ECS
From the ECS State Policy Database
2011 State Policies / Activities

Education Commission of the States • 700 Broadway, Suite 810 • Denver, CO 80203-3442 • 303.299.3600 • fax 303.296.8332 • www.ecs.org

The following summary includes policies enacted in 2011. This database is made possible by your state's fiscal support of the Education Commission of the States (ECS). Most entries are legislative, although rules/regulations and executive orders that make substantive changes are included. Every effort is made to collect the latest available version of policies; in some instances, recent changes might not be reflected. For expediency purposes minimal attention has been paid to style (capitalization, punctuation) and format. To view the documents, click on the blue triangle next to the topic of interest. To view all, press the button located at the top labeled "Expand All."

Please cite use of the database as: Education Commission of the States (ECS) State Policy Database, retrieved [date].

State Status/Date Level Summary
+ 21st Century Skills
+ Accountability
+ Accountability--Accreditation
+ Accountability--Measures/Indicators
+ Accountability--Reporting Results
+ Accountability--Rewards
+ Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions
+ Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions--No Pass No Play
+ Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions--Takeovers
+ Accountability--School Improvement
+ Adult Basic Education
+ Assessment
+ Assessment--Accommodations
+ Assessment--College Entrance Exams
+ Assessment--Computer Based
+ Assessment--End-of-Course
+ Assessment--Formative/Interim
+ At-Risk (incl. Dropout Prevention)
+ At-Risk (incl. Dropout Prevention)--Alternative Education
+ At-Risk (incl. Dropout Prevention)--Drugs/Alcohol
+ Attendance
+ Attendance--Compulsory
+ Attendance--Truancy
+ Background Checks
+ Bilingual/ESL
+ Business Involvement
+ Career/Technical Education
+ Career/Technical Education--Career Academies/Apprenticeship
+ Choice of Schools--Charter Schools
+ Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Charter Districts
+ Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Closings
+ Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Cyber Charters
+ Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Finance
+ Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Research
+ Choice of Schools--Choice/Open Enrollment
+ Choice of Schools--Innovation Schools
+ Choice of Schools--Magnet or Specialized Schools
+ Choice of Schools--Tax Credits
+ Choice of Schools--Vouchers
+ Choice of Schools--Vouchers--Privately Funded
+ Civic Education
+ Civic Education--Character Education
+ Civic Education--Civic Knowledge and Literacy
+ Civic Education--Pledge of Allegiance
+ Class Size
+ Curriculum
+ Curriculum--Arts Education
+ Curriculum--Drivers Education
+ Curriculum--Financial Literacy/Economics Ed.
+ Curriculum--Foreign Language/Sign Language
+ Curriculum--Health/Nutrition Education
+ Curriculum--Language Arts
+ Curriculum--Mathematics
+ Curriculum--Physical Education
+ Curriculum--Science
+ Curriculum--Sex Education
+ Curriculum--Social Studies/History
+ Data-Driven Improvement
+ Demographics--Enrollments
+ Desegregation
+ Economic/Workforce Development
+ Equity
+ Federal
+ Finance
+ Finance--Adequacy/Core Cost
+ Finance--Aid to Private Schools
+ Finance--Bonds
+ Finance--District
+ Finance--Facilities
+ Finance--Federal
+ Finance--Funding Formulas
+ Finance--Local Foundations/Funds
+ Finance--Lotteries
+ Finance--Performance Funding
+ Finance--Private Giving
+ Finance--Resource Efficiency
+ Finance--State Budgets/Expenditures
+ Finance--Student Fees
+ Finance--Taxes/Revenues
+ Finance--Taxes/Revenues--Alternative Revenues
+ Governance
+ Governance--Deregulation/Waivers/Home Rule
+ Governance--Ethics/Conflict of Interest
+ Governance--Mandates
+ Governance--School Boards
+ Governance--School Boards--Training
+ Governance--Site-Based Management
+ Governance--State Boards/Chiefs/Agencies
+ Health
+ Health--Child Abuse
+ Health--Mental Health
+ Health--Nutrition
+ Health--School Based Clinics or School Nurses
+ Health--Suicide Prevention
+ High School
+ High School--Advanced Placement
+ High School--College Readiness
+ High School--Dropout Rates/Graduation Rates
+ High School--Dual/Concurrent Enrollment
+ High School--Early Colleges/Middle Colleges
+ High School--Exit Exams
+ High School--GED (General Education Development)
+ High School--Graduation Requirements
+ High School--International Baccalaureate
+ Instructional Approaches--Grading Practices
+ Instructional Approaches--Homeschooling
+ Integrated Services/Full-Service Schools
+ Leadership
+ Leadership--District Superintendent
+ Leadership--District Superintendent--Compensation and Diversified Pay
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Certification and Licensure
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Compensation and Diversified Pay
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Evaluation and Effectiveness
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Induction Programs and Mentoring
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Preparation
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Preparation--Alternative
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Professional Development
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Tenure
+ Middle School
+ Minority/Diversity Issues
+ Minority/Diversity Issues--African American
+ Minority/Diversity Issues--American Indian / Alaska Native / Native Hawaiian
+ No Child Left Behind--Adequate Yearly Progress
+ No Child Left Behind--Assessment
+ No Child Left Behind--Consequences for Schools
+ No Child Left Behind--Report Cards
+ No Child Left Behind--School Support
+ No Child Left Behind--Supplemental Services
+ Online Learning--Digital/Blended Learning
+ Online Learning--Virtual Schools/Courses
- P-16 or P-20
AZIssued 12/2011P-12
Postsec.
Supercedes Executive Order 2009-10, which amended Arizona's P-20 Coordinating Council. Creates the "Arizona Ready" Education Council. Establishes membership. Provides the council will meet at least semi-annually to measure and track progress of established performance goals and outcome expectations for preschools, K-12 schools, community colleges and universities, and to provide a statewide forum for coordination and articulation of state-wide educational goals developed in the Arizona Education Reform Plan. Directs the council to use an online report card to review school performance and coordinate efforts to improve student achievement. Directs the council to provide recommendations to the governor, the governor's office of education innovation, and education policy-making boards on specific education reforms or activities needed to ensure the state reaches its education goals. Directs the council to focus on five strategies: (1) Implementation of new state education standards adopted in 2010; (2) Training and recruitment of teachers to implement new standards; (3) Implementation of internationally benchmarked assessments, replacing current version of AIMS; (4) Ensuring a high school diploma represents the ability to enter higher education without need for remediation; (5) Increasing postsecondary graduation rates, particularly in high-need subject areas. Requires that the status of the "Arizona Ready" Education Council be reviewed by December 31, 2014 to determine appropriate action for its continuation, modification or termination.
http://azgovernor.gov/AzReady/documents/AREC_EO2011-08.pdf
Title: Executive Order 2011-08
Source: azgovernor.gov

CASigned into law 10/2011P-12
Postsec.
From bill summary: Makes legislative declarations and findings. Requests the Regents of the University of California, subject to availability of funds in the annual Budget Act, the availability of federal or private funds, or any combination thereof, to establish and maintain the University of California Curriculum Integration Institute (UCCII) to be administered by the president of the University of California.

Provides the UCCII would facilitate statewide collaboration and innovation among secondary level teachers, faculty, and instructors from various disciplines from the University of California, the California State University, the California Community Colleges, private higher education institutions, and statewide career technical education associations in providing pupils with course content and experience within priority industry sectors among those identified in the California Career Technical Education Model Curriculum Standards as adopted by the state board of education. Provides the UCCII would also develop, disseminate and promote career-oriented, integrated academic and technical education courses that meet course requirements for admission to the University of California and the California State University, and align with high-priority industry sectors among those identified in the California Career Technical Education Model Curriculum Standards as adopted by the state board. Requires the president of the University of California to determine the priority among the industry sectors in consultation with, but not limited to, educators, industry leaders, representatives of organized labor and appropriate state entities. http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/pub/11-12/bill/sen/sb_0601-0650/sb_611_bill_20111008_chaptered.pdf
Title: S.B. 611
Source: www.leginfo.ca.gov

CASigned into law 10/2011P-12From bill summary: Existing law provides for the establishment and maintenance of subject matter projects by the Regents of the University of California with the approval of the Concurrence Committee. Existing law provides that these subject matter projects are to create opportunities for researchers, higher education faculty, and K-12 school faculty to work together to identify exemplary teaching practices, examine and develop research on learning, knowledge, and educational materials, and provide support to teachers to develop and enhance content knowledge and pedagogical skills. Existing law authorizes 6 topical subject matter projects. Existing law requires the Concurrence Committee to provide a final report to the governor and to appropriate policy and fiscal committees of the legislature by January 1, 2011, including specified information relating to the subject matter projects. New provisions add 2 areas of emphasis for the subject matter projects. The first provides teachers with instructional strategies for delivering career-oriented, integrated academic and technical content in a manner that is linked to high-priority industry sectors identified in the California Career Technical Education Model Curriculum Standards as adopted by the state board of education. The Concurrence Committee, in consultation with specified entities, determines the priority of industry sectors. The 2nd provides teachers with instructional strategies for ongoing collaboration on the delivery of career-oriented, integrated academic and technical content.

Enlarges the Concurrence Committee by adding a representative appointed by the superintendent of public instruction, and makes other changes. Repeals the requirement of the January 1, 2011 report and instead requires a report on or before January 1, 2016. This provision is inoperative on January 1, 2018. Adds the goal of providing teachers with support in the implementation of career-oriented, integrated academic and technical courses that meet course requirements for admission to the University of California and the California State University, and that align with high-priority industry sectors. New provisions add physical education, arts, and world language as topical subject matter areas. Existing law establishes a project advisory board within each subject matter project. New provisions make various changes to the board structure, including decreasing representation of specified groups, and adding a representative selected by the advisory board who is from an industry sector that principally utilizes the discipline addressed by the project. Existing law requires the project advisory board of each statewide subject matter project to use specified criteria in recommending funding for local project sites. New provisions add a criterion for local project sites that serve middle or high school teachers and require the project advisory board to give special consideration to sites that utilize or are preparing to utilize instructional strategies to deliver career-oriented, integrated academic and technical content.

Extends repeal date on the article relating to instructional strategies to January 1, 2018 (existing law repeals article on January 1, 2013). http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/pub/11-12/bill/sen/sb_0601-0650/sb_612_bill_20111008_chaptered.pdf
Title: S.B. 612
Source: www.leginfo.ca.gov

NVIssued 10/2011P-12Directs the P-16 council to discuss a strategy for conducting a review of existing data systems in the state and making recommendations for the design and implementation of a quality statewide longitudinal education data system tracking student and educator data from early learning through postsecondary. Requires that the recommendations address:
(1) Establishing a cross-agency governance structure with representatives holding decisionmaking authority
(2) Identifying resource needs in the areas of staffing, technology and funding
(3) Developing policies outlining issues related to data sharing, data storage, data updating, privacy protection, who will conduct analyses, etc.
(4) Creating a vision for the state's longitudinal data system to ensure it supports the state's education and workforce development needs
(5) Any necessary legislation to carry out the council's recommendations.

Requires quarterly reports to the governor, such that work on all assignments is completed by August 1, 2012.

http://gov.nv.gov/news/item/4294972270
Title: EO # 2011-17
Source: gov.nv.gov

DESigned into law 07/2011P-12Provides that the Department of Education may conduct audits and evaluations, including studies for improving instruction and complying with State and federal accountability measures; collect data to effectuate those activities; and promulgate regulations to govern the collection and use of educational records, including those in the longitudinal database. Also provides for the ability of other researchers to access the interagency database for approved research studies through defined processes through the oversight of the P-20 Council. Also expands the membership of the P-20 Council.
http://legis.delaware.gov/LIS/lis146.nsf/vwLegislation/HB+213/$file/legis.html?open
Title: H.B. 213
Source: http://legis.delaware.gov

OHSigned into law 06/2011P-12Establishes the Information Technology Service Fund. Provides that the fund consists of money received by the eTech Ohio commission pursuant to agreements with educational entities for the provision of IT services to support initiatives to align education from preschool through college, and any other money deposited into the fund by the commission. Provides the fund must be used to provide the services specified in the agreements, including implementation and maintenance of an electronic clearinghouse for student transcript transfers and development of the education data repository.
Pages 460-461 of 1000: http://www.legislature.state.oh.us/BillText129/129_HB_153_EN_part2.pdf
Title: H.B. 153 - Information Technology Service Fund
Source: www.legislature.state.oh.us

ORSigned into law 06/2011P-12
Postsec.
Establishes the Oregon Education Investment Board to oversee a unified public education system that begins with early childhood services and continues K-20. Identifies the duties of the board, including: (1) Ensuring that early childhood services are streamlined and connected to K-12 education; (2) Recommend strategic investments to ensure the public education budget is integrated and targeted to achieving education outcomes; and (3) Providing an integrated, statewide, student-based data system that monitors expenditures and outcomes to determine return on statewide education investments. Directs the Oregon Education Investment Board to appoint a chief education officer to serve at the pleasure of the board. Establishes the Oregon Education Investment Fund. Directs the board to submit a report to the interim legislative committees on education by December 15, 2011 to describe legislative measures to provide for any of 6 specified approaches.

Establishes the Early Learning Council to assist the board in overseeing a unified system of early childhood services, including the funding and administration of those services. Directs the board to conduct an analysis of plans to merge, redesign or improve the coordination of early childhood services and to align early childhood services with child-centered outcomes. Directs the council to establish a plan to implement early childhood services that could be implemented by June 30, 2012 to achieve specified goals.

Repeals these provisions effective March 15, 2016. Describes processes for the transfer on that date of records and property of the Chief Education Officer and Early Learning Council to the Chancellor of the Oregon University System and Superintendent of Public Instruction, respectively. http://www.leg.state.or.us/11reg/measures/sb0900.dir/sb0909.en.html
Title: S.B. 909
Source: http://www.leg.state.or.us

TXSigned into law 06/2011P-12Increases the membership of the P-16 Council to include 6, rather than 3, members who are co-chair appointees who are education professionals, agency representatives, business representatives, or other members of the community. http://www.capitol.state.tx.us/tlodocs/82R/billtext/pdf/HB02909F.pdf#navpanes=0
Title: H.B. 2909 - P-16 Council
Source: www.capitol.state.tx.us

TXSigned into law 06/2011P-12
Postsec.
Requires that the higher education coordinating board provide specified information in its public awareness campaign promoting higher education (previously, provision of the same information was proposed in statute but not mandated). Requires that the higher education coordinating board coordinate with the Texas Education Agency, the P-16 Council, and other appropriate entities, including regional P-16 councils and businesses, to implement the public awareness campaign. http://www.capitol.state.tx.us/tlodocs/82R/billtext/pdf/HB02909F.pdf#navpanes=0
Title: H.B. 2909 - Public Awareness Campaign Promoting Higher Education
Source: www.capitol.state.tx.us

COSigned into law 05/2011P-12
Postsec.
Community College
Creates the Task Force on Student Academic Success. The overall charge of the task force is to identify the junctures at which grade-level performance are critical to student progress and to ensuring they are college and career ready upon graduation. More specifically, the task force will examine best practices and strategies for providing intervention services in K-12 and postsecondary remedial education; review the use of individual student career and academic plans; and review social promotion practices and recommend alternative strategies to ensure students are making sufficient progress. The task force also will examine and recommend potential policy changes to ensure high school graduates can demonstrate postsecondary and workforce readiness, and to assist postsecondary institutions in providing remedial education.
http://www.leg.state.co.us/clics/clics2011a/csl.nsf/fsbillcont3/0216DB5B1A8D04D9872578250057DEF1?Open&file=111_enr.pdf
Title: S.B. 111
Source: http://www.leg.state.co.us

ILAdopted 05/2011P-12
Postsec.
Urges the members of the Illinois House of Representatives to resolve to work toward the 10 recommendations set by the College Board Advocacy and Policy Center pertaining to strengthening education in the United States.
Title: H.R. 321
Source:

OKSigned into law 05/2011P-12
Postsec.
Creates until November 1, 2011, the P-20 Council Task Force. The 9- member task force must study the feasibility, value and structure of a P-20 council or educational partnership that would assure a seamless system of education that maximizes achievements of all students form early childhood through elementary, secondary, post secondary and career technology education. Provides that the Secretary of Education, the State Superintendent of Public Instruction and the Chancellor of the Oklahoma State System of Higher Education serve as co-chairs of the task force and does not provide travel reimbursement for members of the task force.
http://webserver1.lsb.state.ok.us/cf/2011-12%20ENR/SB/SB206%20ENR.DOC
Title: S.B. 206
Source: http://webserver1.lsb.state.ok.us

COIssued 01/2011P-12
Postsec.
Creates the Governor's Education Leadership Council as the state's P-20 council, to be housed in the office of the Lieutenant Governor and chaired by the Lieutenant Governor. Establishes council membership. Provides that the council will provide a forum to discuss efforts intended to address:
--Improving school readiness
--Reducing dropout rates
--Easing transitions between systems and institutions
--Closing achievement gaps by race and income
--Reducing postsecondary remediation rates
--Increasing student retention and graduation rates
--Increasing the number of certificates and degrees awarded
--Removing barriers for entry into college and the performance of graduates.

http://www.colorado.gov/cs/Satellite?blobcol=urldata&blobheadername1=Content-Disposition&blobheadername2=Content-Type&blobheadervalue1=inline%3B+filename%3D%22Executive+Order+B-2010-010.pdf%22&blobheadervalue2=application%2Fpdf&blobkey=id&blobtable=MungoBlobs&blobwhere=1251683643718&ssbinary=true
Title: E.O. B 2010-010
Source: www.colorado.gov

+ P-3
+ P-3 Child Care
+ P-3 Content Standards and Assessment
+ P-3 Ensuring Quality
+ P-3 Finance
+ P-3 Governance
+ P-3 Grades 1-3
+ P-3 Health and Mental Health
+ P-3 Kindergarten
+ P-3 Kindergarten--Full-Day Kindergarten
+ P-3 Preschool
+ P-3 Special Ed./Inclusion
+ P-3 Teaching Quality/Professional Development
+ Parent/Family
+ Postsecondary
+ Postsecondary Accountability
+ Postsecondary Accountability--Accreditation
+ Postsecondary Accountability--Student Learning
+ Postsecondary Affordability
+ Postsecondary Affordability--Financial Aid
+ Postsecondary Affordability--Textbooks
+ Postsecondary Affordability--Tuition/Fees
+ Postsecondary Affordability--Tuition/Fees--Prepd/College Savings Plans
+ Postsecondary Affordability--Tuition/Fees--Undocumented Immigrants
+ Postsecondary Faculty
+ Postsecondary Faculty--Compensation
+ Postsecondary Faculty--Intellectual Property
+ Postsecondary Faculty--Tenure
+ Postsecondary Finance
+ Postsecondary Finance--Efficiency/Performance-Based Funding
+ Postsecondary Finance--Facilities
+ Postsecondary Finance--Revenue and Expenditures
+ Postsecondary Governance and Structures
+ Postsecondary Governance and Structures--Administrative/Leadership Issues
+ Postsecondary Governance and Structures--State Executives/State Agencies
+ Postsecondary Institutions
+ Postsecondary Institutions--Community/Technical Colleges
+ Postsecondary Institutions--For-Profit/Proprietary
+ Postsecondary Institutions--Four-Year Baccalaureate
+ Postsecondary Institutions--HBCUs/Minority-Serving Institutions
+ Postsecondary Institutions--Private/Independent
+ Postsecondary Online Instruction
+ Postsecondary Participation--Access
+ Postsecondary Participation--Admissions Requirements
+ Postsecondary Participation--Affirmative Action
+ Postsecondary Participation--Enrollments (Statistics)
+ Postsecondary Students
+ Postsecondary Students--Adults
+ Postsecondary Students--Disabled
+ Postsecondary Students--Foster Youth
+ Postsecondary Students--Graduate/Professional
+ Postsecondary Students--International
+ Postsecondary Students--Low-Income
+ Postsecondary Students--Military
+ Postsecondary Students--Minority
+ Postsecondary Success
+ Postsecondary Success--Completion
+ Postsecondary Success--Completion--Completion Rates (Statistics)
+ Postsecondary Success--Developmental/Remediation
+ Postsecondary Success--Retention/Persistence
+ Postsecondary Success--Transfer/Articulation
+ Private Schools
+ Privatization
+ Promising Practices
+ Promotion/Retention
+ Public Involvement
+ Reading/Literacy
+ Reading/Literacy--Adult Literacy
+ Religion
+ Rural
+ Scheduling/School Calendar
+ Scheduling/School Calendar--Day/Class Length
+ Scheduling/School Calendar--Extended Day Programs
+ Scheduling/School Calendar--Summer School
+ Scheduling/School Calendar--Week
+ Scheduling/School Calendar--Year
+ Scheduling/School Calendar--Year Round
+ School Climate/Culture
+ School Safety
+ School Safety--Bullying Prevention/Conflict Resolution
+ School Safety--Code of Conduct
+ School Safety--Corporal Punishment
+ School Safety--Disaster/Emergency Preparedness
+ School Safety--Expulsion/Suspension
+ School Safety--Sexual Harassment and Assault
+ School Safety--Special Education
+ School Safety--Uniforms/Dress Codes
+ School/District Structure/Operations
+ School/District Structure/Operations--District Consolidation/Deconsolidation
+ School/District Structure/Operations--District Size
+ School/District Structure/Operations--Facilities
+ School/District Structure/Operations--Food Service
+ School/District Structure/Operations--Libraries
+ School/District Structure/Operations--Personnel (Non-Teaching)
+ School/District Structure/Operations--School Size
+ School/District Structure/Operations--Shared Services
+ School/District Structure/Operations--Staffing Ratios
+ School/District Structure/Operations--Transportation
+ Service-Learning
+ Special Education
+ Special Education--Federal Law/Regulations
+ Special Education--Finance
+ Special Education--Placement
+ Special Education--Transition
+ Special Populations--Corrections Education
+ Special Populations--Foster Care
+ Special Populations--Gifted and Talented
+ Special Populations--Homeless Education
+ Special Populations--Immigrant Education
+ Special Populations--Migrant Education
+ Special Populations--Military
+ Standards
+ Standards--Common Core State Standards
+ State Longitudinal Data Systems
+ State Policymaking
+ State Policymaking--Task Forces/Commissions
+ STEM
+ Student Achievement
+ Student Supports
+ Student Supports--Counseling/Guidance
+ Student Supports--Mentoring/Tutoring
+ Student Supports--Remediation
+ Student Surveys
+ Students--Athletics/Extracurricular Activities
+ Students--Employment
+ Students--Incentives
+ Students--Records/Rights
+ Teaching Quality
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Alternative
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Assignment
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Highly Qualified Teachers
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Natl. Bd. for Prof. Teach. Stds.
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Special Education
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--State Prof. Standards Bds.
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Substitute Teachers
+ Teaching Quality--Compensation and Diversified Pay
+ Teaching Quality--Compensation and Diversified Pay--Pay-for-Performance
+ Teaching Quality--Compensation and Diversified Pay--Retirement/Benefits
+ Teaching Quality--Evaluation and Effectiveness
+ Teaching Quality--Induction Programs and Mentoring
+ Teaching Quality--Paraprofessionals
+ Teaching Quality--Preparation
+ Teaching Quality--Professional Development
+ Teaching Quality--Recruitment and Retention
+ Teaching Quality--Recruitment and Retention--At-Risk Schools
+ Teaching Quality--Recruitment and Retention--High-Needs Subjects
+ Teaching Quality--Reduction in Force
+ Teaching Quality--Teacher Attitudes
+ Teaching Quality--Teacher Rights
+ Teaching Quality--Tenure or Continuing Contract
+ Teaching Quality--Unions/Collective Bargaining
+ Teaching Quality--Unions/Collective Bargaining--Strikes
+ Technology
+ Technology--Devices/Software/Hardware
+ Technology--Equitable Access
+ Technology--Funding Issues
+ Technology--Teacher/Faculty Training
+ Textbooks and Open Source
+ Urban--Change/Improvements