ECS
From the ECS State Policy Database
2010 State Policies / Activities

Education Commission of the States • 700 Broadway, Suite 810 • Denver, CO 80203-3442 • 303.299.3600 • fax 303.296.8332 • www.ecs.org

The following summary includes policies enacted in 2010. This database is made possible by your state's fiscal support of the Education Commission of the States (ECS). Most entries are legislative, although rules/regulations and executive orders that make substantive changes are included. Every effort is made to collect the latest available version of policies; in some instances, recent changes might not be reflected. For expediency purposes minimal attention has been paid to style (capitalization, punctuation) and format. To view the documents, click on the blue triangle next to the topic of interest. To view all, press the button located at the top labeled "Expand All."

Please cite use of the database as: Education Commission of the States (ECS) State Policy Database, retrieved [date].

State Status/Date Level Summary
+ 21st Century Skills
+ Accountability
+ Accountability--Accreditation
+ Accountability--Measures/Indicators
+ Accountability--Reporting Results
+ Accountability--Rewards
+ Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions
+ Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions--Takeovers
+ Accountability--School Improvement
+ Adult Basic Education
+ Assessment
+ Assessment--Accommodations
+ Assessment--College Entrance Exams
+ Assessment--Computer Based
+ Assessment--Formative/Interim
+ Assessment--Value Added
+ At-Risk (incl. Dropout Prevention)
+ At-Risk (incl. Dropout Prevention)--Alternative Education
+ At-Risk (incl. Dropout Prevention)--Drugs/Alcohol
+ Attendance
+ Attendance--Compulsory
+ Attendance--Statutory Ages (Upper and Lower)
+ Attendance--Truancy
+ Background Checks
+ Bilingual/ESL
+ Business Involvement
+ Career/Technical Education
+ Career/Technical Education--Career Academies/Apprenticeship
+ Choice of Schools--Charter Schools
+ Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Charter Districts
+ Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Closings
+ Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Cyber Charters
+ Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Finance
+ Choice of Schools--Choice/Open Enrollment
+ Choice of Schools--Choice/Open Enrollment--Research
+ Choice of Schools--Magnet or Specialized Schools
+ Choice of Schools--Tax Credits
+ Choice of Schools--Vouchers
+ Civic Education
+ Civic Education--Character Education
+ Civic Education--Civic Knowledge and Literacy
+ Civic Education--Pledge of Allegiance
+ Class Size
+ Curriculum
+ Curriculum--Alignment
+ Curriculum--Arts Education
+ Curriculum--Censorship
+ Curriculum--Drivers Education
+ Curriculum--Excusal
+ Curriculum--Family Living Education
+ Curriculum--Financial Literacy/Economics Ed.
+ Curriculum--Foreign Language/Sign Language
+ Curriculum--Geography Education
+ Curriculum--Health/Nutrition Education
+ Curriculum--Language Arts
+ Curriculum--Language Arts--Writing/Spelling
+ Curriculum--Mathematics
+ Curriculum--Physical Education
+ Curriculum--Science
+ Curriculum--Sex Education
+ Curriculum--Social Studies/History
+ Demographics--Enrollments
+ Economic/Workforce Development
+ Equity
+ Federal
+ Finance
+ Finance--Bonds
+ Finance--District
+ Finance--Facilities
+ Finance--Federal
- Finance--Funding Formulas
ILSigned into law 07/2010P-12In provisions concerning the account of expenditures for transitional bilingual education programs, requires that at least 60% of state bilingual funds be used for instructional costs. http://www.ilga.gov/legislation/publicacts/96/PDF/096-1170.pdf
Title: S.B. 3635
Source: www.ilga.gov

HISigned into law 06/2010P-12Defines "student instructional hours" as time during which students are engaged in learning activities, including regularly-scheduled instruction and learning assessments within the curriculum, and excludes lunch, recess or passing time. Directs the department of education to maximize the amount of student instructional hours provided at all public schools, except charter schools, under relevant collective bargaining agreements in effect during the 2010-11 school year. For the 2011-13 school years, directs all public schools, except charter schools, to implement a 180-day school year (excluding professional development and other non-instructional days) that includes 915 student instructional hours for the elementary grades, and 990 student instructional hours for the secondary grades. For the 2013-15 school years, requires all public schools, except charter schools, to implement a school year of 1,080 days (excluding professional development and other non-instructional days) that includes 1,080 student instructional hours for both elementary and secondary school grades.Directs the department of education to submit to the legislature, within 20 days of the convening of the regular 2012 session, a plan to implement a 190-day school year (excluding professional development days and other non-instructional days) that includes 1,140 student instructional hours for both elementary and secondary school grades at all public schools, except charter schools, for school years beginning with the 2015-2016 school year. Adds provision that if the implementation of student instructional hours results in varying student transportation schedules, the department must consider pick-up and drop-off times that optimize the department's transportation services while minimizing costs to the state. http://www.capitol.hawaii.gov/session2010/Bills/HB2486_CD1_.HTM
Title: H.B. 2486
Source: www.capitol.hawaii.gov

ILSigned into law 06/2010P-12Deletes language providing that the state board of education must provide the primary source of funding through appropriations for the grants for preschool educational program and that the funds must be distributed for the benefit of certain children. http://www.ilga.gov/legislation/publicacts/96/PDF/096-0948.pdf
Title: S.B. 2594
Source: www.ilga.gov

MOSigned into law 06/2010P-12In fiscal years 2011 through 2013 the requirement for school districts to dedicate 1% of their formula funding to professional development and the 75% funding and fund placement requirements for teacher salaries will be suspended if the school funding formula or transportation categorical is underfunded as specified or will be suspended in the following fiscal year if the Governor withholds funds from the school funding formula.
http://www.house.mo.gov/content.aspx?info=/bills101/bills/hb1543.htm
Title: H.B. 1543--Multiple Provisions
Source: http://www.house.mo.gov

OKSigned into law 06/2010P-12For state funding purposes, requires the state department to include the appropriate grade level weight and all category weights to which the pupil is assigned when calculating State Aid, regardless of whether the receiving district provides education to the student using traditional in-class means or via online instruction. The weighted membership of nonresident, transferred pupils enrolled in online courses is to be based on the weighted average daily membership of the preceding school year. For the portion of weighted membership derived from nonresident, transferred pupils enrolled in online courses, the Foundation Program shall be a district's weighted average daily membership of the preceding school year or the first nine (9) weeks of the current school year, whichever is greater, multiplied by the Base Foundation Support Level.
http://webserver1.lsb.state.ok.us/2009-10bills/SB/SB2109_ENR.RTF
Title: S.B. 2109
Source: http://webserver1.lsb.state.ok.us/

RISigned into law 06/2010P-12From RILIN "2010 List of Legislative Accomplishments": Establishes the first statewide education funding formula the state has had in 15 years. The formula, which takes effect for the 2012 fiscal year, provides a core amount for each student statewide, additional funding to help close the achievement gap between wealthy and poor students, and adjustments for the community's poverty concentration and its ability to support its schools through its property tax base.

Bill text: http://www.rilin.state.ri.us/PublicLaws/law10/law10125.htm
2010 List of Legislative Accomplishments (education on pp 2-3): http://www.rilin.state.ri.us/Documents/2010%20legislative%20accomplishmentse.doc
DOE summary: http://www.ride.ri.gov/Finance/Funding/FundingFormula/Docs/Funding_Formula_Summary_by_Section_H8094Aaa.pdf
Title: H.B. 8094, S.B. 2770
Source: www.rilin.state.ri.us and www.ride.ri.gov

AZSigned into law 05/2010P-12Bill makes multiple technical changes to the state's school funding formula along with the following major revisions:
(1) Clarifies calculations for adjusting the Base Level relating to Optional 200-day, Career Ladder, Optional Performance Incentive Program and Additional Teacher Compensation; and (2) establishes Teacher Certification Fund (Fund) at ADE and appropriates $429,700 in FY 2011 for expenses related to teacher certification. Requires ADE to transfer $429,700 from the Fund to the general fund by June 30, 2011.
Chapter 306
http://www.azleg.gov/FormatDocument.asp?inDoc=/legtext/49leg/24/summary/s.1284ed_asenacted.doc.htm

Title: S.B. 1284
Source: http://www.azleg.gov/

GASigned into law 05/2010P-12From bill summary: Temporarily waives certain expenditure controls relating to funds earned for direct instructional costs, media center costs, staff and professional development costs, and additional days of instruction. Temporarily provides for system average maximum class sizes in grades K-8. Provides for blanket waivers or variances of class size requirements.
http://www.legis.state.ga.us/legis/2009_10/pdf/hb908.pdf
Title: H.B. 908
Source: www.legis.state.ga.us

ILAdopted 05/2010P-12These proposed amendments make numerous changes to the way in which the Temporary Relocation Program operates that respond to various circumstances that school districts have encountered over the last several years. Under this program, a school district may receive a loan to assist with both the direct and indirect costs of moving students to a temporary location due to natural or man-made disasters that destroy or make a school building uninhabitable. As a condition of receiving the loan, a district must levy a tax for this purpose and pledge the proceeds from that levy, as well as from any insurance proceeds received, to repay the loan. Pages 230-239 of http://www.cyberdriveillinois.com/departments/index/register/register_volume34_issue19.pdf
Title: 23 IAC 145.10, .20, .30, .50, .60
Source: www.cyberdriveillinois.com

COSigned into law 04/2010P-12Authorizes the state education department to contract with an organization to evaluate the feasibility of a system based on the average number of days that a student is enrolled in a district during the year rather than on a single count date.
http://www.leg.state.co.us/clics/clics2010a/csl.nsf/fsbillcont3/3A6FD049FFBD68BE872576A8002A88E5?open&file=008_enr.pdf
Title: S.B. 8
Source: http://www.leg.state.co.us

COSigned into law 04/2010P-12Creates the alternative school funding models pilot program to encourage school districts and charter schools to collect data that will be used to compare the effects of alternative school funding models with those of the actual school funding method.
http://www.leg.state.co.us/clics/clics2010a/csl.nsf/fsbillcont3/E0E6094B51A15E3C872576AA0069924D?open&file=1183_enr.pdf
Title: H.B. 1183
Source: http://www.leg.state.co.us

NESigned into law 04/2010P-12
Postsec.
Provides for the calculation of state aid for unified systems and makes changes related to the early childhood education programs to be included in the calculation of state aid, as well as district responsibilities for students participating in open enrollment. Also changes the graduate program requirements for the Enhancing Excellence in Teaching Program to include graduate studies other than teacher education programs. Among other provisions, removes a redundant reporting requirement for county assessors to certify taxable value of school districts; clarifies residency provisions for school districts; modifies qualifications for preschool programs that receive state aid funds; and harmonizes the calculation of unused budget authority with recent changes in the budget authority provisions for school districts. Defines the educational service unit coordinating council as a political subdivision, but does not grant taxing authority. Also requires the board to adopt a policy for sharing student data with the University of Nebraska Regents, the Nebraska State Colleges board of trustees and the board of governors from each community college area.
http://www.nebraskalegislature.gov/FloorDocs/Current/PDF/Slip/LB1071.pdf
Title: L.B. 1071
Source: http://www.nebraskalegislature.gov

CAEmergency Rule Adoption 03/2010P-12Amends three sections of the audit guide to bring the regulations into conformance with legislation enacted effective July 28, 2009 (Assembly Bill 2 of the 2009-10 Fourth Extraordinary Session (ABX4 2), Chapter 2, Statutes 2009). Legislation, which is applicable to fiscal years 2009-10 through 2012-13, provides that "a school district, county office of education, or charter school may reduce the equivalent of up to five days of instruction or the equivalent number of instructional minutes without incurring the penalties set forth in Sections 41420, 46200, 46200.5, 46201, 46201.5, 46202, and 47612.5".
Title: Title 5 CCR Sections 19824, 19851, 19854
Source:

RISigned into law 03/2010P-12Urges the Commissioner of Elementary and Secondary Education to hold community forums throughout the state to describe the Rhode Island Department of Education (RIDE)'s education funding formula, explaining its components, and providing details about its methods and results. Also requests that the Commissioner prioritize reaching out to those communities that request more information.
http://www.rilin.state.ri.us/PublicLaws/law10/res10/res10110.htm
Title: H.R. 7895
Source: www.rilin.state.ri.us

UTSigned into law 03/2010P-12Adds Section 53A-17a-105.5. Defines "qualifying program" as (1) the at-risk flow through program; (2) the homeless and disadvantaged minority students program [both created in 53A-17a-121]; (3) the gifted and talented program; (4) the advanced placement program; (5) the concurrent enrollment program. Allows a district or charter school that receives a state allocation of less than $10,000 for a qualifying program to either (1) combine the funds with certain other program funds and use the combined funds in accordance with the program requirements for any of the qualifying programs that are combined; or (2) transfer the funds to a qualifying program for which the district or charter school received an allocation of funds that is greater than or equal to $10,000; and use the combined funds in accordance with the program requirements for the qualifying program to which the funds are transferred. Pages 5-6 of 6: http://le.utah.gov/~2010/bills/hbillenr/hb0149.pdf
Title: H.B. 149 - Section 3
Source: le.utah.gov

WASigned into law 03/2010P-12Adopts the technical details of a new k-12 funding distribution formula for the instructional program of basic education and authorizing a phase-in of implementation of a new formula for pupil transportation; adopts an implementation schedule for phasing-in enhancements to the baseline funding levels; requires the calculation of an annual estimate of the savings to taxpayers resulting from any improvement compared to the prior school year in the extended graduation rate. Chapter 236
http://apps.leg.wa.gov/documents/billdocs/2009-10/Pdf/Bill%20Reports/House%20Final/2776-S%20HBR%20FBR%2010%20E1.pdf
Title: H.B. 2776
Source: http://apps.leg.wa.gov

SDSigned into law 02/2010P-12Repeals provisions related to tuition for students transferring from a resident district that does not receive state aid to education; repeals provisions related to state aid to education for students transferring to a nonresident school district that does not receive state aid to education.
http://legis.state.sd.us/sessions/2010/Bills/SB25ENR.pdf
Title: S.B. 25
Source: http://legis.state.sd.us

SDSigned into law 02/2010P-12Revises the definition of the general fund base percentage in the calculation of state aid to education.
http://legis.state.sd.us/sessions/2010/Bills/HB1108ENR.pdf
Title: H.B. 1108
Source: http://legis.state.sd.us

UTSigned into law 02/2010P-12Provides that if monies appropriated to charter schools to replace local property taxes are less than the amount prescribed by a statutory funding formula, monies must be allocated among charter schools in proportion to each charter school's share of the total enrollment in charter schools. Also provides that if monies appropriated for charter school administrative costs are insufficient to provide the amount per student prescribed in statute, the appropriation must be allocated among charter schools in proportion to each charter school's share of the total enrollment in charter schools. Repeals Section 53A-17a-104, "Amount of state's contribution toward minimum school program" and 53A-21-501, "State contribution to capital outlay programs". http://le.utah.gov/~2010/bills/hbillenr/hb0001.pdf
Title: H.B. 1
Source: le.utah.gov

KYAdopted 01/2010P-12Adds section providing definitions of: "full day of attendance" (student in attendance at least 65% of regularly-scheduled school day), "tardy" (student absent less than 35% of the regularly-scheduled school day), "half-day absence" (student absent 35-84% of regularly-scheduled school day), and "full-day absence" (student absent 85% or more of regularly-scheduled school day). According to the fiscal impact statement in the proposed rule change, "This change could increase individual local districts' average daily attendance (ADA) calculation, thus increasing SEEK [Support Education
Excellence in Kentucky] payments to districts[;] however, any increases will still remain subject to the aggregate SEEK appropriation."

Eliminates withdrawal code "W09" for a student who has graduated or completed a 504 plan or an individual education plan prior to the end of the school term or year. Adds the following withdrawal codes for indicating student enrollment status:
W28 - student has reached the maximum age for education services without receiving a diploma or certificate of attainment
C01 - student completes the school year in the school of the most current enrollment
G01 - student graduates in less than 4 years
G02 - student graduates in 4 years
G03 - student graduates in 5 or more years
G04 - studento graduates in 6 or more years
NS - student completed the prior year with a C01 and was expected to enroll in the district but did not enroll by October 1 of the current year whose enrollment elsewhere cannot be substantiated.

Adds that each student's ethnicity must be designated as either Hispanic/Latino or not Hispanic/Latino. Also clarifies that more than one racial codes may be applied to an individual student. Separates out "Pacific Islander" from "Asian" as a unique racial code. http://www.lrc.ky.gov/kar/702/007/125reg.htm
Title: 702 KAR 7:125
Source: www.lrc.ky.gov

+ Finance--Local Foundations/Funds
+ Finance--Lotteries
+ Finance--Private Giving
+ Finance--Resource Efficiency
+ Finance--State Budgets/Expenditures
+ Finance--Student Fees
+ Finance--Taxes/Revenues
+ Finance--Taxes/Revenues--Alternative Revenues
+ Governance
+ Governance--Deregulation/Waivers/Home Rule
+ Governance--Ethics/Conflict of Interest
+ Governance--Mandates
+ Governance--School Boards
+ Governance--School Boards--Training
+ Governance--Site-Based Management
+ Governance--State Boards/Chiefs/Agencies
+ Health
+ Health--Child Abuse
+ Health--Mental Health
+ Health--Nutrition
+ Health--School Based Clinics or School Nurses
+ Health--Suicide Prevention
+ High School
+ High School--Advanced Placement
+ High School--College Readiness
+ High School--Dropout Rates/Graduation Rates
+ High School--Dual/Concurrent Enrollment
+ High School--Early Colleges/Middle Colleges
+ High School--Exit Exams
+ High School--GED (General Education Development)
+ High School--Graduation Requirements
+ High School--International Baccalaureate
+ Instructional Approaches--Grading Practices
+ Instructional Approaches--Homeschooling
+ Integrated Services/Full-Service Schools
+ International Benchmarking
+ Leadership
+ Leadership--District Superintendent
+ Leadership--District Superintendent--Compensation and Diversified Pay
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Certification and Licensure
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Compensation and Diversified Pay
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Evaluation and Effectiveness
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Induction Programs and Mentoring
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Preparation
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Preparation--Alternative
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Tenure
+ Middle School
+ Minority/Diversity Issues
+ Minority/Diversity Issues--American Indian / Alaska Native / Native Hawaiian
+ Minority/Diversity Issues--Hispanic
+ No Child Left Behind--Adequate Yearly Progress
+ No Child Left Behind--Assessment
+ No Child Left Behind--Consequences for Schools
+ No Child Left Behind--Finance
+ No Child Left Behind--Reauthorization Issues/Waivers
+ No Child Left Behind--Report Cards
+ No Child Left Behind--School Support
+ No Child Left Behind--Special Populations
+ Online Learning--Digital/Blended Learning
+ Online Learning--Virtual Schools/Courses
+ P-16 or P-20
+ P-3
+ P-3 Child Care
+ P-3 Content Standards and Assessment
+ P-3 Early Intervention (0-3)
+ P-3 Ensuring Quality
+ P-3 Evaluation/Economic Benefits
+ P-3 Family Involvement
+ P-3 Finance
+ P-3 Governance
+ P-3 Grades 1-3
+ P-3 Kindergarten
+ P-3 Preschool
+ P-3 Teaching Quality/Professional Development
+ Parent/Family
+ Parent/Family--Parent Rights
+ Partnerships--University/School
+ Postsecondary
+ Postsecondary Accountability
+ Postsecondary Accountability--Accreditation
+ Postsecondary Accountability--Diploma Mills
+ Postsecondary Affordability--Financial Aid
+ Postsecondary Affordability--Textbooks
+ Postsecondary Affordability--Tuition/Fees
+ Postsecondary Affordability--Tuition/Fees--Prepd/College Savings Plans
+ Postsecondary Affordability--Tuition/Fees--Undocumented Immigrants
+ Postsecondary Faculty--Compensation
+ Postsecondary Faculty--Tenure
+ Postsecondary Finance
+ Postsecondary Finance--Efficiency/Performance-Based Funding
+ Postsecondary Finance--Facilities
+ Postsecondary Finance--Revenue and Expenditures
+ Postsecondary Governance and Structures
+ Postsecondary Governance and Structures--Administrative/Leadership Issues
+ Postsecondary Governance and Structures--State Executives/State Agencies
+ Postsecondary Institutions
+ Postsecondary Institutions--Community/Technical Colleges
+ Postsecondary Institutions--For-Profit/Proprietary
+ Postsecondary Institutions--Private/Independent
+ Postsecondary Online Instruction
+ Postsecondary Participation
+ Postsecondary Participation--Access
+ Postsecondary Participation--Admissions Requirements
+ Postsecondary Participation--Affirmative Action
+ Postsecondary Students--Adults
+ Postsecondary Students--Disabled
+ Postsecondary Students--Foster Youth
+ Postsecondary Students--Graduate/Professional
+ Postsecondary Students--International
+ Postsecondary Students--Military
+ Postsecondary Students--Minority
+ Postsecondary Success
+ Postsecondary Success--Completion
+ Postsecondary Success--Completion--Completion Rates (Statistics)
+ Postsecondary Success--Developmental/Remediation
+ Postsecondary Success--Transfer/Articulation
+ Private Schools
+ Privatization
+ Promotion/Retention
+ Public Involvement
+ Reading/Literacy
+ Religion
+ Rural
+ Scheduling/School Calendar
+ Scheduling/School Calendar--Day/Class Length
+ Scheduling/School Calendar--Extended Day Programs
+ Scheduling/School Calendar--Summer School
+ Scheduling/School Calendar--Week
+ Scheduling/School Calendar--Year
+ Scheduling/School Calendar--Year Round
+ School Climate/Culture
+ School Safety
+ School Safety--Bullying Prevention/Conflict Resolution
+ School Safety--Code of Conduct
+ School Safety--Corporal Punishment
+ School Safety--Disaster/Emergency Preparedness
+ School Safety--Expulsion/Suspension
+ School Safety--Sexual Harassment and Assault
+ School Safety--Special Education
+ School/District Structure/Operations
+ School/District Structure/Operations--District Consolidation/Deconsolidation
+ School/District Structure/Operations--Facilities
+ School/District Structure/Operations--Food Service
+ School/District Structure/Operations--Libraries
+ School/District Structure/Operations--Personnel (Non-Teaching)
+ School/District Structure/Operations--School Size
+ School/District Structure/Operations--Shared Services
+ School/District Structure/Operations--Transportation
+ Service-Learning
+ Special Education
+ Special Education--Federal Law/Regulations
+ Special Education--Finance
+ Special Education--Placement
+ Special Education--Transition
+ Special Populations--Corrections Education
+ Special Populations--Foster Care
+ Special Populations--Gifted and Talented
+ Special Populations--Homeless Education
+ Special Populations--Migrant Education
+ Special Populations--Military
+ Standards
+ Standards--Common Core State Standards
+ State Longitudinal Data Systems
+ State Policymaking
+ State Policymaking--Task Forces/Commissions
+ STEM
+ Student Achievement
+ Student Achievement--Closing the Achievement Gap
+ Student Supports
+ Student Supports--Counseling/Guidance
+ Student Supports--Remediation
+ Student Surveys
+ Students
+ Students--Athletics/Extracurricular Activities
+ Students--Employment
+ Students--K-12 Exchange Students
+ Students--Mobility
+ Students--Records/Rights
+ Teaching Quality
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Alternative
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Assignment
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Natl. Bd. for Prof. Teach. Stds.
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Special Education
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--State Prof. Standards Bds.
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Substitute Teachers
+ Teaching Quality--Compensation and Diversified Pay
+ Teaching Quality--Compensation and Diversified Pay--Pay-for-Performance
+ Teaching Quality--Compensation and Diversified Pay--Retirement/Benefits
+ Teaching Quality--Evaluation and Effectiveness
+ Teaching Quality--Induction Programs and Mentoring
+ Teaching Quality--Paraprofessionals
+ Teaching Quality--Preparation
+ Teaching Quality--Professional Development
+ Teaching Quality--Recruitment and Retention
+ Teaching Quality--Recruitment and Retention--At-Risk Schools
+ Teaching Quality--Recruitment and Retention--High-Needs Subjects
+ Teaching Quality--Reduction in Force
+ Teaching Quality--Teacher Rights
+ Teaching Quality--Tenure or Continuing Contract
+ Teaching Quality--Unions/Collective Bargaining
+ Teaching Quality--Working Conditions
+ Technology
+ Technology--Devices/Software/Hardware
+ Technology--Equitable Access
+ Technology--Funding Issues
+ Technology--Research/Evaluation
+ Textbooks and Open Source
+ Whole-School Reform Models