09/2004P-12Environmental Education Materials
A.B. 1696
Eliminates the requirement imposed on school district governing boards to include certain environmental education materials as part of the adopted instructions materials. Provides that a contribution to the Environmental Education Account will satisfy the requ...

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CAVetoed 09/2004P-12
Community College
Advancement Via Individual Determination Program
A.B. 3017
Appropriates a specified amount of funds from the General Fund to the State Department of Education for the support of the Advancement Via Individual Determination Program. Makes these amounts applicable toward the minimum funding requirements for a school dis...

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CASigned into law 09/2004P-12Inclusion of Documents in History-Social Science Framework
A.B. 2855 (multiple provisions)
Section 2: Repeals the requirement that pupils in American government and civics courses required for high school graduation read and be taught specified documents, including the Declaration of Independence, the United States Constitution and the Gettysburg Ad...

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CASigned into law 09/2004P-12Applicants to High Priority Schools Grant Program
S.B. 550 (multiple provisions)
Requires schools initially applying to participate in the High Priority Schools Grant Program on or after the 2004–05 fiscal year to include highly qualified teachers and appropriately credentialed teachers for English learners in the component on quality of s...

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CASigned into law 09/2004P-12Public Hearing on Textbooks
S.B. 550 (multiple provisions)
SEC. 18: Requires the governing board of every district to hold a public hearing and make a determination as to whether each pupil in each school in the district has sufficient textbooks or instructional materials in each subject that are consistent with the c...

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CASigned into law 09/2004P-12Curriculum Excusal on Religious Grounds
A.B. 2525 (multiple provisions)
Provides that if any part of a school's instruction in health conflicts with the religious training and beliefs of a parent or guardian of a pupil, the pupil, upon the parent or guardian's written request, shall be excused from the part of the instruction that...

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CASigned into law 09/2004P-12Historical Documents in Curriculum
A.B. 2525 (multiple provisions)
Requires the Curriculum Development and Supplemental Materials Commission to ensure that specified historical
documents are incorporated into the framework when the history-social science framework is revised. These documents are: (1) The Declaration of Indepe...

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CASigned into law 09/2004P-12Nonpublic Schools Serving Special Education Students
A.B. 1858 (multiple provisions)
Requires a master contracts with nonpublic, nonsectarian schools for the provision of special education and related services to include that, with respect to a nonpublic, nonsectarian school that is associated with a licensed children's institution, there be a...

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DERule Adoption 09/2004P-12Certification of Family and Consumer Sciences Teacher
14 DAC, 331, 1566, 1.0 - 3.3.12
Amends regulations relating to the requirements for a standard certificate for educational personnel. Changes are made to conform to changes in statute regarding licensure and certification of educators. Section is renumbered to reflect its movement to the Pro...

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SDAdopted 09/2004P-12Curriculum/Content Requirements
24:14:04:12.01, 12.02; 15:06:33, 36; 03:06:06.05, 15:01:01; 16:01:01, 05:03; 06:01, 02, 03, 07:01; 16:07:01, 02, 03, 08:01 thru 58 (Non-Seq.), 09:03 thru 05, 10:06 and 07
Eliminates requirement that evidence of completion of all required sections of the Dakota STEP assessment must appear on the student's transcript before graduation may be authorized and a signed diploma may be issued; Removes curriculum and special education d...

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NMRule Adoption 08/2004P-12Disciplinary Records
NMAC 6.30.2.1, .3, .10
Amends issuing agency and statutory references; requires that disciplinary records be included in the records of transferring students; requires elective courses meet PED standards; requires that accountability data system numbers be included in transcripts. N...

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CAVetoed 07/2004P-12Curriculum: The Role of Filipinos in World War II
A.B. 2512
Encourages the instruction of World War II and the role of Filipinos in that war in social science instruction in grades 7 through 12, inclusive. http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/pub/bill/asm/ab_2501-2550/ab_2512_bill_20040624_enrolled.html
Veto message: http://www.g...

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LASigned into law 07/2004P-12Physical Fitness in Schools
S.B. 871
Relates to the physical activity and nutrition of students. Identifies childhood obesity as a growing problem in Louisiana. Identifies benefits of regular physical activity and healthy eating habits. States purposes of this section are: (1) To promote, encou...

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NDRule Adoption 07/2004P-12Educator's Professional License
NDAC 67.1-02-02-, -04, -05, -07, -09
Establishes rules regarding initial licenses, distance learning instructor - definition - qualifications - licensure, two-year and five-year renewals, professional development for license renewal, multicultural education and native american studies, and reentr...

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RIBecame law without GOVERNOR'S signature. 07/2004P-12
Community College
Driver Education Administration
H.B. 8665
Places driver education course requirements under the Board of Governors for Higher Education instead of the Board of Regents for Elementary and Secondary Education. which substantially conform with the current curriculum utilized by the instructor(s) at the C...

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RISigned into law 07/2004P-12Elementary and Secondary Education Curriculum
H.B. 7714
Requires (a) The board of regents for elementary and secondary education to adopt a statewide curriculum in mathematics and English-language arts for students in grades 3-10 by May 1, 2005. (b) The curriculum adopted by the board of regents must:
(1) be align...

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RISigned into law 07/2004P-12Statewide Curriculum
S.B. 2672
Requires the Board of Regents for elementary and secondary education to select and/or develop a statewide curriculum in mathematics and English/Language arts in grades kindergarten (k) through twelve by August 31, 2006. The curriculum selected and/or developed...

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AZSigned into law 06/2004P-12Native American History
S.B. 1365
Provides an additional duty of incorporating instruction of Native American history into appropriate existing curricula; provides that the instruction curriculum for all schools shall include the history of Native Americans in Arizona. http://www.azleg.state.a...

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COSigned by Governor 06/2004P-12Financial Education Curriculum
H.B. 1360
Encourages each school district and charter school to adopt a financial literacy curriculum and to make successful completion of the program a graduation requirement. http://www.leg.state.co.us/clics2004a/csl.nsf/fsbillcont3/88DE0C519CF9551087256D790053005C?Op...

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HISigned into law 06/2004P-12Hawaiian Language Program
H.B. 2667
Establishes a Hawaiian language medium education program. http://www.capitol.hawaii.gov/sessioncurrent/bills/hb2667_cd1_.htm...

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VTSigned into law 06/2004P-12Nutrition Policy in Schools
H.B. 272
The purpose of the act is to encourage wellness programs in Vermont public schools and in Vermont communities.  Wellness programs will be designed to encourage life-long patterns of healthy eating and regular physical exercise among Vermont citizens. Provides ...

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ALSigned into law 05/2004P-12Urges Instruction in Healthy Lifestyle Choices
S.J.R. 97
Urges schools to provide instruction on healthy lifestyle choices including programs for physical education; urges restrictions on granting waivers for physical education. http://alisdb.legislature.state.al.us/acas/ACASLogin.asp...

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COSigned into law 05/2004P-12Colorado History Day
H.B. 1202
Promotes "Colorado History Day" (NHD), a year-long academic enrichment program that engages students in grades six to twelve in the process of discovery and interpretation of historical topics. and making an appropriation to schools. http://www.leg.state.co.us...

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COSigned into law 05/2004P-12Education and Human Sexuality
H.B. 1375
Concerns limitations on education regarding manifestations of human sexuality. http://www.leg.state.co.us/clics2004a/csl.nsf/fsbillcont3/6B239FC2932F199287256E1A00062311?Open&file=1375_enr.pdf...

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FLTo governor 05/2004P-12Middle Grades Reform Act
S.B. 354
Creates the "Middle School Reform Act;" provides definitions; prescribes program criteria and content; provides a timeline for implementation; requires an academic performance study of middle grade students and schools with recommendations for increase in perf...

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IAVetoed 05/2004P-12Driver Education By A Teaching Parent.
H.F. 2394
Creates new section allowing driver's education to be provided by a teaching parent. Teaching parent must provide, among other requirements, thirty hours of classroom instruction, and four hours of classroom instruction concerning substance abuse. http://cool...

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TNSigned into law 05/2004P-12Alcohol and Drug Usage Awareness Study
H.J.R. 1006
Urges state board of education to study the inclusion of alcohol awareness and drug usage awareness in K-12 curriculums, including dangers of driving under the influence. http://www.legislature.state.tn.us/bills/currentga/BILL/HJR1006.pdf...

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VASigned into law 05/2004P-12Family Life Education Program
H.B. 1015
Relates to the Family Life Education Program in grades K through 12; provides additions to the curriculum include steps to take to avoid sexual assault, the availability of counseling and legal resources and, in the event of such sexual assault, the importance...

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AZSigned into law 04/2004P-12Drivers Education
H.B. 2513
Allows high schools with driver education programs to educate students enrolled in the program about organ donation options. http://www.azleg.state.az.us/FormatDocument.asp?inDoc=/legtext/46leg/2r/laws/0125.htm...

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COSigned into law 04/2004P-12
Postsec.
Community College
American Sign Language
H.B. 1037
Concerns the treatment of American Sign Language as a foreign language in education that counts toward graduation requirements. http://www.state.co.us/gov_dir/leg_dir/olls/sl2004a/sl_74.htm...

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GAAdopted 04/2004P-12State Funded K-8 Subjects and 9-12 Courses
GAC 160-4-2-.03
Clarifies rules regarding the list of state-funded K-8 school subjects and grades 9-12 courses. http://www.doe.k12.ga.us/_documents/doe/legalservices/160-4-2-.03.pdf...

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HISigned into law 04/2004P-12Financial Literacy for Youth Month
H.B. 1898
Designated April as "Financial Literacy for Youth" month. http://www.capitol.hawaii.gov/sessioncurrent/bills/hb1898_hd1_.htm...

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KYSigned into law 04/2004P-12Official Kentucky Military School
S.J.R. 83
Designates Millersburg Military Institute as the official Kentucky military school. http://www.lrc.state.ky.us/RECORD/04RS/SJ83/bill.doc...

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PAIssued 04/2004P-12
Postsec.
Community College
2004-7 Financial Education and Literacy
Executive Order
Creates the office of financial education, responsible for: (1) Coordinating financial education programs across agencies; (2) Developing and maintaining a comprehensive database of financial education programs, materials and resources; (3) Providing support f...

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UTRule Adoption 04/2004P-12Elementary and Secondary School Core Curriculum
R277-700
Amends rules concerning elementary and secondary school core curriculum. Revises several middle and high school Core Curriculum requirements. UTAH REG 26902 (SN)...

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VASigned into law 04/2004P-12Student Dissection of Animals Alternatives
H.B. 1018
Creates new section requiring school divisions to provide students alternatives to student dissection of animals. http://leg1.state.va.us/cgi-bin/legp504.exe?041+ful+CHAP0918...

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VASigned into law 04/2004P-12Art, Music and Physical Education at the Elementary Level
H.B. 1014
Requires local boards to incorporate art, music, and physical education as a part of the instructional program at the elementary school level, and to employ five elementary resource positions per 1,000 students in kindergarten through grade five for art, music...

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VASigned into law 04/2004P-12Substantial Amendments to the Standards of Learning
H.B. 1014
Amends section 22.1-253.13:1 and 22.1-253.13:2 . Specifies that the Standards of Learning form the core of Virginia's educational program and other educational objectives. Specifies that the state board must, at a minimum, define Standards of Learning for Eng...

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IDSigned into law 03/2004P-12Driver Training
S.B. 1255
Amends existing law relating to reimbursement to public school districts for driver training courses to increase the average cost per pupil reimbursement from $110 to $125. http://www3.state.id.us/oasis/S1255.html#daily...

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IDSigned into law 03/2004P-12Driver Training
S.B. 1353
Amends existing law to remove language setting forth alternative requirements for driver training programs; to provide that the State Board of Education shall adopt rules to provide students with driver education opportunities while students are enrolled in co...

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WAVetoed 03/2004P-12Financial Literacy
H.B. 2455
Provides for financial literacy; provides for the creation of a set of financial literacy learning guidelines, providing information on instructional materials that help students meet the learning guidelines, data collection and creating a public- private part...

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WYSigned into law 03/2004P-12Public Schools Foreign Language Pilot Project
H.B. 170
Relates to public schools; establishes a pilot project for expansion of foreign language instruction through grade six; imposes requirements upon participant schools; establishes initial and on-going training and professional development for teachers and teach...

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ARSigned into law 02/2004P-12Advanced Placement Courses
H.B. 1154
Requires that advanced placement courses be available in the four core areas (English, math, science, social studies) in high school; exempts high schools offering the International Baccalaureate Diploma Program. http://www.arkleg.state.ar.us/ftproot/bills/200...

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ARSigned into law 01/2004P-12Personal Finance Education
S.B. 41
Requires public school districts to offer a personal finance course to students in grades nine through twelve. http://www.arkleg.state.ar.us/ftproot/bills/2003s2/public/SB41.pdf...

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+ Curriculum--Alignment
+ Curriculum--Arts Education
+ Curriculum--Drivers Education
+ Curriculum--Environmental Education
+ Curriculum--Excusal
+ Curriculum--Family Living Education
+ Curriculum--Financial Literacy/Economics Ed.
+ Curriculum--Foreign Language/Sign Language
+ Curriculum--Health/Nutrition Education
+ Curriculum--International Education
+ Curriculum--Language Arts
+ Curriculum--Language Arts--Writing/Spelling
+ Curriculum--Mathematics
+ Curriculum--Multicultural
+ Curriculum--Physical Education
+ Curriculum--Science
+ Curriculum--Sex Education
+ Curriculum--Social Studies/History
+ Data-Driven Improvement
+ Demographics--Enrollments
+ Desegregation
+ Economic/Workforce Development
+ Education Research
+ Equity
+ Finance
+ Finance--Adequacy/Core Cost
+ Finance--Aid to Private Schools
+ Finance--Bonds
+ Finance--District
+ Finance--Equity
+ Finance--Facilities
+ Finance--Funding Formulas
+ Finance--Local Foundations/Funds
+ Finance--Lotteries
+ Finance--Private Giving
+ Finance--Resource Efficiency
+ Finance--State Budgets/Expenditures
+ Finance--Student Fees
+ Finance--Taxes/Revenues
+ Finance--Taxes/Revenues--Alternative Revenues
+ Governance
+ Governance--Deregulation/Waivers/Home Rule
+ Governance--Ethics/Conflict of Interest
+ Governance--School Boards
+ Governance--School Boards--Training
+ Governance--Site-Based Management
+ Governance--State Boards/Chiefs/Agencies
+ Health
+ Health--Child Abuse
+ Health--Nutrition
+ Health--School Based Clinics or School Nurses
+ Health--Suicide Prevention
+ Health--Teen Pregnancy
+ High School
+ High School--Advanced Placement
+ High School--Dual/Concurrent Enrollment
+ High School--Exit Exams
+ High School--GED (General Education Development)
+ High School--Graduation Requirements
+ Instructional Approaches--Grading Practices
+ Instructional Approaches--Homeschooling
+ Instructional Approaches--Problem Based Learning
+ Instructional Approaches--Tracking/Ability Grouping
+ Integrated Services/Full-Service Schools
+ International Baccalaureate
+ Leadership
+ Leadership--District Superintendent
+ Leadership--District Superintendent--Compensation and Diversified Pay
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Certification and Licensure
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Compensation and Diversified Pay
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Evaluation and Effectiveness
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Preparation
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Recruitment and Retention
+ Mentoring/Tutoring
+ Middle School
+ Minority/Diversity Issues
+ Minority/Diversity Issues--African American
+ Minority/Diversity Issues--American Indian / Alaska Native / Native Hawaiian
+ Minority/Diversity Issues--Hispanic
+ No Child Left Behind
+ No Child Left Behind--Adequate Yearly Progress
+ No Child Left Behind--Assessment
+ No Child Left Behind--Choice/Transfer
+ No Child Left Behind--Consequences for Schools
+ No Child Left Behind--Finance
+ No Child Left Behind--Parent Involvement
+ No Child Left Behind--Reauthorization Issues/Waivers
+ No Child Left Behind--Report Cards
+ No Child Left Behind--School Support
+ No Child Left Behind--Supplemental Services
+ Online Learning--Digital/Blended Learning
+ Online Learning--Virtual Schools/Courses
+ P-16 or P-20
+ P-3
+ P-3 Brain Development
+ P-3 Child Care
+ P-3 Content Standards and Assessment
+ P-3 Early Intervention (0-3)
+ P-3 Ensuring Quality
+ P-3 Family Involvement
+ P-3 Finance
+ P-3 Governance
+ P-3 Grades 1-3
+ P-3 Kindergarten
+ P-3 Kindergarten--Full-Day Kindergarten
+ P-3 Preschool
+ P-3 Teaching Quality/Professional Development
+ Parent/Family
+ Parent/Family--Parent Rights
+ Postsecondary
+ Postsecondary Accountability
+ Postsecondary Accountability--Accreditation
+ Postsecondary Accountability--Diploma Mills
+ Postsecondary Affordability--Financial Aid
+ Postsecondary Affordability--Tuition/Fees
+ Postsecondary Affordability--Tuition/Fees--Prepd/College Savings Plans
+ Postsecondary Affordability--Tuition/Fees--Undocumented Immigrants
+ Postsecondary Faculty
+ Postsecondary Faculty--Compensation
+ Postsecondary Faculty--Intellectual Property
+ Postsecondary Faculty--Teaching Assistants
+ Postsecondary Faculty--Tenure
+ Postsecondary Finance
+ Postsecondary Governance and Structures
+ Postsecondary Institutions--Community/Technical Colleges
+ Postsecondary Institutions--For-Profit/Proprietary
+ Postsecondary Institutions--Private/Independent
+ Postsecondary Online Instruction
+ Postsecondary Participation--Access
+ Postsecondary Participation--Admissions Requirements
+ Postsecondary Participation--Affirmative Action
+ Postsecondary Students--Disabled
+ Postsecondary Students--Graduate/Professional
+ Postsecondary Success--Developmental/Remediation
+ Postsecondary Success--Transfer/Articulation
+ Private Schools
+ Promotion/Retention
+ Public Involvement
+ Reading/Literacy
+ Religion
+ Remediation (K-12)
+ Rural
+ Scheduling/School Calendar
+ Scheduling/School Calendar--Extended Day Programs
+ Scheduling/School Calendar--Summer School
+ Scheduling/School Calendar--Year
+ Scheduling/School Calendar--Year Round
+ School Safety
+ School Safety--Bullying Prevention/Conflict Resolution
+ School Safety--Code of Conduct
+ School Safety--Expulsion/Suspension
+ School Safety--No Child Left Behind--Safe Schools
+ School Safety--Sexual Harassment and Assault
+ School/District Structure/Operations
+ School/District Structure/Operations--District Consolidation/Deconsolidation
+ School/District Structure/Operations--Facilities
+ School/District Structure/Operations--Food Service
+ School/District Structure/Operations--Libraries
+ School/District Structure/Operations--Personnel (Non-Teaching)
+ School/District Structure/Operations--School Size
+ School/District Structure/Operations--Shared Services
+ School/District Structure/Operations--Transportation
+ Service-Learning
+ Special Education
+ Special Education--Federal Law/Regulations
+ Special Education--Finance
+ Special Education--Inclusion (Mainstreaming)
+ Special Education--Placement
+ Special Education--Transition
+ Special Populations--Corrections Education
+ Special Populations--Homeless Education
+ Special Populations--Military
+ Standards
+ Standards--Implementation
+ State Comparisons/Statistics
+ State Longitudinal Data Systems
+ State Policymaking
+ State Policymaking--Ballot Questions
+ State Policymaking--Constitutional Clauses
+ State Policymaking--Task Forces/Commissions
+ Student Achievement
+ Student Achievement--Closing the Achievement Gap
+ Students
+ Students--Athletics/Extracurricular Activities
+ Students--Employment
+ Students--Mobility
+ Students--Records/Rights
+ Teaching Quality
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Alternative
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Assignment
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Highly Qualified Teachers
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Natl. Bd. for Prof. Teach. Stds.
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Special Education
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--State Prof. Standards Bds.
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Substitute Teachers
+ Teaching Quality--Compensation and Diversified Pay
+ Teaching Quality--Compensation and Diversified Pay--Pay-for-Performance
+ Teaching Quality--Compensation and Diversified Pay--Retirement/Benefits
+ Teaching Quality--Evaluation and Effectiveness
+ Teaching Quality--Induction Programs and Mentoring
+ Teaching Quality--Paraprofessionals
+ Teaching Quality--Preparation
+ Teaching Quality--Professional Development
+ Teaching Quality--Recruitment and Retention
+ Teaching Quality--Recruitment and Retention--At-Risk Schools
+ Teaching Quality--Teacher Rights
+ Teaching Quality--Tenure or Continuing Contract
+ Technology
+ Technology--Devices/Software/Hardware
+ Technology--Equitable Access
+ Technology--Funding Issues
+ Technology--Teacher/Faculty Training
+ Textbooks and Open Source
+ Urban