ECS
From the ECS State Policy Database
2008 State Policies / Activities

Education Commission of the States • 700 Broadway, Suite 810 • Denver, CO 80203-3442 • 303.299.3600 • fax 303.296.8332 • www.ecs.org

The following summary includes policies enacted in 2008. This database is made possible by your state's fiscal support of the Education Commission of the States (ECS). Most entries are legislative, although rules/regulations and executive orders that make substantive changes are included. Every effort is made to collect the latest available version of policies; in some instances, recent changes might not be reflected. For expediency purposes minimal attention has been paid to style (capitalization, punctuation) and format. To view the documents, click on the blue triangle next to the topic of interest. To view all, press the button located at the top labeled "Expand All."

Please cite use of the database as: Education Commission of the States (ECS) State Policy Database, retrieved [date].

State Status/Date Level Summary
+ Accountability
+ Accountability--Measures/Indicators
+ Accountability--Reporting Results
+ Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions
+ Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions--No Pass No Drive
+ Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions--No Pass No Play
+ Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions--Takeovers
+ Accountability--School Improvement
+ Adult Basic Education
+ Assessment
+ Assessment--Accommodations
+ Assessment--Computer Based
+ Assessment--End-of-Course
+ Assessment--Formative/Interim
+ Assessment--High Stakes/Competency
+ At-Risk (incl. Dropout Prevention)
+ At-Risk (incl. Dropout Prevention)--Alternative Education
+ At-Risk (incl. Dropout Prevention)--Drugs/Alcohol
+ Attendance
+ Attendance--Truancy
+ Background Checks
+ Bilingual/ESL
+ Business Involvement
+ Career/Technical Education
+ Career/Technical Education--Career Academies/Apprenticeship
+ Choice of Schools--Charter Schools
+ Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Finance
+ Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Research
+ Choice of Schools--Choice/Open Enrollment
+ Choice of Schools--Innovation Schools
+ Choice of Schools--Magnet or Specialized Schools
+ Choice of Schools--Tax Credits
+ Choice of Schools--Vouchers
+ Civic Education
+ Civic Education--Character Education
+ Civic Education--Pledge of Allegiance
+ Class Size
+ Counseling/Guidance
+ Curriculum
+ Curriculum--Alignment
+ Curriculum--Arts Education
+ Curriculum--Drivers Education
+ Curriculum--Environmental Education
+ Curriculum--Financial Literacy/Economics Ed.
+ Curriculum--Foreign Language/Sign Language
+ Curriculum--Health/Nutrition Education
+ Curriculum--International Education
+ Curriculum--Language Arts
+ Curriculum--Mathematics
+ Curriculum--Multicultural
+ Curriculum--Physical Education
+ Curriculum--Science
+ Curriculum--Sex Education
+ Curriculum--Social Studies/History
+ Demographics--Condition of Children/Adults
+ Demographics--Enrollments
+ Desegregation
+ Economic/Workforce Development
+ Education Research
+ Equity
+ Federal
+ Finance
+ Finance--Adequacy/Core Cost
+ Finance--Aid to Private Schools
+ Finance--Bonds
+ Finance--District
+ Finance--Equity
+ Finance--Facilities
+ Finance--Federal
+ Finance--Funding Formulas
+ Finance--Local Foundations/Funds
+ Finance--Lotteries
+ Finance--Resource Efficiency
+ Finance--State Budgets/Expenditures
+ Finance--Student Fees
+ Finance--Taxes/Revenues
+ Finance--Taxes/Revenues--Alternative Revenues
+ Governance
+ Governance--Deregulation/Waivers/Home Rule
+ Governance--Ethics/Conflict of Interest
+ Governance--School Boards
+ Governance--School Boards--Training
+ Governance--Site-Based Management
+ Governance--State Boards/Chiefs/Agencies
+ Health
+ Health--Child Abuse
+ Health--Mental Health
+ Health--Nutrition
+ Health--School Based Clinics or School Nurses
+ Health--Suicide Prevention
+ Health--Teen Pregnancy
+ High School
+ High School--Advanced Placement
+ High School--College Readiness
+ High School--Dropout Rates/Graduation Rates
+ High School--Dual/Concurrent Enrollment
+ High School--Exit Exams
+ High School--GED (General Education Development)
+ High School--Graduation Requirements
+ Instructional Approaches--Grading Practices
+ Instructional Approaches--Homeschooling
+ Instructional Approaches--Single-Sex Education
+ Integrated Services/Full-Service Schools
+ International Baccalaureate
+ Leadership
+ Leadership--District Superintendent
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Certification and Licensure
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Compensation and Diversified Pay
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Evaluation and Effectiveness
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Preparation
+ Mentoring/Tutoring
+ Middle School
+ Minority/Diversity Issues
+ Minority/Diversity Issues--American Indian / Alaska Native / Native Hawaiian
+ No Child Left Behind
+ No Child Left Behind--Adequate Yearly Progress
+ No Child Left Behind--Assessment
+ No Child Left Behind--Choice/Transfer
+ No Child Left Behind--Consequences for Schools
+ No Child Left Behind--Finance
+ No Child Left Behind--School Support
+ No Child Left Behind--Special Populations
+ No Child Left Behind--Supplemental Services
+ Online Learning--Digital/Blended Learning
+ Online Learning--Virtual Schools/Courses
+ P-16 or P-20
+ P-3
+ P-3 Child Care
+ P-3 Early Intervention (0-3)
+ P-3 Ensuring Quality
+ P-3 Evaluation/Economic Benefits
+ P-3 Family Involvement
+ P-3 Finance
+ P-3 Governance
+ P-3 Grades 1-3
+ P-3 Kindergarten
+ P-3 Kindergarten--Full Day Kindergarten
+ P-3 Preschool
+ P-3 Teaching Quality/Professional Development
+ Parent/Family
+ Parent/Family--Parent Rights
+ Partnerships--University/School
+ Postsecondary
+ Postsecondary Accountability
+ Postsecondary Accountability--Accreditation
+ Postsecondary Accountability--Diploma Mills
+ Postsecondary Affordability--Financial Aid
+ Postsecondary Affordability--Tuition/Fees
+ Postsecondary Affordability--Tuition/Fees--Prepd/College Savings Plans
+ Postsecondary Affordability--Tuition/Fees--Undocumented Immigrants
+ Postsecondary Faculty
+ Postsecondary Faculty--Compensation
+ Postsecondary Finance
+ Postsecondary Governance and Structures
+ Postsecondary Institutions--Community/Technical Colleges
+ Postsecondary Institutions--For-Profit/Proprietary
+ Postsecondary Institutions--Private/Independent
+ Postsecondary Online Instruction
+ Postsecondary Participation--Access
+ Postsecondary Participation--Admissions Requirements
+ Postsecondary Participation--Affirmative Action
+ Postsecondary Participation--Outreach
+ Postsecondary Students--Foster Youth
+ Postsecondary Students--Graduate/Professional
+ Postsecondary Students--Military
+ Postsecondary Students--Minority
+ Postsecondary Success--Completion
+ Postsecondary Success--Developmental/Remediation
+ Postsecondary Success--Transfer/Articulation
+ Private Schools
+ Privatization
+ Promotion/Retention
+ Public Involvement
+ Reading/Literacy
+ Religion
+ Religion--Scientific Creationism (Evolution)
+ Remediation (K-12)
+ Rural
+ Scheduling/School Calendar
+ Scheduling/School Calendar--Day/Class Length
+ Scheduling/School Calendar--Extended Day Programs
+ Scheduling/School Calendar--Summer School
+ Scheduling/School Calendar--Week
+ Scheduling/School Calendar--Year
+ School Safety
+ School Safety--Bullying Prevention/Conflict Resolution
+ School Safety--Code of Conduct
+ School Safety--Corporal Punishment
+ School Safety--Disaster/Emergency Preparedness
+ School Safety--Expulsion/Suspension
+ School Safety--No Child Left Behind--Safe Schools
+ School Safety--Sexual Harassment and Assault
+ School Safety--Special Education
+ School/District Structure/Operations
+ School/District Structure/Operations--District Consolidation/Deconsolidation
+ School/District Structure/Operations--Facilities
+ School/District Structure/Operations--Food Service
+ School/District Structure/Operations--Libraries
+ School/District Structure/Operations--Personnel (Non-Teaching)
+ School/District Structure/Operations--Shared Services
+ School/District Structure/Operations--Transportation
+ Service-Learning
+ Social/Emotional Learning and Non-Cognitive Skills
+ Special Education
+ Special Education--Federal Law/Regulations
+ Special Education--Finance
+ Special Education--Placement
+ Special Education--Transition
+ Special Populations--Corrections Education
+ Special Populations--Foster Care
+ Special Populations--Gifted and Talented
+ Special Populations--Homeless Education
+ Special Populations--Military
+ Standards
+ State Comparisons/Statistics
+ State Longitudinal Data Systems
+ State Policymaking
+ State Policymaking--Ballot Questions
+ State Policymaking--Task Forces/Commissions
+ STEM
+ Student Achievement
+ Student Achievement--Closing the Achievement Gap
+ Students
+ Students--Athletics/Extracurricular Activities
+ Students--Incentives
+ Students--Mobility
+ Students--Records/Rights
+ Teaching Quality
- Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure
MEAdopted 11/2008P-12
Postsec.
Qualifying Exams for Teachers
05-071-13
Amends rules relating to the qualifying examinations for teachers, education specialists and administrators. Relates to the Praxis exam.
http://www.maine.gov/sos/cec/rules/05/071/071c013.doc ...

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AKAdopted 10/2008P-12TEACHER CERTIFICATION
4 AAC 04.212, 12.305, 12.320
Removes the performance review requirement for those teachers moving from initial certification to professional certification. Allows the use of the performance review as an option to become a master teacher. Discontinues use of the performance review for the ...

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CASigned into law 09/2008P-12
Community College
technical educators
S.B. 1104
Repeals the authority of the Commission on Teacher Credentialing to issue a 2-year preliminary designated subjects teaching credential upon the completion by an applicant of certain specified requirements. Provides that the preliminary credential is valid for ...

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CASigned into law 09/2008P-12Credential revocation
S.B. 1110
Requires the Commission on Teacher Credentialing to suspend the credential of a holder when it receives notice that another State has taken final action to revoke a credential or license authorizing the holder of the credential to perform any duty in the publi...

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CASigned into law 09/2008P-12credential reinstatement
S.B. 1105
Provides procedures for credential reinstatement for a credential holder after dismissal of a misdemeanor sex offense accusation or information. Allows credential suspension for no contest plea to loitering in or about a public toilet. Includes a conviction or...

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CASigned into law 09/2008P-12teacher certification
S.B. 1303
Requires that a certificated or classified employee who was placed on a compulsory leave of absence after being charged with certain offenses be paid their full compensation for the period of leave if they are acquitted or the charges are dismissed. Provides t...

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KYAdopted 09/2008P-12Standards for Admission to Educator Preparation
16 KAR 5:020
Amends the standards for admission to an educator preparation. http://www.lrc.ky.gov/kar/016/005/020.htm...

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OHAdopted 09/2008P-12Temporary Teaching Permits, Provisional Licenses for STEM School Teachers
OAC 3301-23-41, -24-15
Creates forty hour temporary teaching permit for qualified nonlicensed individuals. Amends qualifications for temporary teaching permit for nonlicensed individuals. Adds rule creating two-year provisional educator license for STEM schools.
Twelve- or forty-hou...

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UTAdopted 09/2008P-12Educator Conduct
R277-515-4
Prohibits a professional educator from using or attempting to use district or school computers or information systems in violation of the school district's acceptable use policy or accessing information that may be detrimental to young people or inconsistent w...

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AKAdopted 08/2008P-12TEACHER PREPARATION PROGRAM
4 AAC 12.305
Adds a new section setting out guidelines for maintaining initial teacher certification for students enrolled in a teacher preparation program. ALASKA 3678...

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AKAdopted 08/2008P-12TEACHER CERTIFICATION TYPE B & TYPE F CERTIFICATES
4 AAC 12.345, .346, .350
Allows special service providers who hold a Type C certificate to be eligible for a Type F certificate with an endorsement as a special education administrator. Allows all holders of Type C special service certificates to be eligible for a Type B administrator...

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ALAdopted 08/2008P-12Teacher Certification
290-3-2
Repeals and replaces chapter on teacher certification....

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IDAdopted 08/2008P-12
Postsec.
Postsecondary Specialist Certification
IDAPA 08.02.02
Provides certification to meet the special needs of virtual schools, distant education and public school/postsecondary partnerships. Promotes greater flexibility and increased content competency among teachers and valid certification for higher education facul...

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LAAdopted 08/2008P-12Out of State Teacher Certificates
LAC 28:CXXXI.305, 309
An Out-of-State (OS) Certificate, valid for a three year period, is not renewable. It is issued to a teacher who has completed an out-of-state teacher preparation program and either holds or is eligible for a certificate in the state in which the program was c...

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MOAdopted 08/2008Postsec.faculty certification
5 CSR 80-800.260
Amends rule to incorporate changes for Library Media Specialist. Updates certification requirements for Postsecondary Career Educators as of January 2008. http://www.dese.mo.gov/schoollaw/rulesregs/80800260.htm...

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NYAdopted 08/2008P-12Certification in the Classroom Teaching Service through Individual Evaluation
Title 8 NYCRR Section 80-3.7
Extends the expiration date for applicants seeking certification through the individual evaluation pathway in all classroom titles except childhood education from Feb. 1, 2009 to Feb. 1, 2012. Adopted as published in pp 11-12 of May 14, 2008 register: http://w...

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ARAdopted 07/2008P-12Code of Ethics for Educators
005.16.08
Amends rules relating to Rules Governing the Code of Ethics for Arkansas Educators
http://arkansased.org/rules/pdf/pending/educator_ethics021408_pending.pdf
....

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CASigned into law 07/2008P-12Teacher certification
A.B. 2057
Relates to annexation of specified territory by a school district or county board of education, waiver requests from specified education entities governing the preparation or licensing of educators, the career technical education teaching credential, the evalu...

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KSRule Adoption 07/2008P-12TEACHER LICENSURE
KAR 91-1-200 through 91-1-205, 91-1-207, 91-1-209, 91-1-210,91-1-220, 91-1-221, 91-19-1, 91-19-6
Amends rules concerning teacher licensure, including definitions, types of licenses and certificates, requirements for each type of license, requirements for out-of-state applicants, renewal requirements, and student teaching requirements. KANSAS 6607...

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NCSigned into law 07/2008P-12Nationally Certified Teachers as Mentors
H.B. 2360
Permits national board certified teachers to serve as full-time mentors, as recommended by the Joint Legislative Education Oversight Committee.
http://www.ncga.state.nc.us/Sessions/2007/Bills/House/PDF/H2360v0.pdf...

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NYSigned into law 07/2008P-12Revocation of Teaching Certificate
A.B. 11500
Provides for the automatic revocation of a teaching certificate held by a teacher convicted of a sex offense; provides for the termination of education personnel without a hearing upon such conviction. http://assembly.state.ny.us/leg/?bn=A11500&sh=t...

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NYSigned into law 07/2008P-12License Revocation for Conviction for Defrauding the Government
S.B. 8554
Requires the commissioner of education to revoke and annul the certificates of school administrators or supervisors for the conviction of felony defrauding of the government. http://assembly.state.ny.us/leg/?bn=S08554&sh=t...

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WAAdopted 07/2008P-12CERTIFICATION STANDARDS
WAC 181-79A-211, -250
Amends rules relating to standards for teacher, administrator, and educational staff associate certification. WASHINGTON 28062
http://apps.leg.wa.gov/WAC/default.aspx?cite=181-79A-211...

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CTSigned into law 06/2008P-12Role of State Board in Teacher Certification
S.B. 403
Concerns the role of the state board of education in the teacher certification revocation process; provides that the Commissioner of Education has final authority concerning certain types of certification revocations when an educator has been convicted of cert...

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DESigned into law 06/2008P-12Educator Licenses
H.B. 259
Relates to the authority of the Department of Education regarding educator licensure; requires notice to be given to an applicant explaining reasons for denial and an opportunity for a hearing; relates to suspension, revocation or limitation of a license for v...

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HISigned into law 06/2008P-12Revocation of Teacher's License
S.B. 2080
Allows the state teacher standards board to suspend a teacher's license without a hearing and initiate proceedings to permanently revoke the teacher's license when the teacher has been convicted of certain sexual offenses against minors. Requires the departmen...

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ALSigned into law 05/2008P-12Alternative Teacher Certification
H.B. 398
Relates to public school teacher licensing and certification. Extends access to the expanded alternative certification program from prospective teachers of grades 9-12 to prospective teachers of grades 6-12. Removes certain requirements necessary to obtain a p...

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AZSigned into law 05/2008P-12Ethics
S.B. 1336
Concerns penalty classifications for sexual conduct with a minor when the perpetrator is the minor's school teacher, clergyman, or priest.
Chapter 210
http://www.azleg.gov/FormatDocument.asp?inDoc=/legtext/48leg/2r/summary/h.sb1336_05-13-08_astransmittedtogove...

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CARule Adoption 05/2008P-12HIGHLY QUALIFIED TEACHERS (NCLB)
Title 5 CCR Sec(s) 6100, 6104, 6105
Amends rules to utilize flexibility in federal guidance. Creates an alternative HOUSSE to help middle and high school level teachers in alternative education, special education, and schools in the Small Rural Schools Achievement (SRSA) program be considered hi...

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COSigned into law 05/2008P-12Improving Teaching Quality Policies
H.B. 1384
Requires the Department of Education to administer a biennial teaching and learning conditions survey to all teachers to be used for planning and designing future programs; provides stipends to certain teachers employed by a school district, a board of coopera...

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GASigned into law 05/2008P-12Investigating Complaints Against Educators
H.B. 250
Authorizes the professional standards commission to investigate complaints alleging that an educator has been convicted of any other criminal offense involving the manufacture, distribution, trafficking, sale, or possession of a controlled substance or marijua...

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GASigned into law 05/2008P-12Inappropriate Behavior by an Educator
H.B. 1321
Provides that falsifying, misrepresenting, omitting, or erroneously reporting reports of instances of inappropriate behavior by a teacher, administrator or other school employee toward a student must be addressed in the student code of conduct. Directs the Pro...

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GASigned into law 05/2008P-12Joint Study Committee on Teacher Training and Certification
H.R. 1103
Creates the Joint Study Committee on Teacher Training and Certification. Provides that in the event the committee makes a report of its findings and recommendations for proposed legislation, such report must be made by December 31, 2008. http://www.legis.state...

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IDAdopted 05/2008P-12TEACHERS AND ADMINISTRATORS
IDAPA 08.02.02
Allows a three year interim certificate to be issued to any Idaho-trained educator whose certificate has expired. Allows educators holding current certificates from recognized, accredited foreign institutions of education to be issued a three year interim cert...

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MNSigned into law 05/2008P-12Granting Variance For Early Childhood Education
S.B. 2796
Modifies teaching employment for early childhood education programs. Provides a school board must employ necessary licensed teachers for its early childhood family education programs. Provides the Board of Teaching, at its discretion, may grant an applicant a ...

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MNSigned into law 05/2008P-12Licensure Via Portfolio
H.B. 1812
Authorizes an eligible candidate to use licensure via portfolio to obtain an initial licensure or to add a licensure field, consistent with the applicable Board of Teaching licensure rules. [Sec. 2]
https://www.revisor.leg.state.mn.us/bin/getbill.php?number=HF...

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MOSigned into law 05/2008P-12Alternative certification
S.B. 1066
Creates an alternative method of obtaining teacher certification from the Board of Education; provides that an individual may obtain teacher certification by obtaining certification from the American Board for Certification of Teacher Excellence and verificati...

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OKSigned into law 05/2008P-12Licensing Teach for America and Middle School Reading
H.B. 3124
Directs the state board to issue a license to teach to persons in the Teach for America Program; provides such licenses will not be subject to the requirements of the residency program; requires certain coursework; provides upon successful completion of the co...

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TNSigned into law 05/2008P-12K-3 Certification/Endorsement Not Waivable
H.B. 2755
Prohibits teacher from teaching in grades K-3 unless the teacher is licensed with an endorsement to teach in such grades. - Amends TCA Title 49.
(Present law authorizes the commissioner of education to grant a permit to teach to a person who is recommended by...

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KSSigned into law 04/2008P-12School Safety Violations and Teaching License Issuance/Renewal to Offenders
S.B. 470
Repeals definition of "school safety violation." Rewrites provision relating to a student found in possession of a weapon or illegal drug at school or on school
property, or who has engaged in an act or behavior at school or on school property that resulted in...

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KYSigned into law 04/2008P-12Teacher Certification, Loan Forgiveness, and Additional Endorsements
S.B. 64
Creates a certification incentive fund to provide grants for eligible recipients to conduct summer institutes. Specifies that the priority for the institutes in the 2008-2009 through 2011-2012 school years is the certification of teachers in high school mathem...

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KYSigned into law 04/2008P-12Alternative Certification for Veterans
H.B. 607
Relates to alternative teacher certification. Allows a five-year statement of eligibility for teaching to be issued to a veteran who has completed at least 10 years of active duty service, 10 years of service officially credited toward armed services retiremen...

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LAAdopted 04/2008P-12Teachers in Nonpublic Schools
LAC 28:LXXIX.303
Amends rules to revise Nonpublic Bulletin 741 - Louisiana Handbook for Nonpublic School Administrators. Allows teachers with master's degrees and 10 or more years of experience teaching at the college level or in a K-12 school to forego the required 12 college...

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MESigned into law 04/2008P-12Teacher Certification -- Revocation/Reinstatement
S.B. 912A
Requires the Department of Education to report all denials, revocations, suspensions, surrenders and reinstatements of certification that are not under appeal or still subject to appeal to a national association of state directors of teacher education and cert...

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UTAdopted 04/2008P-12Educator Licensing and Data Retention
R277-502
Deletes provision that a teacher working under a letter of authorization who is not an alternative routes to licensing (ARL) candidate, cannot be designated highly qualified. Provides for a new K-6 license. Specifies that the "middle" license area of concentra...

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COSigned into law 03/2008P-12Special Employment for Military Spouses
H.B. 1162
Allows department of education to issue a military spouse interim authorization that allows to employ a person who is certified or licenced, or eligible for certificatiuon, as a teacher, special services provider, principal or administrator in another state an...

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LAAdopted 03/2008P-12Certification for Teachers and School Personnel
LAC 28:CXXXI.233
Relates to the practitioner teacher program alternative path to certification and minimum requirements. Revises program requirements. See Full Text Below.
http://doa.louisiana.gov/osr/lac/28v131/28v131.doc
...

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MESigned into law 03/2008P-12Certification for Non-native Speaking Teachers
H.B. 1469
Allows teachers of modern and classical languages whose primary language is not English to retain certification while receiving support to pass the required Praxis test.
http://janus.state.me.us/legis/LawMakerWeb/externalsiteframe.asp?ID=280027595&LD=2083&Type...

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VASigned into law 03/2008P-12Provisional Licenses for Deployed Teachers
H.B. 809
Permits the Board of Education to extend a three- year provisional license an additional year for each school year or portion thereof for which a teacher is activated or deployed for military service. http://leg1.state.va.us/cgi-bin/legp504.exe?081+ful+HB809ER...

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VASigned into law 03/2008P-12Sexual Abuse Allegations
S.B. 241
Requires State Board of Education regulations to include requirements for the denial, suspension, cancellation, revocation, and reinstatement of licensure. Requires the Board of Education to revoke the license of any person for whom it has received a notice of...

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WASigned into law 03/2008P-12Professional-level Certification Assessment
S.B. 6726
The Professional Educator Standards Board is directed to set performance standards and develop, pilot, and implement a uniform and externally administered professional-level certification assessment based on demonstrated teaching skill by January, 2010.
http:/...

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UTAdopted 01/2008P-12Educator Standards
R277-515
Provides definitions, standards for educators as role models, standards for educators to maintain a safe learning environment, standards for professional educator, responsibility for compliance with school district policies and standards for professional educa...

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+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Alternative
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Highly Qualified Teachers
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Natl. Bd. for Prof. Teach. Stds.
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Special Education
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--State Prof. Standards Bds.
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Substitute Teachers
+ Teaching Quality--Compensation and Diversified Pay
+ Teaching Quality--Compensation and Diversified Pay--Pay-for-Performance
+ Teaching Quality--Compensation and Diversified Pay--Retirement/Benefits
+ Teaching Quality--Evaluation and Effectiveness
+ Teaching Quality--Induction Programs and Mentoring
+ Teaching Quality--Paraprofessionals
+ Teaching Quality--Preparation
+ Teaching Quality--Professional Development
+ Teaching Quality--Recruitment and Retention
+ Teaching Quality--Recruitment and Retention--At-Risk Schools
+ Teaching Quality--Recruitment and Retention--High-Needs Subjects
+ Teaching Quality--Reduction in Force
+ Teaching Quality--Teacher Rights
+ Teaching Quality--Tenure or Continuing Contract
+ Teaching Quality--Unions/Collective Bargaining
+ Technology
+ Technology--Devices/Software/Hardware
+ Technology--Funding Issues
+ Technology--Internet Safety
+ Technology--Teacher/Faculty Training
+ Textbooks and Open Source
+ Urban
+ Urban--Governance