ECS
From the ECS State Policy Database
2006 State Policies / Activities

Education Commission of the States • 700 Broadway, Suite 810 • Denver, CO 80203-3442 • 303.299.3600 • fax 303.296.8332 • www.ecs.org

The following summary includes policies enacted in 2006. This database is made possible by your state's fiscal support of the Education Commission of the States (ECS). Most entries are legislative, although rules/regulations and executive orders that make substantive changes are included. Every effort is made to collect the latest available version of policies; in some instances, recent changes might not be reflected. For expediency purposes minimal attention has been paid to style (capitalization, punctuation) and format. To view the documents, click on the blue triangle next to the topic of interest. To view all, press the button located at the top labeled "Expand All."

Please cite use of the database as: Education Commission of the States (ECS) State Policy Database, retrieved [date].

State Status/Date Level Summary
+ Accountability
+ Accountability--Accreditation
+ Accountability--Measures/Indicators
+ Accountability--Reporting Results
+ Accountability--Rewards
+ Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions
+ Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions--No Pass No Drive
+ Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions--Takeovers
+ Accountability--School Improvement
+ Adult Basic Education
+ Assessment
+ Assessment--Accommodations
+ Assessment--Computer Based
+ Assessment--End-of-Course
+ Assessment--Formative/Interim
+ Assessment--High Stakes/Competency
+ Assessment--Legal Issues
+ Assessment--Value Added
+ At-Risk (incl. Dropout Prevention)
+ At-Risk (incl. Dropout Prevention)--Alternative Education
+ At-Risk (incl. Dropout Prevention)--Drugs/Alcohol
+ Attendance
+ Attendance--Compulsory
+ Attendance--Statutory Ages (Upper and Lower)
+ Attendance--Truancy
+ Background Checks
+ Bilingual/ESL
+ Business Involvement
+ Career/Technical Education
+ Career/Technical Education--Career Academies/Apprenticeship
+ Cheating
+ Choice of Schools--Charter Schools
+ Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Closings
+ Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Cyber Charters
+ Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Finance
+ Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Research
+ Choice of Schools--Choice/Open Enrollment
+ Choice of Schools--Magnet or Specialized Schools
+ Choice of Schools--Tax Credits
+ Choice of Schools--Vouchers
+ Civic Education
+ Civic Education--Character Education
+ Civic Education--Pledge of Allegiance
+ Class Size
+ Curriculum
+ Curriculum--Alignment
+ Curriculum--Arts Education
+ Curriculum--Core Curriculum
+ Curriculum--Drivers Education
+ Curriculum--Environmental Education
+ Curriculum--Family Living Education
+ Curriculum--Financial Literacy/Economics Ed.
+ Curriculum--Foreign Language/Sign Language
+ Curriculum--Geography Education
+ Curriculum--Health/Nutrition Education
+ Curriculum--International Education
+ Curriculum--Language Arts
+ Curriculum--Language Arts--Writing/Spelling
+ Curriculum--Mathematics
+ Curriculum--Physical Education
+ Curriculum--Science
+ Curriculum--Sex Education
+ Curriculum--Social Studies/History
+ Data-Driven Improvement
+ Demographics--Condition of Children/Adults
+ Demographics--Enrollments
+ Economic/Workforce Development
+ Education Research
+ Equity
+ Federal
+ Finance
+ Finance--Adequacy/Core Cost
+ Finance--Bonds
+ Finance--District
+ Finance--Equity
+ Finance--Facilities
+ Finance--Federal
+ Finance--Funding Formulas
+ Finance--Lotteries
+ Finance--Performance Funding
+ Finance--Private Giving
+ Finance--Resource Efficiency
+ Finance--State Budgets/Expenditures
+ Finance--Student Fees
+ Finance--Taxes/Revenues
+ Finance--Taxes/Revenues--Alternative Revenues
+ Governance
+ Governance--Deregulation/Waivers/Home Rule
+ Governance--Ethics/Conflict of Interest
+ Governance--School Boards
+ Governance--Site-Based Management
+ Governance--State Boards/Chiefs/Agencies
+ Health
+ Health--Child Abuse
+ Health--Mental Health
+ Health--Nutrition
+ Health--School Based Clinics or School Nurses
+ Health--Suicide Prevention
+ Health--Teen Pregnancy
+ High School
+ High School--Advanced Placement
+ High School--College Readiness
+ High School--Dropout Rates/Graduation Rates
+ High School--Dual/Concurrent Enrollment
+ High School--Early Colleges/Middle Colleges
+ High School--Exit Exams
+ High School--GED (General Education Development)
+ High School--Graduation Requirements
+ High School--International Baccalaureate
+ Instructional Approaches
+ Instructional Approaches--Constructivism
+ Instructional Approaches--Homeschooling
+ Instructional Approaches--Problem Based Learning
+ Instructional Approaches--Single-Sex Education
+ Integrated Services/Full-Service Schools
+ Leadership
+ Leadership--District Superintendent
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Certification and Licensure
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Compensation and Diversified Pay
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Evaluation and Effectiveness
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Preparation
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Recruitment and Retention
+ Middle School
+ Minority/Diversity Issues
+ Minority/Diversity Issues--American Indian / Alaska Native / Native Hawaiian
+ Minority/Diversity Issues--Hispanic
+ No Child Left Behind
+ No Child Left Behind--Adequate Yearly Progress
+ No Child Left Behind--Assessment
+ No Child Left Behind--Choice/Transfer
+ No Child Left Behind--Consequences for Schools
+ No Child Left Behind--Reauthorization Issues/Waivers
+ No Child Left Behind--Report Cards
+ No Child Left Behind--School Support
+ No Child Left Behind--Special Populations
+ No Child Left Behind--Supplemental Services
+ Online Learning--Digital/Blended Learning
+ Online Learning--Virtual Schools/Courses
+ P-16 or P-20
+ P-3
+ P-3 Child Care
+ P-3 Early Intervention (0-3)
+ P-3 Ensuring Quality
+ P-3 Evaluation/Economic Benefits
+ P-3 Finance
+ P-3 Governance
+ P-3 Grades 1-3
+ P-3 Kindergarten--Full-Day Kindergarten
+ P-3 Preschool
+ P-3 Teaching Quality/Professional Development
+ Parent/Family
+ Parent/Family--Parent Rights
+ Parent/Family--Research
+ Postsecondary
+ Postsecondary Accountability
+ Postsecondary Accountability--Accreditation
+ Postsecondary Accountability--Diploma Mills
+ Postsecondary Affordability--Financial Aid
+ Postsecondary Affordability--Tuition/Fees
+ Postsecondary Affordability--Tuition/Fees--Prepd/College Savings Plans
+ Postsecondary Affordability--Tuition/Fees--Undocumented Immigrants
+ Postsecondary Faculty
+ Postsecondary Faculty--Compensation
+ Postsecondary Faculty--Intellectual Property
+ Postsecondary Faculty--Teaching Assistants
+ Postsecondary Finance
+ Postsecondary Governance and Structures
+ Postsecondary Institutions--Community/Technical Colleges
+ Postsecondary Institutions--For-Profit/Proprietary
+ Postsecondary Institutions--Private/Independent
+ Postsecondary Online Instruction
+ Postsecondary Participation--Access
+ Postsecondary Participation--Admissions Requirements
+ Postsecondary Participation--Affirmative Action
+ Postsecondary Participation--Outreach
+ Postsecondary Students--Disabled
+ Postsecondary Students--Foster Youth
+ Postsecondary Students--Military
+ Postsecondary Students--Minority
+ Postsecondary Success--Completion
+ Postsecondary Success--Developmental/Remediation
+ Postsecondary Success--Transfer/Articulation
+ Private Schools
+ Promising Practices
+ Promotion/Retention
+ Reading/Literacy
+ Religion
+ Religion--Scientific Creationism (Evolution)
+ Rural
+ Scheduling/School Calendar
+ Scheduling/School Calendar--Day/Class Length
+ Scheduling/School Calendar--Extended Day Programs
+ Scheduling/School Calendar--Summer School
+ Scheduling/School Calendar--Year
+ School Safety
+ School Safety--Bullying Prevention/Conflict Resolution
+ School Safety--Code of Conduct
+ School Safety--Disaster/Emergency Preparedness
+ School Safety--Expulsion/Suspension
+ School Safety--No Child Left Behind--Safe Schools
+ School Safety--Sexual Harassment and Assault
+ School Safety--Special Education
+ School Safety--Uniforms/Dress Codes
+ School/District Structure/Operations
+ School/District Structure/Operations--District Consolidation/Deconsolidation
+ School/District Structure/Operations--Facilities
+ School/District Structure/Operations--Food Service
+ School/District Structure/Operations--Libraries
+ School/District Structure/Operations--Personnel (Non-Teaching)
+ School/District Structure/Operations--School Size
+ School/District Structure/Operations--Shared Services
+ School/District Structure/Operations--Transportation
+ Service-Learning
+ Special Education
+ Special Education--Federal Law/Regulations
+ Special Education--Finance
+ Special Education--Inclusion (Mainstreaming)
+ Special Education--Placement
+ Special Education--Transition
+ Special Populations--Corrections Education
+ Special Populations--Foster Care
+ Special Populations--Gifted and Talented
+ Special Populations--Homeless Education
- Standards
WVAdopted 11/2006P-12Amends rules regarding science content standards and objectives for grades 9 through 12 of West Virginia schools. http://wvde.state.wv.us/policies/p2520.35_co.pdf
Title: Title 126, Series 44R
Source: http://wvde.state.wv.us/policies/

ID11/01/2006 Pending Legislative Review 10/2006P-12Modifies teacher certification requirements to make it easier for teachers certified outside of Idaho meet the state's highly qualified teacher requirements for purposes of the No Child Left Behind (NCLB) Act. (pages 44-48 of 159)

Amends teacher certification requirements for teachers of K-12 bilingual education, English as a New Language, grades 6-12 Health, 6-12 and K-12 Physical Education. Amends principal and superintendent certification provisions to require all administrator certificate candidates to meet specific competencies of the Idaho
Foundation Standards for School Administrators. (pages 51-58 of 159)

Incorporates state content standards by reference rather than placing them in administrative rule. (pages 59-91 of 159)
http://adm.idaho.gov/adminrules/bulletin/bul/06jun.pdf
Title: IDAPA 08.02.03
Source: adm.idaho.gov

WVAdopted 10/2006P-12Amends rules regarding learning skills and technology tools content standards and objectives for West Virginia schools. http://wvde.state.wv.us/policies/p2520.14_ne.pdf
Title: Title 126, Series 44N
Source: Lexis-Nexis/StateNet

WVAdopted 10/2006P-12Amends rules regarding science content standards and objectives for West Virginia schools. http://wvde.state.wv.us/policies/p2520.3_ne.pdf
Title: Title 126, Series 44C
Source: Lexis-Nexis/StateNet

WVAdopted 10/2006P-12Amends rules regarding mathematics content standards and objectives for West Virginia schools. http://wvde.state.wv.us/policies/p2520.2_ne.pdf
Title: Title 126, Series 44B
Source: Lexis-Nexis/StateNet

WVAdopted 10/2006P-12Amends rules regarding reading and language arts content standards and objectives for West Virginia schools. http://wvde.state.wv.us/policies/p2520.1_ne.pdf
Title: Title 126, Series 44A
Source: Lexis-Nexis/StateNet

WVAdopted 10/2006P-12Amends rules regarding social studies content standards and objectives for West Virginia schools. http://wvde.state.wv.us/policies/p2520.4_ne.pdf
Title: Title 126, Series 44D
Source: Lexis-Nexis/StateNet

CAVetoed 09/2006P-12Requires the Superintendent of Public Instruction to develop, and the State Board of Education to adopt, school library content standards. Requires that the standards include information literacy skills that support academic content standards required by existing law. Allows the standards to be taught in collaboration with content area teachers through school library programs. Requires the creation of an advisory committee. Makes specified requirements on the Commission on Teacher Credentialing.
Title: A.B. 2065
Source: California Legislature

DEAdopted 08/2006P-12Establishes rules regarding the development of a recommended statewide uniform curricula for all public schools in the state.
The purpose of this regulation is to provide a process through which all Delaware school districts demonstrate the alignment of their local curricula with the State Content Standards in the content areas specified in the 14 DE Admin. Code 501.
http://www.state.de.us/research/AdminCode/title14/500/1502.shtml#TopOfPage
Title: 14 DAC 502
Source: Delware Regulations

HIBecame law without governor's signature 07/2006P-12Requires standards-based curricula to meet specific K-12 alignment criteria. Authorizes schools to develop an articulated and aligned K-12 standards-based curriculum in one or more of the areas of language arts, math, science and social studies. Requires schools to provide professional development and requires schools that develop a standards-based curriculum to use standards-based formative assessment tools to monitor student progress, on at least a quarterly basis throughout the school year. Requires schools to develop rigorous classroom-based performance assessments. Authorizes schools to implement software programs to help align course material with state content and performance and federal educational standards.

Directs the department to submit annual progress reports to the legislature no later than 20 days prior to the convening of the 2007, 2008 and 2009 regular sessions. Requires these progress reports to include information on the process of aligning course materials for all grades with Hawaii content and performance standards and federal educational standards, and on any vendor selected to provide its software program or programs to assist in course material alignment.

Also requires the department to submit a second annual report to the legislature including:
(1) An assessment of the implementation of articulated and aligned standards-based curricula in schools and complexes;
(2) Performance and competency indicators of student achievement for evaluating the implementation of a standards-based curriculum;
(3) A plan for a complex-by-complex development and implementation of a standards-based curriculum;
(4) Resource requirements and a time line to implement specific portions of the curriculum to other school complexes or possible statewide application; and
(5) Any need to contract with a curricula developer or consultant to carry out the purposes of this section.

Makes appropriations. http://www.capitol.hawaii.gov/sessioncurrent/bills/sb3059_cd1_.htm
Title: S.B. 3059
Source: www.capitol.hawaii.gov

PAAdopted 07/2006P-12Establishes rules relating to academic standards and assessment. Adds academic standards for Career Education and Work. Specifies academic standards to be achieved by students enrolled at various grade levels in the public schools of this Commonwealth. PENNSYLVANIA 4072
http://www.pde.state.pa.us/stateboard_ed/lib/stateboard_ed/CHAPTER44-12-05_GED_.pdf
Title: 22 PA. Code Ch. 4
Source: Pennsylvania Regulations

WVRule Adoption 07/2006P-12Establishes high quality standards for juvenile institutional education programs under the governance of the West Virginia Board of Education and the State Superintendent of Schools. These standards are not applicable to education programs in juvenile detention centers. http://wvde.state.wv.us/policies/p2325.pdf
Title: Title 126, Series 53
Source: Lexis-Nexis/StateNet

GAAdopted 06/2006P-12Clarifies rules regarding the Comprehensive Academic Performance System (CAPS) Demonstration Site Grant. The intent of the funding is to provide seed resources to stimulate the adoption of a school-based comprehensive academic performance system that consolidates the use of curriculum standards alignment and pacing, benchmark assessment, differentiated instruction, parent involvement, and public accountability. Use of a web-based accountability system is required.

Each participant school, with the support of its affiliated district, must:
(a) Develop and implement an achievement-oriented, comprehensive instructional model that champions standards-based instruction, benchmark assessment, data driven decision-making, differentiated instruction, parent involvement, and public accountability;
(b) Make the time and funding commitments required for the training of leaders, teachers, coaches, parents, community, etc.;
(c) Set annual and benchmark measurable goals for improving learning, teaching and assessment;
(d) Align instruction to state standards for the content that all students should know by grade span and subject;
(e) Conduct formative and summative assessment of student academic achievement at regular intervals;
(f) Utilize results of benchmark student assessments that have clear performance criteria to differentiate instruction;
(g) Publicize student performance statistics at each interval, including statistics by subject, by teacher and by class;
(h) Provide parents with specific information regarding the performance of their students;
(i) Agree to participate in ongoing coordination with the GaDOE and school/system project teams. http://rules.sos.state.ga.us/docs/160/1/4/200/72.pdf
Title: GAC 160-1-4-.272
Source: rules.sos.state.ga.us

FLSigned into law 05/2006P-12The state board shall establish a schedule to facilitate the periodic review of the standards to ensure adequate rigor, relevance, logical student progression, and integration of reading, writing, and mathematics across all subject areas. The standards review by subject area must include participation of curriculum leaders in other content areas, including the arts, to ensure valid content area integration and to address the instructional requirements of different learning styles. The process for review and proposed revisions must include leadership and input from the state's classroom teachers, school administrators, and community colleges and universities, and from representatives from business and
industry who are identified by local education foundations. A report including proposed revisions must be submitted to the Governor, the President of the Senate, and the Speaker of the House of Representatives annually.
http://www.myfloridahouse.gov/Sections/Documents/loaddoc.aspx?FileName=_h7087er.doc&DocumentType=Bill&BillNumber=7087&Session=2006
Title: H.B. 7087 (Section 6)
Source: Florida Legislature

FLSigned into law 05/2006P-12District school boards and superintendents must prescribe and adopt standards and policies to provide each student the opportunity to receive a complete education program, including language arts, mathematics, science, social studies, health, physical education, foreign languages, and the arts, as defined by the Sunshine State Standards. The standards and policies must emphasize integration and reinforcement of reading, writing, and mathematics skills across all subjects, including career awareness, career exploration, and career and
technical education.
http://www.myfloridahouse.gov/Sections/Documents/loaddoc.aspx?FileName=_h7087er.doc&DocumentType=Bill&BillNumber=7087&Session=2006


Title: H.B. 7087 (Section 10)
Source: Florida Legislature

KSSigned into law 05/2006P-12Revises 72-6439 related to standards and assessments. Changes frequency of curriculum standards review from every 3 years to every 7 years. http://www.kslegislature.org/bills/2006/549.pdf
Title: S.B. 549 - Section 22
Source: www.kslegislature.org

MNSigned into law 05/2006P-12Requires the commissioner of education to revise and align the state's academic standards and high school graduation requirements in various years. Certain requirements for each subject area specified. The commissioner must revise and appropriately embed technology and information literacy standards. Years and subjects that the commissioner must revise and align state academic standards: (1) Mathematics, 2006-07: (2) Arts, 2007-08; (3) Science, 2008-09; (4) Language Arts, 2009-10; and (5) Social Studies, 2010-11. Districts and charter schools must revise and align local academic standards and high school graduation requirements in health, physical education, world languages and career and technical education to require students to complete the revised standards beginning in a school year determined by the school district or charter school. School districts and charter schools must formally establish a periodic review cycle for the academic standards and related benchmarks.
http://www.revisor.leg.state.mn.us/bin/bldbill.php?bill=S2994.4.html&session=ls84
Title: S.B. 2994
Source: http://www.revisor.leg.state.mn.us/

OKSigned into law 05/2006P-12Clarifies that testing for grades 3, 4, 6 and 7 is contingent on the availability of federal and state funds. Eliminates grade 3 stand-alone language arts test. Clarifies that grade 5 social studies assessment must include U.S. history, the Constitution and government, and geography. Adds a criterion-referenced test in geography in grade 7. Eliminates references to arts assessments.

Requires the grade 8 reading and math assessments to be administered online with raw score test results reported immediately and complete results reported in less than 2 weeks, beginning in the 2007-08 school year.

Adds English III end-of-course exam as requirement for high school diploma once test is implemented. Requires the end-of-course tests in English III, Geometry, and Algebra II to be developed and field tested during the 2006-07 school year, and implemented during the 2007-08 school year. Requires the the multiple choice portion of the end-of-instruction tests to be administered online with raw score test results reported immediately and complete results reported in less than 2 weeks beginning in the 2008-09 school year. Clarifies that only students who do not score at at least the satisfactory level are eligible to retake end-of-course tests. Increases number of possible retakes from once before graduation to up to 3 times each calendar year until at least achieving at the satisfactory level.

Provides that, beginning with students who enter grade 9 in the 2008-09 school year, districts must report the student's performance levels of satisfactory and above on the end-of-instruction tests, rather than the the highest achieved state test performance level, on the student's high school transcript.

Provides that state content standards must be aligned with American Diploma Project benchmarks.

Directs the state board to review, realign, and recalibrate, as necessary, the grade 3-8 tests in reading and math and the end-of-instruction tests. Directs the state board to determine the cut scores for the performance levels on the end-of-instruction tests, which must be phased in over a multi-year period. Directs the board to conduct an ongoing review to compare the end-of-instruction test content and performance descriptors with those of other states and, upon receipt of the review, to adjust the cut scores as necessary.

Directs the state board, for the purposes of conducting reliability and validity studies, monitoring contractor adherence to professionally accepted testing standards, and providing recommendations for testing program improvement, to retain the services of an established, independent agency or organization that is nationally recognized for its technical expertise in educational testing but is not engaged in the development of aptitude or achievement tests for elementary or secondary level grades. Requires these national assessment experts to annually conduct reliability and validity studies of the end-of-instruction tests. Provides that validity studies must include studies of decision validity, concurrent validity and the validity of performance level cut scores.

Moves deadline for vendor delivery of school, district and state assessment results from July 1 to September 1.

Eliminates obsolete/outdated language.
http://webserver1.lsb.state.ok.us/2005-06bills/SB/SB1792_ENR.RTF
Title: S.B. 1792 - Section 4
Source: webserver1.lsb.state.ok.us

IDAdopted 04/2006P-12Reorganization and revision of standards to meet NCLB requirements. Deletes text of standards from state board regulations. Incorporates Idaho Achievement Standards by reference (standards now available on state board of education Web site: http://www.boardofed.idaho.gov) Pages 20-71 of 111: http://adm.idaho.gov/adminrules/bulletin/bul/06apr.pdf
Title: IDAPA 08.02.03
Source: adm.idaho.gov

MESigned into law 04/2006P-12Provides financial support to existing nongovernment education organizations that create and manage statewide and regional networks that provide learning results implementation support and services to educators and school systems, such as professional development. Each organization receiving funds as a result of this section shall collect evaluation data annually directly from the school districts served, use this data to develop additional services and support and report progress to the department. Public Law No. 593
http://www.mainelegislature.org/legis/bills/billdocs/LD142501.doc
Title: H.B. 989; LD 1425
Source: Maine Legislature

KSSigned into law 03/2006P-12Changes frequency of review of curriculum standards from every 3 years to every 7 years. Clarifies language about high academic standards for the core academic areas. http://www.kslegislature.org/bills/2006/329.pdf

http://www.kslegislature.org/bills/2006/329.pdf
Title: S.B. 330
Source: www.kslegislature.org

VASigned into law 03/2006P-12Moves the biennial review of the standards of quality conducted by the state board from the odd-numbered years to even-numbered years. http://leg1.state.va.us/cgi-bin/legp504.exe?061+ful+CHAP0130, http://leg1.state.va.us/cgi-bin/legp504.exe?061+ful+CHAP0042
Title: H.B. 1058, S.B. 71
Source: http://leg1.state.va.us/

VASigned into law 02/2006P-12Changes the Board of Education's required review of the Standards of Quality from odd-numbered years to even-numbered years; provides that in any odd- numbered year following the year in which the Board proposes changes to the Standard of Quality, budget estimates required to be reported take such changes into consideration. From the fiscal note: This legislation moves the review of new standards to even-numbered years, so that any funding received by the General Assembly could be incorporated into biennial rebenchmarking, which begins after each odd-numbered General Assembly session ends. For instance, if funding for additional standards were considered and recommended by the Board in calendar year 2006 and then presented to and adopted by the 2007 General Assembly, funding for any new standards would be "built into" the rebenchmarking process for the 2008-2010 biennium. Not only would the costs of such new standards remain current, but this schedule would provide ample time for local school divisions to plan for the new standards.
http://leg1.state.va.us/cgi-bin/legp504.exe?061+ful+CHAP0042
Title: S.B. 71
Source: http://leg1.state.va.us

+ State Longitudinal Data Systems
+ State Policymaking
+ State Policymaking--Ballot Questions
+ State Policymaking--Politics
+ State Policymaking--Task Forces/Commissions
+ STEM
+ Student Achievement
+ Student Achievement--Closing the Achievement Gap
+ Student Achievement--State Trends
+ Student Supports--Counseling/Guidance
+ Student Supports--Mentoring/Tutoring
+ Student Supports--Remediation
+ Students
+ Students--Athletics/Extracurricular Activities
+ Students--Records/Rights
+ Teaching Quality
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Alternative
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Assignment
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Highly Qualified Teachers
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Natl. Bd. for Prof. Teach. Stds.
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Special Education
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--State Prof. Standards Bds.
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Substitute Teachers
+ Teaching Quality--Compensation and Diversified Pay
+ Teaching Quality--Compensation and Diversified Pay--Pay-for-Performance
+ Teaching Quality--Compensation and Diversified Pay--Retirement/Benefits
+ Teaching Quality--Evaluation and Effectiveness
+ Teaching Quality--Induction Programs and Mentoring
+ Teaching Quality--Paraprofessionals
+ Teaching Quality--Preparation
+ Teaching Quality--Professional Development
+ Teaching Quality--Recruitment and Retention
+ Teaching Quality--Recruitment and Retention--At-Risk Schools
+ Teaching Quality--Teacher Rights
+ Teaching Quality--Tenure or Continuing Contract
+ Teaching Quality--Unions/Collective Bargaining
+ Technology
+ Technology--Computer Skills
+ Technology--Devices/Software/Hardware
+ Technology--Equitable Access
+ Technology--Funding Issues
+ Technology--Internet Safety
+ Technology--Teacher/Faculty Training
+ Textbooks and Open Source