ECS
From the ECS State Policy Database
2010 State Policies / Activities

Education Commission of the States • 700 Broadway, Suite 810 • Denver, CO 80203-3442 • 303.299.3600 • fax 303.296.8332 • www.ecs.org

The following summary includes policies enacted in 2010. This database is made possible by your state's fiscal support of the Education Commission of the States (ECS). Most entries are legislative, although rules/regulations and executive orders that make substantive changes are included. Every effort is made to collect the latest available version of policies; in some instances, recent changes might not be reflected. For expediency purposes minimal attention has been paid to style (capitalization, punctuation) and format. To view the documents, click on the blue triangle next to the topic of interest. To view all, press the button located at the top labeled "Expand All."

Please cite use of the database as: Education Commission of the States (ECS) State Policy Database, retrieved [date].

State Status/Date Level Summary
+ 21st Century Skills
+ Accountability
+ Accountability--Accreditation
+ Accountability--Measures/Indicators
+ Accountability--Reporting Results
+ Accountability--Rewards
+ Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions
+ Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions--Takeovers
+ Accountability--School Improvement
+ Adult Basic Education
+ Assessment
+ Assessment--Accommodations
+ Assessment--College Entrance Exams
+ Assessment--Computer Based
+ Assessment--Formative/Interim
+ Assessment--Value Added
+ At-Risk (incl. Dropout Prevention)
+ At-Risk (incl. Dropout Prevention)--Alternative Education
+ At-Risk (incl. Dropout Prevention)--Drugs/Alcohol
- Attendance
CASigned into law 10/2010P-12Requires initial parental notification of child's status as truant to be made using the most cost-effective method possible, including e-mail or telephone. (Previous legislation required this notification to be made by first-class mail.)

Defines "conscientious effort", for purposes of defining a child as a habitual truant. (No child may be defined a habitual truant until truant three or more times per school year, and an appropriate district officer or
employee has made a conscientious effort to hold at least one conference with the pupil and his/her parent.)
Pages 25-26 of 52: http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/pub/09-10/bill/asm/ab_1601-1650/ab_1610_bill_20101019_chaptered.pdf
Title: A.B. 1610 - Truants
Source: www.leginfo.ca.gov

CAVetoed 09/2010P-12From bill analysis: Requires school districts to accept reasonable evidence that a pupil meets residency requirements for school attendance within the district. Specifies certain types of documents that must be considered reasonable evidence. Authorizes a school district, if a school employee believes a parent has provided false or unreliable evidence of residency, to make reasonable
efforts to determine whether the pupil actually meets the residency requirements. Bill text: http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/pub/09-10/bill/asm/ab_1851-1900/ab_1854_bill_20100830_enrolled.pdf
Governor's veto message: http://dl5.activatedirect.com/fs/distribution:letterFile/yvcee9xanplikz_files/z5mm14q1dntlzg?&_c=d|yvcee9xanplikz|z5msx9bcq0v1fm&_ce=1285799198.823394ce30a65d9a394ec66f14aac0d9
Title: A.B. 1854
Source: www.leginfo.ca.gov/

CASigned into law 09/2010P-12From bill summary: Requires the department of education, contingent on federal funding for this purpose and in consultation with the department of finance and the legislative analyst's office, to prepare the California Longitudinal Pupil Achievement Data System (CALPADS) to include data on a quarterly rate of pupil attendance. Requires that CALPADS be capable of issuing to local educational agencies periodic reports on district, school, class and individual pupil rates of absence and chronic absentees. States legislative intent to support the development of early warning systems to identify and support individual pupils who are at risk of academic failure or of dropping out of school.

Existing law requires the superintendent of public instruction annually to submit to the governor, the legislature, and the state board of education a report on dropouts using the data produced by CALPADS.
New provision requires the report to include chronic absentee rates when that data is available. Makes implementation of the provisions regarding the inclusion of pupil attendance data in CALPADS contingent upon the appropriation of federal funds specifically for such purposes. http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/pub/09-10/bill/sen/sb_1351-1400/sb_1357_bill_20100930_chaptered.pdf
Title: S.B. 1357
Source: www.leginfo.ca.gov

CASigned into law 09/2010P-12From bill summary: Defines a chronic truant as any pupil absent from school without a valid excuse for 10% or more of the school days in one school year, from the date of enrollment to the current date, provided that the appropriate school district officer or employee has complied with specified provisions of law. Provides that a parent or guardian of a pupil in grades K-6 who is a chronic truant, who has failed to reasonably supervise and encourage the pupil's school attendance, and who has been offered language accessible support services to address the pupil's truancy, is guilty of a misdemeanor punishable by a fine of up to $2,000, or by imprisonment in a county jail for a period not exceeding one year, or by both that fine and imprisonment. Provides that a parent or guardian may not be punished for a violation of both these provisions and another specified law involving criminal liability for parents or guardians of truant children. Authorizes a superior court to establish a deferred entry of judgment program, meeting specified conditions, to adjudicate cases involving parents or guardians of elementary school pupils who are chronic truants. Authorizes a deferred entry of judgment program established under the bill to refer defendant parents or guardians for services, including but not limited to case management, mental and physical health services, parenting classes and support, substance abuse treatment, and child care and housing. Authorizes the deferment of entry of judgment in these cases upon the defendant's compliance with terms and conditions set forth by the court. Requires that funding for the deferred entry of judgment program come solely from nonstate sources. http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/pub/09-10/bill/sen/sb_1301-1350/sb_1317_bill_20100902_enrolled.pdf
Title: S.B. 1317
Source: www.leginfo.ca.gov

GAAdopted 08/2010P-12Amends provisions related to student enrollment and withdrawal. http://www.doe.k12.ga.us/_documents/doe/legalservices/160-5-1-.28.pdf
Title: GA ADC 160-5-1-.28
Source: www.doe.k12.ga.us

NCSigned into law 07/2010P-12
Postsec.
Community College
Requires principals, community colleges and universities to authorize a minimum of two excused absences each academic year for religious observances required by the faith of a student or the student's parents; provides that the student's parents may be required to give the principal written notice of the request for an excused absence a reasonable time prior to the religious observance; mandates that the student be given the opportunity to make up any tests or other work missed due to an excused absence for a religious observance. http://www.ncga.state.nc.us/Sessions/2009/Bills/House/PDF/H357v4.pdf
Title: H.B. 357
Source: http://www.ncga.state.nc.us

NCSigned into law 07/2010P-12Permits public school entry of child who does not turn 5 by August 31 of the school year but whose parent is an active duty member of U.S. armed forces who is the sole legal custodian of the child, and is stationed in another state, and is deployed for duty away from the permanent duty station, and child living with an adult in North Carolina as a result of deployment away would be eligible for school enrollment in the other state. http://www.ncga.state.nc.us/Sessions/2009/Bills/Senate/PDF/S1246v4.pdf
Title: S.B. 1246 - Enrollment of Child under 5 Who Is Child of Military Personnel
Source: www.ncga.state.nc.us

GAVetoed 06/2010P-12Requires a parent whose child is of compulsory school age and who becomes a new resident of a local school system to enroll his/her child in a public or private school within 15 days of such new residency (or by the start date of school if such new residency occurs prior to such start date). Provides that failure to do so constitutes a violation of this Code section. Authorizes local school system officials or other persons to make and file a report to the appropriate enforcement agency regarding any parent whose child (1) is subject to mandatory attendance requirements but not attending school or (2) has accumulated 30 days of unexcused absences. Requires local school systems to cooperate in the investigation and prosecution of mandatory attendance violations.
Bill text: http://www.legis.state.ga.us/legis/2009_10/pdf/sb239.pdf

Governor's veto message: SB 239 ensures that families moving from one school district to another register their children for school in a timely manner. Unfortunately, the language of a floor amendment seeking to safeguard homeschooling families instead accomplished the opposite; as written, the bill would actually require homeschooling families to enroll their children in a public or private school upon moving to a new school district. Because of this unintended consequence, I VETO SB 239. From http://gov.georgia.gov/00/press/detail/0,2668,78006749_160096907_160291947,00.html
Title: S.B. 239 - Section 2
Source: www.legis.state.ga.us

LASigned into law 06/2010P-12
Community College
Students who are 16 to 18 years old and are enrolled in an adult education program shall be considered to be in compliance with the school attendance provisions. Defines "effective" adult education program. Eliminate the division of adult and community education within the Department of Education and transfers the responsibility to the Board of Supervisors of Community and Technical Colleges. Outlines responsibilities for adult education programs by the Board of Supervisors.

http://www.legis.state.la.us/billdata/streamdocument.asp?did=722559
Title: H.B. 1055
Source: http://www.legis.state.la.us/

LASigned into law 06/2010P-12Prevents a city, parish, or other local public school board from denying admission or readmission to students of suitable age who resides within the geographic boundaries of the school system unless such student is legally excluded from attending school.
http://www.legis.state.la.us/billdata/streamdocument.asp?did=722519
Title: H.B. 421
Source: http://www.legis.state.la.us/

NHSigned into law 05/2010P-12Makes various changes to the laws on truancy; provides for excused absences, parental responsibility and petitions for children in need of services.
http://www.gencourt.state.nh.us/legislation/2010/HB0154.html
Title: H.B. 154
Source: http://www.gencourt.state.nh.us

TNSigned into law 05/2010P-12Authorizes a prosecutor to allow parents or guardians of children violating truancy laws to attend parent education training and parent-teacher conferences as an alternative to criminal prosecution. - Amends TCA Title 49, Chapter 6, Part 30
http://www.capitol.tn.gov/Bills/106/Bill/SB3246.pdf
Title: S.B. 3246
Source: http://www.capitol.tn.gov

WISigned into law 05/2010P-12If a pupil attending the school district under open enrollment (OEP) is habitually truant (absent from school without an acceptable
excuse for part or all of five or more school days during any semester) during either semester in the current school year, the school board may then prohibit the pupil from attending school in the school district under the OEP in the succeeding semester or school year. (Act No. 304)
http://www.legis.state.wi.us/2009/data/SB-342.pdf
Title: S.B. 342
Source: http://www.legis.state.wi.us

KYSigned into law 04/2010P-12Requires the state board of education or any agency designated by the state board to manage interscholastic athletics to promulgate administrative regulations that permit the hiring of a nonteaching or noncertified person in a coaching position. Requires that a person employed in a coaching position be a high school graduate and at least 21 years old, and submit to a background check. Requires that the administrative regulations specify post-hire requirements for persons employed in coaching positions. Authorizes a local school board to specify post-hire requirements for personnel employed in coaching positions in addition to those specified in administrative regulations. Encourages the state board of education or any agency designated by the state board to manage interscholastic athletics to schedule athletic competitions outside the regularly scheduled school day. Permits a student on a school-sponsored athletic team competing during the school day in a regional or state tournament sanctioned by the state board or other agency designated to manage interscholastic athletics to be counted present during the days of the competition, for up to two days a year. http://www.lrc.ky.gov/record/10RS/HB327/bill.doc
Title: H.B. 327
Source: www.lrc.ky.gov

NESigned into law 03/2010P-12Children are eligible for kindergarten if they are 5 years old by July 31, beginning with the 2012-13 school year. Previously, the cutoff date was Oct. 15. The bill includes an exception for children who turn 5 between Aug. 1 and Oct. 15 if they perform adequately on a school assessment. The bill also requires school boards to adopt an assessment procedure to determine if a child is capable of kindergarten-level work.
http://www.nebraskalegislature.gov/FloorDocs/Current/PDF/Final/LB1006.pdf
Title: L.B. 1006
Source: http://www.nebraskalegislature.gov/

VASigned into law 03/2010P-12Clarifies that, in addition to the attendance officer, school personnel, and volunteers, the school principal or his designee is responsible for notifying parents concerning students' nonattendance at school; provides that the school principal or his designee is also responsible for arranging the conference with parents and in developing the student's attendance plan.
http://leg1.state.va.us/cgi-bin/legp504.exe?101+ful+SB196ER+pdf
Title: S.B. 196
Source: http://leg1.state.va.us

VASigned into law 03/2010P-12Requires local school boards to develop policies ensuring that any student's absence because of the observance of a religious holiday be recorded as excused on the student's attendance record and that a student not be deprived of any award or of eligibility or opportunity to compete for any award or of the right to take an alternate test or examination for any which were missed because of such absence.
http://leg1.state.va.us/cgi-bin/legp504.exe?101+ful+SB361ER+pdf
Title: S.B. 361
Source: http://leg1.state.va.us

ILSigned into law 01/2010P-12Requires the department of human services to operate a comprehensive professional development system called the Gateways to Opportunity program. Directs the department of human services to award Gateways to Opportunity credentials to early care and education, school-age, and youth development practitioners, based on a variety of professional achievements in field experience, knowledge and skills, educational attainment and training accomplishments. Specifies the Gateways to Opportunity program must identify professional knowledge guidelines that define what all practitioners working with children and youth need to know and be able to do to support children's and youth's development, school readiness and school success

Provides that a child who has attended a private preschool and attended a kindergarten class at that school taught by an appropriately certified teacher, who will turn 6 on or before December 31, may attend 1st grade in a public school at the beginning of that school year, upon an assessment of the child's readiness. http://www.ilga.gov/legislation/96/HB/PDF/09600HB0806lv.pdf
Title: H.B. 806
Source: www.ilga.gov

KYAdopted 01/2010P-12Adds section providing definitions of: "full day of attendance" (student in attendance at least 65% of regularly-scheduled school day), "tardy" (student absent less than 35% of the regularly-scheduled school day), "half-day absence" (student absent 35-84% of regularly-scheduled school day), and "full-day absence" (student absent 85% or more of regularly-scheduled school day). According to the fiscal impact statement in the proposed rule change, "This change could increase individual local districts' average daily attendance (ADA) calculation, thus increasing SEEK [Support Education
Excellence in Kentucky] payments to districts[;] however, any increases will still remain subject to the aggregate SEEK appropriation."

Eliminates withdrawal code "W09" for a student who has graduated or completed a 504 plan or an individual education plan prior to the end of the school term or year. Adds the following withdrawal codes for indicating student enrollment status:
W28 - student has reached the maximum age for education services without receiving a diploma or certificate of attainment
C01 - student completes the school year in the school of the most current enrollment
G01 - student graduates in less than 4 years
G02 - student graduates in 4 years
G03 - student graduates in 5 or more years
G04 - studento graduates in 6 or more years
NS - student completed the prior year with a C01 and was expected to enroll in the district but did not enroll by October 1 of the current year whose enrollment elsewhere cannot be substantiated.

Adds that each student's ethnicity must be designated as either Hispanic/Latino or not Hispanic/Latino. Also clarifies that more than one racial codes may be applied to an individual student. Separates out "Pacific Islander" from "Asian" as a unique racial code. http://www.lrc.ky.gov/kar/702/007/125reg.htm
Title: 702 KAR 7:125
Source: www.lrc.ky.gov

+ Attendance--Compulsory
+ Attendance--Statutory Ages (Upper and Lower)
+ Attendance--Truancy
+ Background Checks
+ Bilingual/ESL
+ Business Involvement
+ Career/Technical Education
+ Career/Technical Education--Career Academies/Apprenticeship
+ Choice of Schools--Charter Schools
+ Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Charter Districts
+ Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Closings
+ Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Cyber Charters
+ Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Finance
+ Choice of Schools--Choice/Open Enrollment
+ Choice of Schools--Choice/Open Enrollment--Research
+ Choice of Schools--Magnet or Specialized Schools
+ Choice of Schools--Tax Credits
+ Choice of Schools--Vouchers
+ Civic Education
+ Civic Education--Character Education
+ Civic Education--Civic Knowledge and Literacy
+ Civic Education--Pledge of Allegiance
+ Class Size
+ Curriculum
+ Curriculum--Alignment
+ Curriculum--Arts Education
+ Curriculum--Censorship
+ Curriculum--Drivers Education
+ Curriculum--Excusal
+ Curriculum--Family Living Education
+ Curriculum--Financial Literacy/Economics Ed.
+ Curriculum--Foreign Language/Sign Language
+ Curriculum--Geography Education
+ Curriculum--Health/Nutrition Education
+ Curriculum--Language Arts
+ Curriculum--Language Arts--Writing/Spelling
+ Curriculum--Mathematics
+ Curriculum--Physical Education
+ Curriculum--Science
+ Curriculum--Sex Education
+ Curriculum--Social Studies/History
+ Demographics--Enrollments
+ Economic/Workforce Development
+ Equity
+ Federal
+ Finance
+ Finance--Bonds
+ Finance--District
+ Finance--Facilities
+ Finance--Federal
+ Finance--Funding Formulas
+ Finance--Local Foundations/Funds
+ Finance--Lotteries
+ Finance--Private Giving
+ Finance--Resource Efficiency
+ Finance--State Budgets/Expenditures
+ Finance--Student Fees
+ Finance--Taxes/Revenues
+ Finance--Taxes/Revenues--Alternative Revenues
+ Governance
+ Governance--Deregulation/Waivers/Home Rule
+ Governance--Ethics/Conflict of Interest
+ Governance--Mandates
+ Governance--School Boards
+ Governance--School Boards--Training
+ Governance--Site-Based Management
+ Governance--State Boards/Chiefs/Agencies
+ Health
+ Health--Child Abuse
+ Health--Mental Health
+ Health--Nutrition
+ Health--School Based Clinics or School Nurses
+ Health--Suicide Prevention
+ High School
+ High School--Advanced Placement
+ High School--College Readiness
+ High School--Dropout Rates/Graduation Rates
+ High School--Dual/Concurrent Enrollment
+ High School--Early Colleges/Middle Colleges
+ High School--Exit Exams
+ High School--GED (General Education Development)
+ High School--Graduation Requirements
+ High School--International Baccalaureate
+ Instructional Approaches--Grading Practices
+ Instructional Approaches--Homeschooling
+ Integrated Services/Full-Service Schools
+ International Benchmarking
+ Leadership
+ Leadership--District Superintendent
+ Leadership--District Superintendent--Compensation and Diversified Pay
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Certification and Licensure
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Compensation and Diversified Pay
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Evaluation and Effectiveness
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Induction Programs and Mentoring
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Preparation
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Preparation--Alternative
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Tenure
+ Middle School
+ Minority/Diversity Issues
+ Minority/Diversity Issues--American Indian / Alaska Native / Native Hawaiian
+ Minority/Diversity Issues--Hispanic
+ No Child Left Behind--Adequate Yearly Progress
+ No Child Left Behind--Assessment
+ No Child Left Behind--Consequences for Schools
+ No Child Left Behind--Finance
+ No Child Left Behind--Reauthorization Issues/Waivers
+ No Child Left Behind--Report Cards
+ No Child Left Behind--School Support
+ No Child Left Behind--Special Populations
+ Online Learning--Digital/Blended Learning
+ Online Learning--Virtual Schools/Courses
+ P-16 or P-20
+ P-3
+ P-3 Child Care
+ P-3 Content Standards and Assessment
+ P-3 Early Intervention (0-3)
+ P-3 Ensuring Quality
+ P-3 Evaluation/Economic Benefits
+ P-3 Family Involvement
+ P-3 Finance
+ P-3 Governance
+ P-3 Grades 1-3
+ P-3 Kindergarten
+ P-3 Preschool
+ P-3 Teaching Quality/Professional Development
+ Parent/Family
+ Parent/Family--Parent Rights
+ Partnerships--University/School
+ Postsecondary
+ Postsecondary Accountability
+ Postsecondary Accountability--Accreditation
+ Postsecondary Accountability--Diploma Mills
+ Postsecondary Affordability--Financial Aid
+ Postsecondary Affordability--Textbooks
+ Postsecondary Affordability--Tuition/Fees
+ Postsecondary Affordability--Tuition/Fees--Prepd/College Savings Plans
+ Postsecondary Affordability--Tuition/Fees--Undocumented Immigrants
+ Postsecondary Faculty--Compensation
+ Postsecondary Faculty--Tenure
+ Postsecondary Finance
+ Postsecondary Finance--Efficiency/Performance-Based Funding
+ Postsecondary Finance--Facilities
+ Postsecondary Finance--Revenue and Expenditures
+ Postsecondary Governance and Structures
+ Postsecondary Governance and Structures--Administrative/Leadership Issues
+ Postsecondary Governance and Structures--State Executives/State Agencies
+ Postsecondary Institutions
+ Postsecondary Institutions--Community/Technical Colleges
+ Postsecondary Institutions--For-Profit/Proprietary
+ Postsecondary Institutions--Private/Independent
+ Postsecondary Online Instruction
+ Postsecondary Participation
+ Postsecondary Participation--Access
+ Postsecondary Participation--Admissions Requirements
+ Postsecondary Participation--Affirmative Action
+ Postsecondary Students--Adults
+ Postsecondary Students--Disabled
+ Postsecondary Students--Foster Youth
+ Postsecondary Students--Graduate/Professional
+ Postsecondary Students--International
+ Postsecondary Students--Military
+ Postsecondary Students--Minority
+ Postsecondary Success
+ Postsecondary Success--Completion
+ Postsecondary Success--Completion--Completion Rates (Statistics)
+ Postsecondary Success--Developmental/Remediation
+ Postsecondary Success--Transfer/Articulation
+ Private Schools
+ Privatization
+ Promotion/Retention
+ Public Involvement
+ Reading/Literacy
+ Religion
+ Rural
+ Scheduling/School Calendar
+ Scheduling/School Calendar--Day/Class Length
+ Scheduling/School Calendar--Extended Day Programs
+ Scheduling/School Calendar--Summer School
+ Scheduling/School Calendar--Week
+ Scheduling/School Calendar--Year
+ Scheduling/School Calendar--Year Round
+ School Climate/Culture
+ School Safety
+ School Safety--Bullying Prevention/Conflict Resolution
+ School Safety--Code of Conduct
+ School Safety--Corporal Punishment
+ School Safety--Disaster/Emergency Preparedness
+ School Safety--Expulsion/Suspension
+ School Safety--Sexual Harassment and Assault
+ School Safety--Special Education
+ School/District Structure/Operations
+ School/District Structure/Operations--District Consolidation/Deconsolidation
+ School/District Structure/Operations--Facilities
+ School/District Structure/Operations--Food Service
+ School/District Structure/Operations--Libraries
+ School/District Structure/Operations--Personnel (Non-Teaching)
+ School/District Structure/Operations--School Size
+ School/District Structure/Operations--Shared Services
+ School/District Structure/Operations--Transportation
+ Service-Learning
+ Special Education
+ Special Education--Federal Law/Regulations
+ Special Education--Finance
+ Special Education--Placement
+ Special Education--Transition
+ Special Populations--Corrections Education
+ Special Populations--Foster Care
+ Special Populations--Gifted and Talented
+ Special Populations--Homeless Education
+ Special Populations--Migrant Education
+ Special Populations--Military
+ Standards
+ Standards--Common Core State Standards
+ State Longitudinal Data Systems
+ State Policymaking
+ State Policymaking--Task Forces/Commissions
+ STEM
+ Student Achievement
+ Student Achievement--Closing the Achievement Gap
+ Student Supports
+ Student Supports--Counseling/Guidance
+ Student Supports--Remediation
+ Student Surveys
+ Students
+ Students--Athletics/Extracurricular Activities
+ Students--Employment
+ Students--K-12 Exchange Students
+ Students--Mobility
+ Students--Records/Rights
+ Teaching Quality
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Alternative
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Assignment
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Natl. Bd. for Prof. Teach. Stds.
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Special Education
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--State Prof. Standards Bds.
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Substitute Teachers
+ Teaching Quality--Compensation and Diversified Pay
+ Teaching Quality--Compensation and Diversified Pay--Pay-for-Performance
+ Teaching Quality--Compensation and Diversified Pay--Retirement/Benefits
+ Teaching Quality--Evaluation and Effectiveness
+ Teaching Quality--Induction Programs and Mentoring
+ Teaching Quality--Paraprofessionals
+ Teaching Quality--Preparation
+ Teaching Quality--Professional Development
+ Teaching Quality--Recruitment and Retention
+ Teaching Quality--Recruitment and Retention--At-Risk Schools
+ Teaching Quality--Recruitment and Retention--High-Needs Subjects
+ Teaching Quality--Reduction in Force
+ Teaching Quality--Teacher Rights
+ Teaching Quality--Tenure or Continuing Contract
+ Teaching Quality--Unions/Collective Bargaining
+ Teaching Quality--Working Conditions
+ Technology
+ Technology--Devices/Software/Hardware
+ Technology--Equitable Access
+ Technology--Funding Issues
+ Technology--Research/Evaluation
+ Textbooks and Open Source
+ Whole-School Reform Models