ECS
From the ECS State Policy Database
2009 State Policies / Activities

Education Commission of the States • 700 Broadway, Suite 810 • Denver, CO 80203-3442 • 303.299.3600 • fax 303.296.8332 • www.ecs.org

The following summary includes policies enacted in 2009. This database is made possible by your state's fiscal support of the Education Commission of the States (ECS). Most entries are legislative, although rules/regulations and executive orders that make substantive changes are included. Every effort is made to collect the latest available version of policies; in some instances, recent changes might not be reflected. For expediency purposes minimal attention has been paid to style (capitalization, punctuation) and format. To view the documents, click on the blue triangle next to the topic of interest. To view all, press the button located at the top labeled "Expand All."

Please cite use of the database as: Education Commission of the States (ECS) State Policy Database, retrieved [date].

State Status/Date Level Summary
+ Accountability
+ Accountability--Accreditation
+ Accountability--Measures/Indicators
+ Accountability--Reporting Results
+ Accountability--Rewards
+ Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions
+ Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions--No Pass No Drive
+ Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions--No Pass No Play
+ Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions--Takeovers
+ Accountability--School Improvement
+ Adult Basic Education
+ Assessment
+ Assessment--Accommodations
+ Assessment--College Entrance Exams
+ Assessment--Computer Based
+ Assessment--End-of-Course
+ Assessment--Formative/Interim
+ Assessment--NAEP (NAEP Results and NAEP Organization)
+ Assessment--Performance Based/Portfolio
+ Assessment--Value Added
+ At-Risk (incl. Dropout Prevention)
+ At-Risk (incl. Dropout Prevention)--Alternative Education
+ At-Risk (incl. Dropout Prevention)--Drugs/Alcohol
+ Attendance
+ Attendance--Compulsory
+ Attendance--Statutory Ages (Upper and Lower)
+ Attendance--Truancy
+ Background Checks
+ Bilingual/ESL
+ Business Involvement
+ Career/Technical Education
+ Career/Technical Education--Career Academies/Apprenticeship
+ Cheating
+ Choice of Schools--Charter Schools
+ Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Charter Districts
+ Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Closings
+ Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Cyber Charters
+ Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Finance
+ Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Research
+ Choice of Schools--Choice/Open Enrollment
+ Choice of Schools--Magnet or Specialized Schools
+ Choice of Schools--Vouchers
+ Civic Education
+ Civic Education--Character Education
+ Civic Education--Pledge of Allegiance
+ Class Size
+ Curriculum
+ Curriculum--Arts Education
+ Curriculum--Core Curriculum
+ Curriculum--Drivers Education
+ Curriculum--Environmental Education
+ Curriculum--Family Living Education
+ Curriculum--Financial Literacy/Economics Ed.
+ Curriculum--Foreign Language/Sign Language
+ Curriculum--Health/Nutrition Education
+ Curriculum--Home Economics
+ Curriculum--International Education
+ Curriculum--Language Arts
+ Curriculum--Language Arts--Writing/Spelling
+ Curriculum--Mathematics
+ Curriculum--Physical Education
+ Curriculum--Science
+ Curriculum--Sex Education
+ Curriculum--Social Studies/History
+ Demographics--Condition of Children/Adults
+ Desegregation
+ Economic/Workforce Development
+ Education Research
+ Equity
+ Federal
+ Finance
+ Finance--Adequacy/Core Cost
+ Finance--Bonds
+ Finance--District
+ Finance--Equity
+ Finance--Facilities
+ Finance--Federal
+ Finance--Funding Formulas
+ Finance--Litigation
+ Finance--Local Foundations/Funds
+ Finance--Lotteries
+ Finance--Resource Efficiency
+ Finance--State Budgets/Expenditures
+ Finance--Student Fees
+ Finance--Taxes/Revenues
+ Finance--Taxes/Revenues--Alternative Revenues
+ Governance
+ Governance--Deregulation/Waivers/Home Rule
+ Governance--Ethics/Conflict of Interest
+ Governance--School Boards
+ Governance--School Boards--Training
+ Governance--Site-Based Management
+ Governance--State Boards/Chiefs/Agencies
+ Health
+ Health--Child Abuse
+ Health--Mental Health
+ Health--Nutrition
+ Health--School Based Clinics or School Nurses
+ Health--Suicide Prevention
+ Health--Teen Pregnancy
+ High School
+ High School--Advanced Placement
+ High School--College Readiness
+ High School--Dropout Rates/Graduation Rates
+ High School--Dual/Concurrent Enrollment
+ High School--Early Colleges/Middle Colleges
+ High School--Exit Exams
+ High School--GED (General Education Development)
+ High School--Graduation Requirements
+ High School--International Baccalaureate
+ Instructional Approaches
+ Instructional Approaches--Grading Practices
+ Instructional Approaches--Homeschooling
+ Instructional Approaches--Problem Based Learning
+ Instructional Approaches--Single-Sex Education
+ Instructional Approaches--Time/Time on Task
+ Integrated Services/Full-Service Schools
+ International Benchmarking
+ Leadership
+ Leadership--District Superintendent
+ Leadership--District Superintendent--Compensation and Diversified Pay
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Certification and Licensure
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Compensation and Diversified Pay
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Evaluation and Effectiveness
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Preparation
+ Middle School
+ Minority/Diversity Issues
+ Minority/Diversity Issues--American Indian / Alaska Native / Native Hawaiian
+ Minority/Diversity Issues--Hispanic
+ No Child Left Behind
+ No Child Left Behind--Adequate Yearly Progress
+ No Child Left Behind--Assessment
+ No Child Left Behind--Choice/Transfer
+ No Child Left Behind--Consequences for Schools
+ No Child Left Behind--Finance
+ No Child Left Behind--Report Cards
+ No Child Left Behind--School Support
+ No Child Left Behind--Supplemental Services
+ Online Learning--Digital/Blended Learning
+ Online Learning--Virtual Schools/Courses
+ P-16 or P-20
+ P-3
+ P-3 Child Care
+ P-3 Content Standards and Assessment
+ P-3 Early Intervention (0-3)
+ P-3 Ensuring Quality
+ P-3 Evaluation/Economic Benefits
+ P-3 Finance
+ P-3 Governance
+ P-3 Grades 1-3
+ P-3 Kindergarten--Full Day Kindergarten
+ P-3 Preschool
+ P-3 Teaching Quality/Professional Development
+ Parent/Family
+ Parent/Family--Parent Rights
+ Partnerships--University/School
+ Postsecondary
+ Postsecondary Accountability
+ Postsecondary Accountability--Accreditation
+ Postsecondary Accountability--Diploma Mills
+ Postsecondary Affordability--Financial Aid
+ Postsecondary Affordability--Textbooks
+ Postsecondary Affordability--Tuition/Fees
+ Postsecondary Affordability--Tuition/Fees--Prepd/College Savings Plans
+ Postsecondary Faculty
+ Postsecondary Faculty--Compensation
+ Postsecondary Faculty--Intellectual Property
+ Postsecondary Faculty--Teaching Assistants
+ Postsecondary Finance
+ Postsecondary Finance--Efficiency/Performance-Based Funding
+ Postsecondary Finance--Facilities
+ Postsecondary Governance and Structures
+ Postsecondary Institutions--Community/Technical Colleges
+ Postsecondary Institutions--For-Profit/Proprietary
+ Postsecondary Institutions--Private/Independent
+ Postsecondary Online Instruction
+ Postsecondary Participation
+ Postsecondary Participation--Access
+ Postsecondary Participation--Admissions Requirements
+ Postsecondary Participation--Affirmative Action
+ Postsecondary Participation--Outreach
+ Postsecondary Students
+ Postsecondary Students--Foster Youth
+ Postsecondary Students--Graduate/Professional
+ Postsecondary Students--Military
+ Postsecondary Students--Minority
+ Postsecondary Success--Completion
+ Postsecondary Success--Completion--Completion Rates (Statistics)
+ Postsecondary Success--Developmental/Remediation
+ Postsecondary Success--Retention/Persistence
+ Postsecondary Success--Transfer/Articulation
+ Private Schools
+ Privatization
+ Promising Practices
+ Promotion/Retention
+ Public Involvement
+ Reading/Literacy
+ Reading/Literacy--Adult Literacy
+ Religion
+ Religion--Prayer/Meditation
+ Rural
+ Scheduling/School Calendar
+ Scheduling/School Calendar--Day/Class Length
+ Scheduling/School Calendar--Extended Day Programs
+ Scheduling/School Calendar--Summer School
+ Scheduling/School Calendar--Week
+ Scheduling/School Calendar--Year
+ School Safety
+ School Safety--Bullying Prevention/Conflict Resolution
+ School Safety--Code of Conduct
+ School Safety--Corporal Punishment
+ School Safety--Disaster/Emergency Preparedness
+ School Safety--Expulsion/Suspension
+ School Safety--No Child Left Behind--Safe Schools
+ School Safety--Sexual Harassment and Assault
+ School Safety--Special Education
+ School/District Structure/Operations
+ School/District Structure/Operations--District Consolidation/Deconsolidation
+ School/District Structure/Operations--Facilities
+ School/District Structure/Operations--Food Service
+ School/District Structure/Operations--Libraries
+ School/District Structure/Operations--Personnel (Non-Teaching)
+ School/District Structure/Operations--School Size
+ School/District Structure/Operations--Shared Services
+ School/District Structure/Operations--Transportation
+ Service-Learning
+ Special Education
+ Special Education--Finance
+ Special Education--Placement
+ Special Education--Transition
+ Special Populations--Corrections Education
+ Special Populations--Foster Care
+ Special Populations--Gifted and Talented
+ Special Populations--Homeless Education
+ Special Populations--Immigrant Education
+ Special Populations--Military
+ Standards
+ State Longitudinal Data Systems
+ State Policymaking
+ State Policymaking--Task Forces/Commissions
+ STEM
+ Student Achievement
+ Student Achievement--Closing the Achievement Gap
+ Student Supports--Counseling/Guidance
+ Student Supports--Mentoring/Tutoring
- Student Supports--Remediation
ARAdopted 12/2009P-12Adopts rules governing public school end-of-course assessments and remediation. Provides that beginning with the 2009-10 school year and each school year thereafter, every student required to participate in the statewide program of educational assessments may not receive credit on his/her student transcript for biology, geometry or any other course that requires a general end-of-course assessment for which that student has not received the requisite scale score on a general end-of-course assessment(s) until the student is identified as having participated in remediation through an individual academic improvement plan.

Not in legislation: Requires the Arkansas public school providing course instruction in Algebra I and English II to ensure that such instruction is provided in complete compliance with all required and approved frameworks, and to be prepared to provide documentation of such compliance to the department of education upon request.

Requires a student who does not meet the requisite scale score on the relevant high-stakes end-of-course assessment to participate in an individualized academic improvement plan (IAIP). Not in legislation: A student's IAIP is to be provided in an electronic format of a type and at a site specified by the department of education. http://170.94.37.152/REGS/005.15.09-006F-10570.pdf
Title: 005.15.09
Source:

CASigned into law 10/2009P-12
Postsec.
Community College
Expresses legislative intent to refine higher education reporting requirements to provide for more effective, manageable and transparent reporting by the higher education segments.

Requests that the University of California notify each high school's governing board of (1) the number of graduates who enrolled in the university in the previous year and the number of graduates who were required to take the entry level writing requirement and (2) the comparable numbers of all California high school graduates who enrolled in the university. Requests that the university of California report such information to the department of finance and the joint legislative budget committee. Establishes legislative intent that California State University (CSU) assess and report the entry-level proficiency of all first-time freshmen. Requires the CSU system to annually report to the legislature, by campus:
(1) The total number of regularly admitted and specially admitted first-time freshmen
(2) The proportion of regularly admitted and specially admitted first-time freshmen that are exempt from entry-level proficiency exams
(3) The proportion of regularly admitted and specially admitted first-time freshmen that become exempt through each of the approved alternatives
(4) The entry-level proficiency exam pass rates of regularly admitted and specially admitted first-time freshmen.

Directs the California State University to and requests that the University of California report annually to the legislature on specified components of their institutional financial aid programs for undergraduate, graduate and professional degree students, including the typical financial aid package for a typical dependent undergraduate student with a parent income of $20,000, $40,000, $60,000, $80,000 and $100,000.

Amends Section 66057 by establishing legislative intent that the University of California and the California State University accommodate enrollment growth by maximizing the utilization of existing instructional facilities during the summer term before building new classrooms and teaching laboratories. Also establishes legislative intent that the University of California and the California State University make requests for capital outlay funding for space for classrooms and class laboratories justified using legislatively approved utilization standards and a reasonable assumption of summer-term enrollment. Adds provisions related to five-year capital outlay for UC and CSU systems. Requests that the University of California and requires that California State University report annually to the legislature on summer enrollment counts and on efforts undertaken to increase summer enrollment.

Repeals 66352, "Task force on instruction in business ethics." Eliminates provision in 67312(b) that the California State University must and the University of California system may report on its efforts to serve students with disabilities (requirement that California Community Colleges submit such reports remains in place).

Adds Section 67501, which directs the California State University and California Community Colleges, and permits the University of California, to annually submit to the legislature a comprehensive five-year capital outlay plan that includes specifeid components. Requires five-year plans to be updated annually.

Adds Section 67502, which requests that the the Regents of the University of California provide the joint legislative budget committee and the department of finance with a summary of all instructional and research space in the university system. Specifies elements the summary must address. Requires the California State University to provide the joint legislative budget committee and the department of finance with a summary of all instructional and faculty office space in the university system.

Adds Section 67503, which requests that the Regents of the University of California, and requires California Community Colleges and the California State University, to annually report on the utilization of classrooms and teaching laboratories.

Adds Section 67504, which relates to the Long Range Development Plans (LRDPs) that each University of California campus and medical center periodically develops to guide physical development.

Repeals 71020, requiring the California Community Colleges Board of Governors every three years to develop and submit a diversity paper concerning its own membership.

Adds 92611.9, establishing legislative intent that the University of California carefully monitor the use and effects of the contracting of services at newly developed facilities. Requests that the UC system annually report to the fiscal committees of the legislature on specified provisions related to hiring and contracting.

Adds Chapter 10.5. University of California-Mexico Research Programs and Section 92830 under that chapter, requesting the University of California to report annually until 2013 to the legislature on specified components regarding the facility for University of California-Mexico research and academic programs in Mexico City. http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/pub/09-10/bill/asm/ab_1151-1200/ab_1182_bill_20091011_chaptered.pdf
Title: A.B. 1182
Source: www.leginfo.ca.gov

KYAdopted 06/2009Postsec.Amends rules concerning standards for the assessment and placement of students in developmental programs. Allows student earning 20 on ACT reading assessment to be placed in credit-bearing courses (previous threshold was 21). Effective fall 2010, requires an institution to place a student in the appropriate developmental or college-level course within the first two terms that a student is enrolled (previous language required student to be placed during first term).
Title: 13 KAR 2:020
Source: www.lexis.com

TXSigned into law 06/2009P-12Adds new Subchapter I in Chapter 42 of Education Code. Establishes the Select Committee on Public School Finance Weights, Allotments, and Adjustments to conduct a comprehensive review of weights, allotments and adjustments under the public school finance system. Establishes membership. Requires committee to hold first meeting by October 2009. Directs the committee to hold public hearings throughout the state and solicit testimony about the weights, allotments and adjustments under the finance system from parents of public school students and other interested persons. Requires at least one hearing to be held at a public school during a time that students are able to attend the hearing. Additionally directs the committee to identify specific short term goals that will assist
the state in meeting the objectives and goals of public education, and specifies the review must include recommendations on:
(1) Methods to close the achievement gap and define and measure readiness for college and the workforce
(2) Revisions to the public accountability system
(3) Methods for promoting efficient and effective support structures for public schools.

By December 2010, requires the committee to provide a report, approved by a majority of committee members, with the findings of its review and the committee's recommendations for statutory changes. Provides subchapter expires January 11, 2011.
Pages 63-67 of 108: http://www.legis.state.tx.us/tlodocs/81R/billtext/pdf/HB03646F.pdf
Title: H.B. 3646 - Section 65
Source: www.legis.state.tx.us

TXSigned into law 06/2009P-12Section 28: Provides that in determining student promotion, a district must consider the student's teacher's recommendation, the student 's grade in each course, the student's score on state assessments, and any other academic information deemed necessary by the district. Requires districts to publicize the requirements for student advancement (as established in Section 28.021) by the start of each school year. Directs the commissioner to provide guidelines to districts based on best practices that a district may use when considering factors for promotion.

Section 29: Eliminates provision that a student may not be promoted to 4th grade if the student demonstrates inadequate performance on the grade 3 reading assessment. Adds provision that each time a student in grades 3-8 fails to perform satisfactorily on a specified state assessment in reading, math, writing, social studies or science (defined in Section 39.023(a)), the district must provide the student accelerated instruction in the applicable subject area. Specifies accelerated instruction may require the student's participation before or after normal school hours and participation and outside the normal school year. Adds provision that a student who does not perform satisfactorily on an aforementioned state assessment and who is promoted to the next grade must complete such accelerated instruction before placement in the next grade level. Specifies a student who fails to complete required accelerated instruction may not be promoted. Directs the commissioner to provide districts with research-based best practices and effective strategies for developing an accelerated instruction program. Provides that a student who is promoted by a grade placement committee must be assigned in each subject in which the student failed to perform satisfactorily on any specified state assessment instrument to a teacher who meets all state and federal qualifications to teach that subject and grade.
Pages 26-28 of 180: http://www.legis.state.tx.us/tlodocs/81R/billtext/pdf/HB00003F.pdf
Title: H.B. 3 - Section 28 and 29
Source: www.legis.state.tx.us

MNSigned into law 05/2009P-12
Postsec.
Community College
Establishes a program to offer research-based high school-to-college programs to prepare students for college. Requires an evaluation for participating programs with a working group to develop methods and timelines for data collection and analysis of program effectiveness. Requires a report to the legislature on the effectiveness of these programs in improving the academic performance of participating students.
https://www.revisor.leg.state.mn.us/bin/bldbill.php?bill=S2083.3.html&session=ls86
Title: S.B. 2083
Source: https://www.revisor.leg.state.mn.us

NVSigned into law 05/2009P-12Provides for the reversion of certain money in the Account for Programs for Innovation and the Prevention of Remediation created to provide grants of money to public schools and consortiums of public schools for programs designed for the achievement of pupils that are linked to the plan to improve the achievement of pubils or for innovative programs, or both, to the State General Fund. Chapter 241
http://leg.state.nv.us/75th2009/Bills/AB/AB530_EN.pdf
Title: A.B. 530
Source: http://www.leg.state.nv.us

OKAdopted 05/2009P-12Requires that a high school representative annually provide for review and discussion a report for each site regarding first-year college performance and remediation of local high school graduates.
Title: OAC 210:35-25-4
Source: Lexis-Nexis/StateNet

OKSigned into law 05/2009P-12Relates to mastery of state academic content standards; adds Algebra II, Geometry, English II, English III, and United States History to the subjects that technology center schools may provide remediation and intervention in to students who do not attain at least a satisfactory score on any end- of-instruction test.
http://webserver1.lsb.state.ok.us/2009-10bills/SB/SB867_ENR.RTF
Title: S.B. 867
Source: http://webserver1.lsb.state.ok.us

ARSigned into law 04/2009Postsec.
Community College
Requires the Higher Education Coordinating Board, in collaboration with state-supported institutions of higher education, to develop by institution uniform measurable exit standards for remedial courses that are comparable to the ACT or SAT equivalent required for college-level enrollment in credit courses.
http://www.arkleg.state.ar.us/assembly/2009/R/Bills/HB1990.pdf
Title: H.B. 1990
Source: http://www.arkleg.state.ar.us

ARSigned into law 04/2009P-12Increases accountability for achievement gaps in school districts; provides intervention and support to public school districts to address the severity of achievement gaps.
http://www.arkleg.state.ar.us/assembly/2009/R/Acts/Act949.pdf
Title: H.B. 2163
Source: http://www.arkleg.state.ar.us

KYAdopted 02/2009P-12Establishes requirements for extended school services. Defines "A5 program" as an alternative program with no attendance boundaries, serving dropouts returning to an alternate educational environment, potential dropouts, discipline problem students, nontraditional students (e.g., students who have to work during the school day), students needing emotional or psychological treatment and other at-risk students. Clarifies that "extended school services" are for students unlikely to achieve proficiency, transition to the next level of learning successfully, or be able to meet the academic expectations in 703 KAR 4:060 without additional time or differentiated opportunity to learn. Adds that "extended school services" also includes instructional and support services provided as interventions included in the student's intervention plan, in primary through grade 5, or in the student's Individual Learning Plan, in grades 6-12, to ensure that the student remains in school and is on track to meet goals for postsecondary education and career after high school. Provides definitions for "formative assessment," "individual learning plan" and "interim or benchmark assessments." Adds community based mentoring and academic advising to noninstructional activities that may be characterized as "support services."

Clarifies that extended school services (ESS) are to to provide additional time and differentiated opportunity to learn in which rigorous academic and enrichment content are aligned with individual student needs to improve struggling students' performance. Provides that priorities for ESS must be placed on designing and delivering services to students at academic risk with specific objective that students are able to:
(1) Progress from grade to grade with their cohort
(2) Exit elementary school ready to meet middle school-level academic expectations
(3) Exit middle school ready to meet high school-level academic expectations
(4) Exit high school ready to meet academic expectations of postsecondary education and the workplace, with particular emphasis on literacy and mathematics.


Specifies that the extended school services provided to a student shall be planned, documented and evaluated through the intervention plan, at primary through grade 5, or in the student's Individual Learning Plan, in grades 6 through 12. Removes existing language on components that the instructional program for extended services must include. Requires the instructional program for ESS to include
(1) diagnostic assessments to identify areas of greatest academic need,
(2) Development of goals, in consultation with classroom teachers, for eliminating the identified academic need, including timelines and specific measurable outcomes
(3) Formative and summative assessments to facilitate student progress and to determine if the student has achieved the learning goals of the intervention plan
(4) Instructional strategies that are varied and that do not replicate practices that have proven to be ineffective for the student in the traditional classroom
(5) A plan for collaboration and consistent use of interventions among the teachers supporting the student in core academic classes and those providing supports through extended school services
(6) Counseling and academic advising to remove barriers to achievement
(7) Regular communication with the parent or guardian

Provides that the ESS instructional program may be operated during the regular school day or in night programs.

Specifies ESS must provide differentiated opportunity to learn. Directs certified staff to plan, deliver and evaluate extended school services instruction and supports in collaboration as part of a student's Individual Learning Plan (ILP)

Requires teachers providing instruction in extended school programs to be provided with professional development on effective instructional strategies for meeting the needs of at-risk students and use of formative assessment strategies to monitor progress. Requires certified staff to supervise noncertified tutors.

Provides that students may be identified as in need of extended school services based on student performance on high school, college or workforce readiness assessments required by KRS 158.6459

Requires districts solicit input from parents and the community to identify potential barriers to participation. Requires that identified barriers be addressed through engagement with community partners or off-campus locations of after school, weekend or evening services.

Provides "A6 program" means that unique line for a school that starts in the biennium ending with the school year 2009-10 at one standard error of measurement below the school's baseline accountability index to a point that is one standard error of measurement below 80 on the accountability index scale in the biennium ending with the school year 2013-14, with the calculated points defining this line rounded to the nearest tenth. If a school's baseline is above 80, the assistance line means a horizontal line at 80 minus one standard error of measurement.
Title: 704 KAR 3:390
Source: www.lexis.com

+ Students
+ Students--Athletics/Extracurricular Activities
+ Students--Employment
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+ Teaching Quality
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Alternative
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Assignment
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Highly Qualified Teachers
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Natl. Bd. for Prof. Teach. Stds.
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Special Education
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--State Prof. Standards Bds.
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Substitute Teachers
+ Teaching Quality--Compensation and Diversified Pay
+ Teaching Quality--Compensation and Diversified Pay--Pay-for-Performance
+ Teaching Quality--Compensation and Diversified Pay--Retirement/Benefits
+ Teaching Quality--Evaluation and Effectiveness
+ Teaching Quality--Induction Programs and Mentoring
+ Teaching Quality--Paraprofessionals
+ Teaching Quality--Preparation
+ Teaching Quality--Professional Development
+ Teaching Quality--Recruitment and Retention
+ Teaching Quality--Recruitment and Retention--At-Risk Schools
+ Teaching Quality--Recruitment and Retention--High-Needs Subjects
+ Teaching Quality--Reduction in Force
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+ Teaching Quality--Teacher Rights
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+ Teaching Quality--Unions/Collective Bargaining
+ Teaching Quality--Working Conditions
+ Technology
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+ Textbooks and Open Source
+ Urban
+ Urban--Governance