ECS
From the ECS State Policy Database
2008 State Policies / Activities

Education Commission of the States • 700 Broadway, Suite 810 • Denver, CO 80203-3442 • 303.299.3600 • fax 303.296.8332 • www.ecs.org

The following summary includes policies enacted in 2008. This database is made possible by your state's fiscal support of the Education Commission of the States (ECS). Most entries are legislative, although rules/regulations and executive orders that make substantive changes are included. Every effort is made to collect the latest available version of policies; in some instances, recent changes might not be reflected. For expediency purposes minimal attention has been paid to style (capitalization, punctuation) and format. To view the documents, click on the blue triangle next to the topic of interest. To view all, press the button located at the top labeled "Expand All."

Please cite use of the database as: Education Commission of the States (ECS) State Policy Database, retrieved [date].

State Status/Date Level Summary
+ Accountability
+ Accountability--Measures/Indicators
+ Accountability--Reporting Results
+ Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions
+ Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions--No Pass No Drive
+ Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions--No Pass No Play
+ Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions--Takeovers
+ Accountability--School Improvement
+ Adult Basic Education
+ Assessment
+ Assessment--Accommodations
+ Assessment--Computer Based
+ Assessment--End-of-Course
+ Assessment--Formative/Interim
+ Assessment--High Stakes/Competency
+ At-Risk (incl. Dropout Prevention)
+ At-Risk (incl. Dropout Prevention)--Alternative Education
+ At-Risk (incl. Dropout Prevention)--Drugs/Alcohol
+ Attendance
+ Attendance--Truancy
+ Background Checks
+ Bilingual/ESL
+ Business Involvement
+ Career/Technical Education
+ Career/Technical Education--Career Academies/Apprenticeship
+ Choice of Schools--Charter Schools
+ Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Finance
+ Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Research
+ Choice of Schools--Choice/Open Enrollment
+ Choice of Schools--Innovation Schools
+ Choice of Schools--Magnet or Specialized Schools
+ Choice of Schools--Tax Credits
+ Choice of Schools--Vouchers
+ Civic Education
+ Civic Education--Character Education
+ Civic Education--Pledge of Allegiance
+ Class Size
+ Curriculum
+ Curriculum--Alignment
+ Curriculum--Arts Education
+ Curriculum--Drivers Education
+ Curriculum--Environmental Education
+ Curriculum--Financial Literacy/Economics Ed.
+ Curriculum--Foreign Language/Sign Language
+ Curriculum--Health/Nutrition Education
+ Curriculum--International Education
+ Curriculum--Language Arts
+ Curriculum--Mathematics
+ Curriculum--Multicultural
+ Curriculum--Physical Education
+ Curriculum--Science
+ Curriculum--Sex Education
+ Curriculum--Social Studies/History
+ Demographics--Condition of Children/Adults
+ Demographics--Enrollments
+ Desegregation
+ Economic/Workforce Development
+ Education Research
+ Equity
+ Federal
+ Finance
+ Finance--Adequacy/Core Cost
+ Finance--Aid to Private Schools
+ Finance--Bonds
+ Finance--District
+ Finance--Equity
+ Finance--Facilities
+ Finance--Federal
+ Finance--Funding Formulas
+ Finance--Local Foundations/Funds
+ Finance--Lotteries
+ Finance--Resource Efficiency
+ Finance--State Budgets/Expenditures
+ Finance--Student Fees
+ Finance--Taxes/Revenues
+ Finance--Taxes/Revenues--Alternative Revenues
+ Governance
+ Governance--Deregulation/Waivers/Home Rule
+ Governance--Ethics/Conflict of Interest
+ Governance--School Boards
+ Governance--School Boards--Training
+ Governance--Site-Based Management
+ Governance--State Boards/Chiefs/Agencies
+ Health
+ Health--Child Abuse
+ Health--Mental Health
+ Health--Nutrition
+ Health--School Based Clinics or School Nurses
+ Health--Suicide Prevention
+ Health--Teen Pregnancy
- High School
MISigned into law 12/2008P-12Revises the administration and requirements of the state merit examination; provides that pupils in grade 12 may take the exam if they did not complete it in grade 11; provides for a writing component of the test; allows use of the test as an indicator of workforce readiness; provides that a student may take the complete test only once; provides for identification of specific grade level content expectations, so that teachers will know what content will be included in the test.
http://www.legislature.mi.gov/documents/2007-2008/publicact/pdf/2008-PA-0349.pdf
Title: H.B. 6412
Source: http://www.legislature.mi.gov/

LAAdopted 10/2008P-12Amends rules relating to the PreGED and Skills Option Programs and spells out requirements for districts.
http://doa.louisiana.gov/osr/lac/28v115/28v115.doc
Title: LAC 28:CXV.2907
Source: http://doa.louisiana.gov/osr/

FLAdopted 09/2008P-12Amends rule to review the General Educational Development (GED) testing fees to recommend an increase in the testing fees so that the Department of Education, as well as local testing centers, can operate with a minimal deficit due to increasing operating costs related to administering the GED test.
https://www.flrules.org/gateway/readFile.asp?sid=0&tid=6138371&type=1&File=6A-6.021.doc

Title: FAC 6A-6.021
Source: https://www.flrules.org/

MASigned into law 08/2008P-12Improves dropout prevention and reporting of graduation rates; requires providing public school districts with a standardized format for the accurate reporting of graduation and dropout data to facilitate the implementation of a longitudinal data collection system over specified periods; creates a graduation and dropout prevention and recovery commission to survey dropout prevention and recovery best practices and programs nationwide and to evaluate programs currently in use.
http://www.mass.gov/legis/bills/senate/185/st02/st02766.htm
Title: S.B. 2766
Source: http://www.mass.gov/

OKAdopted 07/2008P-12
Postsec.
Proposes rules to require that a high school representative annually provide for review and discussion a report for each site regarding first-year college performance and remediation of local high school graduates. OKLAHOMA 15303
Title: OAC 210:35-25-4
Source: Lexis-Nexis/StateNet

CTSigned into law 06/2008P-12Concerns high school credit for private world language courses; provides that students may earn up to two credits toward high school graduation for completion of a world language courses offered by a nonprofit provider and the student passes a test prescribed by the Commissioner of Education.
http://www.cga.ct.gov/2008/ACT/Pa/pdf/2008PA-00138-R00HB-05820-PA.pdf
Title: H.B. 5820
Source: http://www.cga.ct.gov/

LASigned into law 06/2008P-12Adds a member of the Nonpublic School Commission to the High School Redesign Commission. http://www.legis.state.la.us/billdata/streamdocument.asp?did=497679
Title: H.B. 721
Source: Lexis-Nexis/StateNet

NJSigned into law 06/2008P-12Provides Department of Education statutory authority to provide persons 16 years of age or older who are no longer enrolled in school a State-issued school diploma to document the attainment of academic skills and knowledge equivalent to a high school education; authorizes the Commission of Education to adopt emergency regulations to effectuate the provisions of the bill.
http://www.njleg.state.nj.us/2008/Bills/S2000/1910_I1.PDF
Title: S.B. 1910
Source: http://www.njleg.state.nj.us/

SCSigned into law 06/2008P-12Provides that a student whose parent or legal guardian has been called to active duty more than a specified number of miles outside of his residence is eligible to attend the public schools of that school district; authorizes nonresident military personnel to enroll in programs designed to award a State high school diploma.
Act 323
http://www.scstatehouse.net/sess117_2007-2008/bills/4320.doc
Title: H.B. 4320
Source: http://www.scstatehouse.net

IASigned into law 05/2008P-12Selected provisions:
• Creates the Senior Year Plus Program to increase access of high school students to college credit and
advanced placement coursework. (Page 40, Line 23 through Page 64, Line 10)
• Requires postsecondary institutions providing Senior Year Plus programming to supply data concerning
the proportion of women and minorities enrolled in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics
(STEM) programs. The Department of Education is to annually report its findings and recommendations
to the General Assembly by January 15. (Page 50, Line 7)
• Permits preschool programs to receive supplemental aid or modified allowable growth if approved by the
School Budget Review Committee. (Page 64, Line 23)
• Requires program approval by the Department of Education to receive preschool aid funding in a
program's second and subsequent years. (Page 64, Line 34)
• Requires nonreversion of Preschool Program funds appropriated to the Department of Education.
(Page 65, Line 30)
• Provides that it is the intent of the General Assembly that if funding is made available for implementing a
Statewide Early Childhood Professional Development System in FY 2008 or FY 2009, the System will
be implemented by the Department with the collaboration of Area Education Agencies.
(Page 66, Line 13)
• Requires the Iowa Empowerment Board to conduct a study of the role the Empowerment Program can
play in strengthening child care provided voluntarily and at no cost by family members, friends, and
neighbors. The Board must convene a working group to provide advice and must submit a report to the

From fiscal analysis: Significant changes to Iowa Code: • Prohibits local Community Empowerment boards from carrying forward more than 20.0% of their annual
allocation to the following fiscal year. (Page 26, Line 12)
• Requires local Community Empowerment boards to consider whether support services for children's
health needs are being provided to child care facilities in their communities. (Page 27, Line 17)
• Requires grant awards in the Before and After School Grant Program to be at least $30,000 and not more
than $50,000. Increases the required local match funding for Before and After School Grants from
20.0% to a dollar-for-dollar match. Requires the local match to be cash or in-kind contributions.
Eliminates an allocation of $100,000 from the Before and After School Grant Program for employment
of a contractor for long-term planning and development. Specifies that programs serving middle and
high school youth are eligible for the Program. Permits grants to be used for multiple fiscal years.
(Page 27, Line 26 through Page 28, Line 16)
• Requires Area Education Agencies (AEAs) to transfer 84.0% of Medicaid payments received to the
Department of Education, with the exception of reimbursements for services provided under Part C of the
federal Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA). (Page 28, Line 17)
• Shifts funding for the Reading Recovery Program to the University of Northern Iowa, where the Program
is now centered. (Page 29, Line 7)

For other details, see full text section of this database record.
Title: H.F. 2679
Source: http://www3.legis.state.ia.us

NJSigned into law 05/2008P-12
Postsec.
Enacts Alicia's Law, permits a student whose high school special education program requires instruction beyond four years to participate with his or her class in that classes graduation ceremony and to receive a certificate of attendance.
http://www.njleg.state.nj.us/2008/Bills/S0500/442_R1.PDF
Title: S.B. 442
Source: http://www.njleg.state.nj.us/

AZSigned into law 04/2008P-12
Postsec.
Relates to the Early Graduation Scholarship Program.
A. Requires each school district or charter school providing instruction in grades nine through twelve to participate in and promote to students an early graduation scholarship program.

B. The commission for postsecondary education is to develop application forms, procedures and deadlines to implement and administer the earlly graduation scholarship program in conjunction with the department of education and shall select eligible students each year for participation in the program. The district or charter school is responsible for notifying the department of education and the commission for postsecondary education if the student graduates at least one semester before the student's scheduled graduation date.

C. Any participating full-time student who graduates: 1) at least one year early is to receive a scholarship grant in an amount not to exceed $1,250 or the actual cost of tuition, books and fees, whichever is less, in the first academic year of postsecondary instruction and an amount not to exceed $750 of the actual cost of tuition, books and fees, whichever is less, in the second academic year of postsecondary instruction; or 2) one semester early is to receive a scholarship grant in an amount not to exceed $1000 or the actual cost of tuition, books and fees, whichever is less, in the first academic year of postsecondary instruction, and an amount not to exceed $500 or the actual cost of tuition, books and fees, whichever is less, in the second academic year of postsecondary education. In each case, the two academic years must be completed within 36 months after the student's actual graduation date from high school.

D. A student who provides satisfactory proof to the commission for postsecondary education that the student has met all of the following criteria is eligible to submit an application for consideration for a scholarship grant under the early graduation scholarship program. The criteria:
1) Student has graduated from a charter school or a public high school that is part of a school district in the state at least one semester earlier than the student's class is scheduled to graduate;
2) Student has achieved a passing score on each component of the Arizona instrument to measure standards test that is required for graduation from high school;
3) Student is currently a resident of the state and has been a resident of the state for at least the past twelve months;
4) Student submits a statement from the qualifying postsecondary institution that details the cost of tuition, books and fees for that student;
5) Student has completed and submitted a free application for federal student aid.
6) Student or the student's parents annually signs a promissory note for reimbursement pursuant to subsection J of this section.

E. The school district or charter school from which the student graduated is to include the student who graduates early in the student count until the student's class is scheduled to graduate and should continue to receive per pupil funding minus $2,200 for a student who graduates at least one year early or $1,700 for a student who graduates one semester early, whichever is applicable, until the student's class is scheduled to graduate. The per pupil funding received in the school district or charter school is to be placed in the maintenance and operations fund.

F. The department of education shall deposit $2,200 for a student who graduates at least one year early or $1,700 for a student who graduates one semester early, whichever is applicable, of the amount of per pupil funding provided to a school district or charter school for a student who graduates at least one semester early in the early graduation scholarship fund established by this section.

G. The commission for postsecondary education shall make awards from the early graduation scholarship fund for payment of tuition, books and fees at qualifying postsecondary institutions to students who are selected to participate in the early graduation scholarship program on verification of admission and enrollment by the qualifying postsecondary institutions.

H. If the amount of monies available for scholarship grants in any fiscal year is insufficient to provide scholarship grants to all eligible applicants, the commission for postsecondary education shall award scholarship grants to eligible students in the order in which the applications were received by the commission, except that priority shall be given to eligible students who received a scholarship in the previous year and who are still in good academic standing a the same qualifying postsecondary institution or who transferred to another qualifying postsecondary institution. The commission for postsecondary education is to maintain a waiting list for all other applicants.

I. A qualifying postsecondary institution shall notify the commission for postsecondary education if a student who has received a scholarship grant is no longer in good academic standing at the qualifying postsecondary institution or is no longer enrolled at the qualifying postsecondary institution.

J. Not later than 36 months after the student's actual high school graduation date, the student or the qualifying postsecondary institution shall reimburse the early graduation scholarship fund for any scholarship grant received pursuant to subsection C f this section if the student has not completed the academic year as defined in 20 United States Code Section 1088. The commission for postsecondary may waive the reimbursement requirements of this subsection for good cause shown. A student should provide proof that the student completed the first year in good academic standing from the qualifying postsecondary institution to the commission for postsecondary education before receiving monies for the second year from the early graduation scholarship fund.

K. A student who receives an early graduation scholarship grant shall be allowed, at no additional cost except for fees charged to all students, to both: 1) participate in extracurricular activities until the student's high school class is scheduled to graduate; and 2) participate in the student's high school class graduation ceremonies.

L. The early graduation scholarship fund is established consisting of monies deposited pursuant to subsection F of this section and all repayments that are received pursuant to subsection F of this section and all repayments that are received pursuant to subsection J of this section. The commission for postsecondary education shall administer the fund. Monies in the fund are continuously appropriated and are exempt from the provisions of section 35-190 relating to lapsing of appropriations. On notice from the commission, the state treasurer shall invest and divest monies in the fund as provided by section 34-313, and monies earned from the invesmtner shall be credited to the fund. The commission may retain up to five percent of the monies in the fund for administrative costs. The commission may hire up to two full-time equivalent positions for the implementation and administration of the early graduation scholarship programs.

M. The commisison for postsecondary education shall submit an annual report by December 1 to the governor, the president of the senate and the speaker of the house and a copy of the report shall be smitmitted to the secretary of state and the director of the Arizona state library, archives and public records. The report shall contain at least the following: 1) the number of students who graduated at least one year early and the number who graduated at least one semester early for each year of implementation of the program by each school district and each charter school; 2) the number of scholarships provided pursuant to this section; 3) the average amount per scholarship provided pursuant to this section; 4) the balance in the early graduation scholarship fund; 5) the number of students using a scholarship to attend a regionally or nationally accredited public or private postsecondary institution and the number of students using a scholarship to attend a regionally or nationally accredited vocational program; 6) a description of how the commission expended monies for administrative costs of the program pursuant to subsection L of this section.

N. The program established by this section ends on July 1, 2017 pursuant to section 41-3102.

O. For the purposes of this section, "qualifying postsecondary institution" means a regionally or nationally accreditated public or private postsecondary educational institution in this state or a regionally or nationally accreditated vocational program in this state.

Chapter No. 140
http://www.azleg.gov/legtext/48leg/2r/bills/hb2736h.pdf
Title: H.B. 2736
Source: http://www.azleg.gov

MDSigned into law 04/2008P-12Requires representatives of local boards of education to provide information concerning alternative education programs and GED program requirements and testing locations to each individual who no longer attends a public high school in the county and has not obtained a high school certificate or diploma.
http://mlis.state.md.us/2008rs/bills/hb/hb0953t.pdf
Title: H.B. 953; S.B. 264
Source: http://mlis.state.md.us/

MSSigned into law 04/2008P-12Relates to high school Redesign Pilot Program. Authorizes the State Board of Education to phase in additional sites in the pilot program to redesign State high schools. Provides the Board will develop and pilot a program to redesign secondary schools in the State to function not only as curriculum and educational entities but also as workforce development centers.
http://billstatus.ls.state.ms.us/documents/2008/pdf/HB/0900-0999/HB0975SG.pdf
Title: H.B. 975
Source: http://billstatus.ls.state.ms.us

AZSigned into law 03/2008P-12Allows a charter school or school district to determine whether credits earned by a pupil formerly enrolled in a separate charter school or school district will be assigned as elective or core credits and to provide that pupil with a list that indicates which credits have been accepted as core credits and which have been accepted as elective credits; allows the pupil to request an examination in each particular course in which a core credit has been denied in order to change that determination. Chapter No. 2
http://www.azleg.gov/legtext/48leg/2r/bills/hb2563h.pdf
Title: H.B. 2563
Source: http://www.azleg.gov

WASigned into law 03/2008P-12Adds that school districts may issue high school diplomas to veterans of military service in Vietnam and deletes the requirement for veterans of WWII and Korea that required them to have been scheduled to graduate between 1940 and 1955 to be issued a high school diploma.
http://apps.leg.wa.gov/documents/billdocs/2007-08/Pdf/Bills/Session%20Law%202008/1283.SL.pdf
Title: H.B. 1283
Source: http://www.leg.wa.gov/legislature

+ High School--Advanced Placement
+ High School--College Readiness
+ High School--Dropout Rates/Graduation Rates
+ High School--Dual/Concurrent Enrollment
+ High School--Exit Exams
+ High School--GED (General Education Development)
+ High School--Graduation Requirements
+ High School--International Baccalaureate
+ Instructional Approaches--Grading Practices
+ Instructional Approaches--Homeschooling
+ Instructional Approaches--Single-Sex Education
+ Integrated Services/Full-Service Schools
+ Leadership
+ Leadership--District Superintendent
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Certification and Licensure
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Compensation and Diversified Pay
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Evaluation and Effectiveness
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Preparation
+ Middle School
+ Minority/Diversity Issues
+ Minority/Diversity Issues--American Indian / Alaska Native / Native Hawaiian
+ No Child Left Behind
+ No Child Left Behind--Adequate Yearly Progress
+ No Child Left Behind--Assessment
+ No Child Left Behind--Choice/Transfer
+ No Child Left Behind--Consequences for Schools
+ No Child Left Behind--Finance
+ No Child Left Behind--School Support
+ No Child Left Behind--Special Populations
+ No Child Left Behind--Supplemental Services
+ Online Learning--Digital/Blended Learning
+ Online Learning--Virtual Schools/Courses
+ P-16 or P-20
+ P-3
+ P-3 Child Care
+ P-3 Early Intervention (0-3)
+ P-3 Ensuring Quality
+ P-3 Evaluation/Economic Benefits
+ P-3 Family Involvement
+ P-3 Finance
+ P-3 Governance
+ P-3 Grades 1-3
+ P-3 Kindergarten
+ P-3 Kindergarten--Full Day Kindergarten
+ P-3 Preschool
+ P-3 Teaching Quality/Professional Development
+ Parent/Family
+ Parent/Family--Parent Rights
+ Partnerships--University/School
+ Postsecondary
+ Postsecondary Accountability
+ Postsecondary Accountability--Accreditation
+ Postsecondary Accountability--Diploma Mills
+ Postsecondary Affordability--Financial Aid
+ Postsecondary Affordability--Tuition/Fees
+ Postsecondary Affordability--Tuition/Fees--Prepd/College Savings Plans
+ Postsecondary Affordability--Tuition/Fees--Undocumented Immigrants
+ Postsecondary Faculty
+ Postsecondary Faculty--Compensation
+ Postsecondary Finance
+ Postsecondary Governance and Structures
+ Postsecondary Institutions--Community/Technical Colleges
+ Postsecondary Institutions--For-Profit/Proprietary
+ Postsecondary Institutions--Private/Independent
+ Postsecondary Online Instruction
+ Postsecondary Participation--Access
+ Postsecondary Participation--Admissions Requirements
+ Postsecondary Participation--Affirmative Action
+ Postsecondary Participation--Outreach
+ Postsecondary Students--Foster Youth
+ Postsecondary Students--Graduate/Professional
+ Postsecondary Students--Military
+ Postsecondary Students--Minority
+ Postsecondary Success--Completion--Completion Rates (Statistics)
+ Postsecondary Success--Developmental/Remediation
+ Postsecondary Success--Transfer/Articulation
+ Private Schools
+ Privatization
+ Promotion/Retention
+ Public Involvement
+ Reading/Literacy
+ Religion
+ Religion--Scientific Creationism (Evolution)
+ Rural
+ Scheduling/School Calendar
+ Scheduling/School Calendar--Day/Class Length
+ Scheduling/School Calendar--Extended Day Programs
+ Scheduling/School Calendar--Summer School
+ Scheduling/School Calendar--Week
+ Scheduling/School Calendar--Year
+ School Safety
+ School Safety--Bullying Prevention/Conflict Resolution
+ School Safety--Code of Conduct
+ School Safety--Corporal Punishment
+ School Safety--Disaster/Emergency Preparedness
+ School Safety--Expulsion/Suspension
+ School Safety--No Child Left Behind--Safe Schools
+ School Safety--Sexual Harassment and Assault
+ School Safety--Special Education
+ School/District Structure/Operations
+ School/District Structure/Operations--District Consolidation/Deconsolidation
+ School/District Structure/Operations--Facilities
+ School/District Structure/Operations--Food Service
+ School/District Structure/Operations--Libraries
+ School/District Structure/Operations--Personnel (Non-Teaching)
+ School/District Structure/Operations--Shared Services
+ School/District Structure/Operations--Transportation
+ Service-Learning
+ Special Education
+ Special Education--Federal Law/Regulations
+ Special Education--Finance
+ Special Education--Placement
+ Special Education--Transition
+ Special Populations--Corrections Education
+ Special Populations--Foster Care
+ Special Populations--Gifted and Talented
+ Special Populations--Homeless Education
+ Special Populations--Military
+ Standards
+ State Comparisons/Statistics
+ State Longitudinal Data Systems
+ State Policymaking
+ State Policymaking--Ballot Questions
+ State Policymaking--Task Forces/Commissions
+ STEM
+ Student Achievement
+ Student Achievement--Closing the Achievement Gap
+ Student Supports--Counseling/Guidance
+ Student Supports--Mentoring/Tutoring
+ Student Supports--Remediation
+ Students
+ Students--Athletics/Extracurricular Activities
+ Students--Incentives
+ Students--Mobility
+ Students--Records/Rights
+ Teaching Quality
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Alternative
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Highly Qualified Teachers
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Natl. Bd. for Prof. Teach. Stds.
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Special Education
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--State Prof. Standards Bds.
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Substitute Teachers
+ Teaching Quality--Compensation and Diversified Pay
+ Teaching Quality--Compensation and Diversified Pay--Pay-for-Performance
+ Teaching Quality--Compensation and Diversified Pay--Retirement/Benefits
+ Teaching Quality--Evaluation and Effectiveness
+ Teaching Quality--Induction Programs and Mentoring
+ Teaching Quality--Paraprofessionals
+ Teaching Quality--Preparation
+ Teaching Quality--Professional Development
+ Teaching Quality--Recruitment and Retention
+ Teaching Quality--Recruitment and Retention--At-Risk Schools
+ Teaching Quality--Recruitment and Retention--High-Needs Subjects
+ Teaching Quality--Reduction in Force
+ Teaching Quality--Teacher Rights
+ Teaching Quality--Tenure or Continuing Contract
+ Teaching Quality--Unions/Collective Bargaining
+ Technology
+ Technology--Devices/Software/Hardware
+ Technology--Funding Issues
+ Technology--Internet Safety
+ Technology--Teacher/Faculty Training
+ Textbooks and Open Source
+ Urban
+ Urban--Governance
+ Whole Child