ECS
From the ECS State Policy Database
2009 State Policies / Activities

Education Commission of the States • 700 Broadway, Suite 810 • Denver, CO 80203-3442 • 303.299.3600 • fax 303.296.8332 • www.ecs.org

The following summary includes policies enacted in 2009. This database is made possible by your state's fiscal support of the Education Commission of the States (ECS). Most entries are legislative, although rules/regulations and executive orders that make substantive changes are included. Every effort is made to collect the latest available version of policies; in some instances, recent changes might not be reflected. For expediency purposes minimal attention has been paid to style (capitalization, punctuation) and format. To view the documents, click on the blue triangle next to the topic of interest. To view all, press the button located at the top labeled "Expand All."

Please cite use of the database as: Education Commission of the States (ECS) State Policy Database, retrieved [date].

State Status/Date Level Summary
+ Accountability
+ Accountability--Accreditation
+ Accountability--Measures/Indicators
+ Accountability--Reporting Results
+ Accountability--Rewards
+ Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions
+ Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions--No Pass No Drive
+ Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions--No Pass No Play
+ Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions--Takeovers
+ Accountability--School Improvement
+ Adult Basic Education
+ Assessment
+ Assessment--Accommodations
+ Assessment--College Entrance Exams
+ Assessment--Computer Based
+ Assessment--End-of-Course
+ Assessment--Formative/Interim
+ Assessment--NAEP (NAEP Results and NAEP Organization)
+ Assessment--Performance Based/Portfolio
+ Assessment--Value Added
+ At-Risk (incl. Dropout Prevention)
+ At-Risk (incl. Dropout Prevention)--Alternative Education
+ At-Risk (incl. Dropout Prevention)--Drugs/Alcohol
+ Attendance
+ Attendance--Compulsory
+ Attendance--Statutory Ages (Upper and Lower)
+ Attendance--Truancy
+ Background Checks
+ Bilingual/ESL
+ Business Involvement
+ Career/Technical Education
+ Career/Technical Education--Career Academies/Apprenticeship
+ Cheating
+ Choice of Schools--Charter Schools
+ Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Charter Districts
+ Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Closings
+ Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Cyber Charters
+ Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Finance
+ Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Research
+ Choice of Schools--Choice/Open Enrollment
+ Choice of Schools--Magnet or Specialized Schools
+ Choice of Schools--Vouchers
+ Civic Education
+ Civic Education--Character Education
+ Civic Education--Pledge of Allegiance
+ Class Size
+ Curriculum
+ Curriculum--Arts Education
+ Curriculum--Core Curriculum
+ Curriculum--Drivers Education
+ Curriculum--Environmental Education
+ Curriculum--Family Living Education
+ Curriculum--Financial Literacy/Economics Ed.
+ Curriculum--Foreign Language/Sign Language
+ Curriculum--Health/Nutrition Education
+ Curriculum--Home Economics
+ Curriculum--International Education
+ Curriculum--Language Arts
+ Curriculum--Language Arts--Writing/Spelling
+ Curriculum--Mathematics
+ Curriculum--Physical Education
+ Curriculum--Science
+ Curriculum--Sex Education
+ Curriculum--Social Studies/History
+ Demographics--Condition of Children/Adults
+ Desegregation
+ Economic/Workforce Development
+ Education Research
+ Equity
+ Federal
+ Finance
+ Finance--Adequacy/Core Cost
+ Finance--Bonds
+ Finance--District
+ Finance--Equity
+ Finance--Facilities
+ Finance--Federal
+ Finance--Funding Formulas
+ Finance--Litigation
+ Finance--Local Foundations/Funds
+ Finance--Lotteries
+ Finance--Resource Efficiency
+ Finance--State Budgets/Expenditures
+ Finance--Student Fees
+ Finance--Taxes/Revenues
+ Finance--Taxes/Revenues--Alternative Revenues
+ Governance
+ Governance--Deregulation/Waivers/Home Rule
+ Governance--Ethics/Conflict of Interest
+ Governance--School Boards
+ Governance--School Boards--Training
+ Governance--Site-Based Management
+ Governance--State Boards/Chiefs/Agencies
+ Health
+ Health--Child Abuse
+ Health--Mental Health
+ Health--Nutrition
+ Health--School Based Clinics or School Nurses
+ Health--Suicide Prevention
+ Health--Teen Pregnancy
+ High School
+ High School--Advanced Placement
+ High School--College Readiness
+ High School--Dropout Rates/Graduation Rates
+ High School--Dual/Concurrent Enrollment
+ High School--Early Colleges/Middle Colleges
+ High School--Exit Exams
+ High School--GED (General Education Development)
+ High School--Graduation Requirements
+ High School--International Baccalaureate
+ Instructional Approaches
+ Instructional Approaches--Grading Practices
+ Instructional Approaches--Homeschooling
+ Instructional Approaches--Problem Based Learning
+ Instructional Approaches--Single-Sex Education
+ Instructional Approaches--Time/Time on Task
+ Integrated Services/Full-Service Schools
+ International Benchmarking
+ Leadership
+ Leadership--District Superintendent
+ Leadership--District Superintendent--Compensation and Diversified Pay
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Certification and Licensure
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Compensation and Diversified Pay
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Evaluation and Effectiveness
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Preparation
+ Middle School
+ Minority/Diversity Issues
+ Minority/Diversity Issues--American Indian / Alaska Native / Native Hawaiian
+ Minority/Diversity Issues--Hispanic
+ No Child Left Behind
+ No Child Left Behind--Adequate Yearly Progress
+ No Child Left Behind--Assessment
+ No Child Left Behind--Choice/Transfer
+ No Child Left Behind--Consequences for Schools
+ No Child Left Behind--Finance
+ No Child Left Behind--Report Cards
+ No Child Left Behind--School Support
+ No Child Left Behind--Supplemental Services
+ Online Learning--Digital/Blended Learning
+ Online Learning--Virtual Schools/Courses
+ P-16 or P-20
+ P-3
+ P-3 Child Care
+ P-3 Content Standards and Assessment
+ P-3 Early Intervention (0-3)
+ P-3 Ensuring Quality
+ P-3 Evaluation/Economic Benefits
+ P-3 Finance
+ P-3 Governance
+ P-3 Grades 1-3
+ P-3 Kindergarten--Full Day Kindergarten
+ P-3 Preschool
+ P-3 Teaching Quality/Professional Development
+ Parent/Family
+ Parent/Family--Parent Rights
+ Partnerships--University/School
+ Postsecondary
+ Postsecondary Accountability
+ Postsecondary Accountability--Accreditation
+ Postsecondary Accountability--Diploma Mills
+ Postsecondary Affordability--Financial Aid
+ Postsecondary Affordability--Textbooks
+ Postsecondary Affordability--Tuition/Fees
+ Postsecondary Affordability--Tuition/Fees--Prepd/College Savings Plans
+ Postsecondary Faculty
+ Postsecondary Faculty--Compensation
+ Postsecondary Faculty--Intellectual Property
+ Postsecondary Faculty--Teaching Assistants
+ Postsecondary Finance
+ Postsecondary Finance--Efficiency/Performance-Based Funding
+ Postsecondary Finance--Facilities
+ Postsecondary Governance and Structures
+ Postsecondary Institutions--Community/Technical Colleges
+ Postsecondary Institutions--For-Profit/Proprietary
+ Postsecondary Institutions--Private/Independent
+ Postsecondary Online Instruction
+ Postsecondary Participation
+ Postsecondary Participation--Access
+ Postsecondary Participation--Admissions Requirements
+ Postsecondary Participation--Affirmative Action
+ Postsecondary Participation--Outreach
+ Postsecondary Students
+ Postsecondary Students--Foster Youth
+ Postsecondary Students--Graduate/Professional
+ Postsecondary Students--Military
+ Postsecondary Students--Minority
+ Postsecondary Success--Completion
+ Postsecondary Success--Completion--Completion Rates (Statistics)
+ Postsecondary Success--Developmental/Remediation
+ Postsecondary Success--Retention/Persistence
+ Postsecondary Success--Transfer/Articulation
+ Private Schools
+ Privatization
+ Promising Practices
+ Promotion/Retention
+ Public Involvement
+ Reading/Literacy
+ Reading/Literacy--Adult Literacy
+ Religion
+ Religion--Prayer/Meditation
+ Rural
+ Scheduling/School Calendar
+ Scheduling/School Calendar--Day/Class Length
+ Scheduling/School Calendar--Extended Day Programs
+ Scheduling/School Calendar--Summer School
+ Scheduling/School Calendar--Week
+ Scheduling/School Calendar--Year
+ School Safety
+ School Safety--Bullying Prevention/Conflict Resolution
+ School Safety--Code of Conduct
+ School Safety--Corporal Punishment
+ School Safety--Disaster/Emergency Preparedness
+ School Safety--Expulsion/Suspension
+ School Safety--No Child Left Behind--Safe Schools
+ School Safety--Sexual Harassment and Assault
+ School Safety--Special Education
+ School/District Structure/Operations
+ School/District Structure/Operations--District Consolidation/Deconsolidation
+ School/District Structure/Operations--Facilities
+ School/District Structure/Operations--Food Service
+ School/District Structure/Operations--Libraries
+ School/District Structure/Operations--Personnel (Non-Teaching)
+ School/District Structure/Operations--School Size
+ School/District Structure/Operations--Shared Services
+ School/District Structure/Operations--Transportation
+ Service-Learning
+ Special Education
+ Special Education--Finance
+ Special Education--Placement
+ Special Education--Transition
+ Special Populations--Corrections Education
+ Special Populations--Foster Care
+ Special Populations--Gifted and Talented
+ Special Populations--Homeless Education
+ Special Populations--Immigrant Education
+ Special Populations--Military
+ Standards
+ State Longitudinal Data Systems
+ State Policymaking
+ State Policymaking--Task Forces/Commissions
+ STEM
+ Student Achievement
+ Student Achievement--Closing the Achievement Gap
+ Student Supports--Counseling/Guidance
+ Student Supports--Mentoring/Tutoring
+ Student Supports--Remediation
+ Students
+ Students--Athletics/Extracurricular Activities
+ Students--Employment
+ Students--Mobility
+ Students--Records/Rights
+ Teaching Quality
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Alternative
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Assignment
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Highly Qualified Teachers
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Natl. Bd. for Prof. Teach. Stds.
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Special Education
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--State Prof. Standards Bds.
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Substitute Teachers
+ Teaching Quality--Compensation and Diversified Pay
+ Teaching Quality--Compensation and Diversified Pay--Pay-for-Performance
+ Teaching Quality--Compensation and Diversified Pay--Retirement/Benefits
+ Teaching Quality--Evaluation and Effectiveness
+ Teaching Quality--Induction Programs and Mentoring
+ Teaching Quality--Paraprofessionals
+ Teaching Quality--Preparation
+ Teaching Quality--Professional Development
- Teaching Quality--Recruitment and Retention
CASigned into law 10/2009P-12Applies a limitation of $0 to the compensation for performance of specified activities as an employee of an employer, an employee of a third party, or as an independent contractor during the first 6 months after a member retired for service under this part, if the member is below normal retirement age at the time the compensation is earned. Relates to an exemption in retirement benefit reduction for working as trustee or administrator. Revises provisions regarding earning limitations for retirees. http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/pub/09-10/bill/asm/ab_0501-0550/ab_506_bill_20091011_chaptered.pdf
Title: A.B. 506
Source: www.leginfo.ca.gov

CASigned into law 10/2009P-12From Legislative Counsel's Digest:
Existing law establishes the Jack O'Connell Beginning-Teacher Salary Incentive Program, under which a county superintendent of schools, or the county board of education, may increase the salary for certain teachers on its adopted certificated employee salary schedule. If a school district elects to meet specified requirements, it is eligible to receive an incentive amount. This bill would recast and revise these provisions to generally delete their application to school districts as of July 1, 2010. http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/pub/09-10/bill/asm/ab_0851-0900/ab_851_bill_20091011_chaptered.pdf
Title: A.B. 851 - Beginning Teacher Salary Incentive Program
Source: www.leginfo.ca.gov

AZSigned into law 08/2009P-12Section 14. H--Notwithstanding any other law, a school district or charter school shall not adopt policies that provide employment retention priority for teachers based on tenure or seniority.
http://www.azleg.gov/legtext/49leg/3s/bills/hb2011.pdf
Title: H.B. 2011--Section 14
Source: http://www.azleg.gov

ILSigned into law 08/2009P-12
Postsec.
Consolidates the "Future Teacher Corps Program" and the Golden Apple Foundation for Excellence in Teaching's "Golden Apple Scholars Program". Provides that the consolidated program will be known as the Golden Apple Scholars of Illinois Program, and will be managed by the Golden Apple Foundation for Excellence in Teaching. Requires the transfer of funds from the Future Teacher Corps Program to the Golden Apple Foundation for Excellence in Teaching. Provides that the eligibility requirements apply only to Illinois Future Teacher Corps scholarships. Provides for the apportionment of special license plate revenues.
Title: H.B. 3999
Source:

ILSigned into law 08/2009P-12Provides that for purposes of the Grow Your Own Teacher Act to prepare highly skilled, committed teachers to teach in hard-to-staff schools, "hard-to-staff schools" includes schools in the Department of Juvenile Justice School District. http://www.ilga.gov/legislation/96/HB/PDF/09600HB4117lv.pdf
Title: H.B. 4117
Source: www.ilga.gov

ILSigned into law 08/2009P-12Amends the Grow Your Own Teacher Education Act. Eliminates provision that a goal of the program is to achieve an average teacher retention period of 7 years. Defines "cohort". Amends definition of "hard-to-staff school". Adds bilingual education as a hard to staff teaching position. Clarifies that paraeducators for purposes of the program serve in schools that meet the definition of a hard-to-staff school. Clarifies that for purposes of this program, "parent and community leader" includes an individual who has or had a child enrolled in a hard-to-staff school and who has a history of active involvement in the school. Allows a regional office of education to be a member of a consortium receiving a Grow Your Own Teacher grant.

Clarifies that a candidate for participation in the Grow Your Own Teacher program must not have attended college right after high school or must have experienced an interruption in his/her college education, and does not hold a bachelor's degree. Amends criteria state board must establish in reviewing grant proposals. http://www.ilga.gov/legislation/96/HB/PDF/09600HB0392lv.pdf
Title: H.B. 392
Source: www.ilga.gov

OHSigned into law 07/2009P-12**No funds allocated in the current budget for this center, according to the DOE's H.B. 1 summary document http://www.education.ohio.gov/GD/DocumentManagement/DocumentDownload.aspx?DocumentID=71635**

Authorizes the state superintendent to create the center for creativity and innovation in the department of education. Provides that, if created, the center must help schools in districts, educational service centers, community schools and STEM schools with any of the following:
(1) Designing and implementing strategies and systems that enable schools to become professional learning communities, including:
(a) Mentoring and coaching teachers and support staff
(b) Enabling school principals to focus on supporting instruction and engaging teachers and support staff as part of the instructional leadership team so that teachers and staff may share the responsibility for making and implementing school decisions
(c) Adopting new models for restructuring the learning day or year, such as including teacher planning and collaboration time as part of the school day
(d) Creating smaller schools or smaller units within larger schools to facilitate teacher collaboration to improve and advance the professional practice of teaching and to enhance instruction that yields enhanced student achievement.
(2) Using strategies in collaboration with the teach Ohio program to promote, recruit and enhance the teaching profession, including:
(a) Designing and implementing "grow your own" recruitment and retention strategies to support individuals in becoming licensed teachers, to retain highly qualified teachers, to assist experienced teachers in obtaining licensure in subject areas for which there is need, to assist teachers in earning senior professional educator and lead professional educator licenses, and to assist teachers to grow and develop in the profession
(b) Enhanced conditions for new teachers
(c) Incentives to attract qualified math, science or special education teachers
(d) Developing and implementing a partnership with teacher preparation programs at colleges and universities to help attract teachers qualified to teach in shortage areas
(e) Implementing a program to increase the cultural competency of both new and veteran teachers.
(3) Identifying state policies that impede the adoption of innovative practices and making recommendations to the superintendent of public instruction for the repeal, revision, or waiver of those provisions
(4) Identifying promising programs and practices based on high quality education research and developing models for their early adoption, including research and practices in arts education and creativity
(5) Other duties as assigned by the superintendent of public instruction.

If created, directs the center to promote collaboration between districts and community schools to enhance the academic programs of both and to broaden the application of successful and innovative academic practices developed by community schools. In doing so, directs the center to (1) Study and serve as a clearinghouse of best practices and innovative programming developed and utilized by community schools that could be adopted by school districts; and (2) Identify circumstances in which students could benefit from collaboration between the complementary programs of school districts and community schools.
Pages 1044-1045 of 3120: http://www.legislature.state.oh.us/BillText128/128_HB_1_EN_N.pdf
Title: H.B. 1 - Section 3301.82
Source: www.legislature.state.oh.us

TXSigned into law 06/2009P-12Relates to certification of an educator in Texas who is certified in another state or country. Requires an educator certified in another state or country to pass the state teacher certification exam within a year of approval of the educator's credentials by the state board for educator certification. Requires the commissioner to provide guidance to districts employing an educator certified outside Texas on procedures to classify the educator as a highly qualified teacher. Requires state board to approve or deny within 30 days of receipt all applications from educators certified in another state to teach high-need subjects, including math, science, bilingual education and special education. Requires applications from educators in high-need subjects certified in other states to include specified content. http://www.legis.state.tx.us/tlodocs/81R/billtext/pdf/HB04152F.pdf
Title: H.B. 4152
Source: www.legis.state.tx.us

TXSigned into law 06/2009P-12Creates Section 39.236, "Gifted and Talented Standards." Directs the commissioner to adopt standards to evaluate district gifted and talented programs to determine whether programs are in accordance with the Texas Performance Standards Project or another commissioner-approved program meets the requirements of the state plan for the education of gifted and talented students.

Repeals 39.116, "Initiative for Retaining Quality Educators."
Page 134 of 180: http://www.legis.state.tx.us/tlodocs/81R/billtext/pdf/HB00003F.pdf
Title: H.B. 3 - Section 59 - Part VII (Gifted and Talented and Retaining Quality Educators)
Source: www.legis.state.tx.us

ARSigned into law 04/2009Postsec.
Community College
Amends the Teacher Opportunity Program; provides scholarships to teachers returning to college to receive an additional certification.
http://www.arkleg.state.ar.us/assembly/2009/R/Acts/Act1214.pdf
Title: S.B. 852
Source: http://www.arkleg.state.ar.us

ARSigned into law 04/2009P-12Provides additional incentives for teacher recruitment and retention in high-priority school districts. Increases teacher signing bonuses; equalizes teacher salaries between high-priority school districts and higher paying surrounding school districts.
http://www.arkleg.state.ar.us/assembly/2009/R/Acts/Act969.pdf
Title: S.B. 980
Source: http://www.arkleg.state.ar.us

ARSigned into law 04/2009Postsec.
Community College
Consolidates the Teacher Education Recruitment Programs by repealing the Minority Teachers Scholars Program, Minority Masters Fellows Program, and the State Teacher Assistance Resource Program: creates the State Teacher Education Program.
http://www.arkleg.state.ar.us/assembly/2009/R/Acts/Act1215.pdf
Title: S.B. 853
Source: Lexis-Nexis/StateNet

ARSigned into law 04/2009P-12Provides bonuses for individuals who have worked for a minimum number of years with a national board certification as a classroom teacher, building-level principal, or assistant principal in a public school district, employed full time as a teacher in an accredited teacher preparation program at a state- supported institution of higher education; provides only teachers who hold such certification on or after a specified date shall be eligible for a bonus; provides bonuses are not retroactive.
http://www.arkleg.state.ar.us/assembly/2009/R/Acts/Act1449.pdf
Title: H.B. 1862
Source: http://www.arkleg.state.ar.us/

DESigned into law 04/2009Postsec.
Community College
Enables the implementation of the Teach For America program and teacher residency programs on a state- wide basis by modifying the entry requirements for the Teach For America program and training requirements for Teach For America corps members.
http://legis.delaware.gov/LIS/lis145.nsf/vwLegislation/HB+102/$file/legis.html?open
Title: H.B. 102
Source: Lexis-Nexis/StateNet

NESigned into law 04/2009P-12From the Fiscal Note: LB 547 changes provisions of the Attracting Excellence to Teaching Program Act, a teacher loan forgiveness program administered by the State Department of Education (NDE). The bill changes the criteria for eligibility for loans from the program, increases the annual amount that may be loaned to an applicant and increases the amount of time a new applicant must teach in the state in order for a loan to be forgiven. The Attracting Excellence to Teaching Program Act is expanded to include the Enhancing Excellence in Teaching Program and the act is renamed the Excellence in Teaching Act. The addition of the Enhancing Excellence in Teaching Program to the act changes the focus of the funding for the act. All of the funding is currently provided to students working toward an initial certificate to teach in any subject area. The bill provides that loans made after the effective date of the bill, to new applicants working toward their initial certificate, will only be made to students majoring in a shortage area. It also expands the eligibility for the program and provides for the majority of the loans to be made to certificated teachers enrolled in graduate education programs who are majoring in a shortage area.
http://www.nebraskalegislature.gov/FloorDocs/Current/PDF/Slip/LB547.pdf
Title: L.B. 547
Source: http://www.nebraskalegislature.gov

INSigned into law 03/2009P-12Requires the Department of Education to collaborate with nonprofit entities, the commission for higher education and state educational institutions to develop initiatives focusing on the recruitment and retention of qualified educators from underrepresented populations and teacher shortage areas; provides for information and scholarship opportunities. Public Law 10
http://www.in.gov/legislative/bills/2009/pdf/he/he1479.1.pdf
Title: H.B. 1479
Source: http://www.in.gov

KYSigned into law 03/2009P-12Adds provision that if funds are insufficient during any fiscal year, the higher education assistance authority must give priority consideration to loan forgiveness for teachers who have outstanding loan balance eligibility for Best in Class loans issued prior to June 30, 2008.

Adds new section providing that, in the event that there are insufficient funds for the Kentucky Higher Education Assistance Authority to provide loan forgiveness for an eligible program participant, the authority must negotiate an extended repayment schedule upon an eligible participant's request. The negotiated schedule must be in compliance with federal loan requirements. Provides an eligible program participant in this repayment schedule cannot forfeit eligibility for other loans or scholarships that become available.

Urges the governor to encourage congressional delegates to provide federal American Recovery and Reinvestment Act funds or other federal funds to enable the Kentucky Higher Education Assistance Authority to honor its commitment to provide loan forgiveness for eligible program participants. http://www.lrc.ky.gov/record/09RS/HB480/bill.doc
Title: H.B. 480
Source: www.lrc.ky.gov

VASigned into law 03/2009P-12Provides that local school boards, in cooperation with the local governing body, may pursue housing options for its employees including the provision of workforce housing.
http://leg1.state.va.us/cgi-bin/legp504.exe?091+ful+HB2132ER
Title: H.B. 2132
Source: http://leg1.state.va.us

KYAdopted 01/2009P-12Adds provisions relating to default on a repayment obligation under the teacher scholarship program.
Title: 11 KAR 8:030 and :040
Source: www.lexis.com

UTAdopted 01/2009P-12Specifies that licensed teachers providing instruction to students in any public classroom setting are eligible for an Opportunity Award. Establishes school district responsibilities related to Opportunity Awards.

Deletes provision requiring the state office of education to notify Advancement Award recipients immediately if recipients' coursework or grades are unsatisfactory, and requiring the committee to review recipients' continued participation. Adds notification requirements for Advancement Award recipients.
http://www.rules.utah.gov/publicat/code/r690/r690-100.htm
Title: R690-100
Source: www.rules.utah.gov

+ Teaching Quality--Recruitment and Retention--At-Risk Schools
+ Teaching Quality--Recruitment and Retention--High-Needs Subjects
+ Teaching Quality--Reduction in Force
+ Teaching Quality--Teacher Attitudes
+ Teaching Quality--Teacher Rights
+ Teaching Quality--Tenure or Continuing Contract
+ Teaching Quality--Unions/Collective Bargaining
+ Teaching Quality--Working Conditions
+ Technology
+ Technology--Computer Skills
+ Technology--Devices/Software/Hardware
+ Technology--Equitable Access
+ Technology--Funding Issues
+ Technology--Teacher/Faculty Training
+ Textbooks and Open Source
+ Urban
+ Urban--Governance