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From the ECS State Policy Database 2011 State Policies / Activities

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Education Commission of the States • 700 Broadway, Suite 810 • Denver, CO 80203-3442 • 303.299.3600 • fax 303.296.8332 • www.ecs.org

The following summary includes policies enacted in 2011. This database is made possible by your state's fiscal support of the Education Commission of the States (ECS). Most entries are legislative, although rules/regulations and executive orders that make substantive changes are included. Every effort is made to collect the latest available version of policies; in some instances, recent changes might not be reflected. For expediency purposes minimal attention has been paid to style (capitalization, punctuation) and format. To view the documents, click on the blue triangle next to the topic of interest. To view all, press the button located at the top labeled "Expand All." Please cite use of the database as: Education Commission of the States (ECS) State Policy Database, retrieved [date]. State Status/Date Level Summary 21st Century Skills Accountability Accountability--Accreditation Accountability--Measures/Indicators Accountability--Reporting Results Accountability--Rewards Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions--No Pass No Play Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions--Takeovers Accountability--School Improvement Adult Basic Education Assessment Assessment--Accommodations Assessment--College Entrance Exams Assessment--Computer Based Assessment--End-of-Course Assessment--Formative/Interim At-Risk (incl. Dropout Prevention) At-Risk (incl. Dropout Prevention)--Alternative Education At-Risk (incl. Dropout Prevention)--Drugs/Alcohol Attendance Attendance--Compulsory Attendance--Truancy Background Checks Bilingual/ESL Business Involvement Career/Technical Education Career/Technical Education--Career Academies/Apprenticeship Choice of Schools--Charter Schools Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Charter Districts Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Closings Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Cyber Charters Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Finance Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Research Choice of Schools--Choice/Open Enrollment Choice of Schools--Innovation Schools Choice of Schools--Magnet or Specialized Schools Choice of Schools--Tax Credits Choice of Schools--Vouchers Choice of Schools--Vouchers--Privately Funded Civic Education Civic Education--Character Education Civic Education--Civic Knowledge and Literacy Civic Education--Pledge of Allegiance Class Size Curriculum Curriculum--Arts Education Curriculum--Drivers Education Curriculum--Financial Literacy/Economics Ed. Curriculum--Foreign Language/Sign Language Curriculum--Health/Nutrition Education Curriculum--Language Arts Curriculum--Mathematics Curriculum--Physical Education Curriculum--Science Curriculum--Sex Education Curriculum--Social Studies/History Data-Driven Improvement Demographics--Enrollments Desegregation Economic/Workforce Development Equity Federal Finance Finance--Adequacy/Core Cost Finance--Aid to Private Schools Finance--Bonds Finance--District Finance--Facilities Finance--Federal Finance--Funding Formulas Finance--Local Foundations/Funds Finance--Lotteries Finance--Performance Funding Finance--Private Giving Finance--Resource Efficiency Finance--State Budgets/Expenditures Finance--Student Fees Finance--Taxes/Revenues Finance--Taxes/Revenues--Alternative Revenues Governance Governance--Deregulation/Waivers/Home Rule Governance--Ethics/Conflict of Interest Governance--Mandates Governance--School Boards Governance--School Boards--Training Governance--Site-Based Management Governance--State Boards/Chiefs/Agencies Health Health--Child Abuse Health--Mental Health Health--Nutrition Health--School Based Clinics or School Nurses Health--Suicide Prevention High School High School--Advanced Placement High School--College Readiness High School--Dropout Rates/Graduation Rates High School--Dual/Concurrent Enrollment High School--Early Colleges/Middle Colleges High School--Exit Exams High School--GED (General Education Development) High School--Graduation Requirements High School--International Baccalaureate Instructional Approaches--Grading Practices Instructional Approaches--Homeschooling Integrated Services/Full-Service Schools Leadership Leadership--District Superintendent Leadership--District Superintendent--Compensation and Diversified Pay Leadership--Principal/School Leadership Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Certification and Licensure Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Compensation and Diversified Pay Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Evaluation and Effectiveness Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Induction Programs and Mentoring Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Preparation Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Preparation--Alternative Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Professional Development Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Tenure Middle School Minority/Diversity Issues Minority/Diversity Issues--African American Minority/Diversity Issues--American Indian / Alaska Native / Native Hawaiian No Child Left Behind--Adequate Yearly Progress No Child Left Behind--Assessment No Child Left Behind--Consequences for Schools No Child Left Behind--Report Cards No Child Left Behind--School Support No Child Left Behind--Supplemental Services Online Learning--Digital/Blended Learning Online Learning--Virtual Schools/Courses P-16 or P-20 P-3 P-3 Child Care P-3 Content Standards and Assessment P-3 Ensuring Quality P-3 Finance P-3 Governance P-3 Grades 1-3 P-3 Health and Mental Health P-3 Kindergarten P-3 Kindergarten--Full-Day Kindergarten P-3 Preschool P-3 Special Ed./Inclusion P-3 Teaching Quality/Professional Development Parent/Family Postsecondary Postsecondary Accountability Postsecondary Accountability--Accreditation Postsecondary Accountability--Student Learning Postsecondary Affordability Postsecondary Affordability--Financial Aid CA Vetoed 10/2011 Community College Postsec. Pilot to Increase Participation in State and Federal Financial Aid A.B. 91 Directs the Office of the Chancellor of the California Community Colleges to establish a voluntary pilot program on up to 10 community colle... More... CA Signed into law 10/2011 Postsec. Financial Aid, Student Fees for Undocumented Immigrants A.B. 131 From bill summary: Existing law requires that a student, other than a nonimmigrant alien, who has attended high school in California for 3 o... More... CA Signed into law 10/2011 Postsec. Occupational and Technical Training S.B. 451 From bill summary: Requires the Student Aid Commission to develop, and regularly review and update at least every 5 years, the areas of occu... More... IL Signed into law 08/2011 Postsec. Diversity in Engineering Scholarship Program H.B. 1256 Creates the Diversity in Engineering Scholarship Program. Defines ''targeted group member" as a person belonging to a class of race, color o... More... IL Signed into law 08/2011 Postsec. Institutional Tuition Waiver Limitation Pilot S.B. 1798 Directs the board of higher education, in formulating the annual budget request, to consider undergraduate tuition and fee waiver programs (... More... CA Signed into law 07/2011 Postsec. California Dream Act of 2011 A.B. 130 Enacts the California Dream Act of 2011. Provides that on or after January 1, 2012, a student, other than a nonimmigrant alien, who is exemp... More... MN Signed into law 07/2011 P-12 Postsec. Early Graduation H.F. 26 Redirects early graduation savings from a school district to the early graduation achievement scholarship program for participating students... More... NH Became law without governor's signature 07/2011 Postsec. Changes to Granite Scholarship Specifications S.B. 45 Changes the criteria relating to the required score on the Scholastic Aptitude Test or other nationally recognized and norm referenced asses... More... TX Signed into law 07/2011 Postsec. Texas Guaranteed Student Loan Corporation's Board S.B. 1 Reduces the membership of the Texas Guaranteed Student Loan Corporation's board from 11 to 9 members. Makes all members gubernatorial apoint... More... CA Signed into law 06/2011 Postsec. Cal Grant Institutional Eligibility A.B. 114 - Cal Grant Institutional Eligibility From bill summary: Specifies that, effective with the 2012-13 academic year, an institution with a 3-year cohort default rate that is equal ... More... LA Signed into law 06/2011 Postsec. College Scholarship Requirements H.B. 589 Revises high school core curriculum requirements for students to be eligible for Taylor Opportunity Program for Students awards. http://www... More... MO Signed into law 06/2011 Postsec. Student Financial Assistance H.B. 223 Repeals sections 335.036, 335.200, 335.203, 335.206, and 335.209 of the Revised Statutes of Missouri. Enact four new sections relating to hi... More... OH Signed into law 06/2011 Postsec. Choose Ohio First Scholarship Program H.B. 153 - Choose Ohio First Scholarship Program Existing policy directs the chancellor of the board of regents to encourage state universities and colleges to submit proposals under the ch... More... OH Signed into law 06/2011 Postsec. National Guard Scholarship Program H.B. 153 - National Guard Scholarship Program Amends various provisions related to the Ohio National Guard Scholarship Program. Makes students at private institutions of higher education... More... OR Signed into law 06/2011 Postsec. Scholarship H.B. 2221 Creates new provisions for the Oregon Roadmap to Language Excellence Scholarship of up to $2,000 to a qualified student who has shown measur... More... TN Signed into law 06/2011 Postsec. Potential Extension of 5-Year Limitation on Scholarship for Students with Medical Disabilities S.B. 2008 Authorizes a student who has a documented medical disability that restricts the student's attendance to part-time to petition for an extensi... More... TN Signed into law 06/2011 Postsec. Student Membership on Financial Aid Governing Body S.B. 77 Changes the number and qualifications of students, the selection process, and term length for appointment to the board of the Tennessee stud... More... TN Signed into law 06/2011 Postsec. Amends Hope Scholarship H.B. 2010 Enables students who first received the Tennessee HOPE scholarship, HOPE access grant or HOPE scholarship for nontraditional students in the... More... TX Signed into law 06/2011 P-12 Postsec. Instruction in Financial Literacy and Paying for College H.B. 34 Requires that the Texas essential knowledge and skills related to personal financial literacy include instruction in methods of paying for c... More... TX Signed into law 06/2011 Postsec. Tuition Equalization Grants H.B. 2907 Clarifies that a student may receive an athletic scholarship if not receiving a tuition equalization grant. Requires a student to be making ... More... TX Signed into law 06/2011 Postsec. Alternative Education Loans H.B. 2911 Adds references to alternative education loans to passage about guaranteed student loans. http://www.capitol.state.tx.us/tlodocs/82R/billtex... More... TX Signed into law 06/2011 Postsec. Ineligibility to Receive Two Grants for Same Semester H.B. 3577 Provides that an individual may not receive a Texas Educational Opportunity Grant and a TEXAS Grant for the same semester, regardless of whe... More... TX Signed into law 06/2011 Postsec. Emergency Loan Programs H.B. 3578 Clarifies that public institution of higher education emergency loan programs may cover textbook costs. http://www.capitol.state.tx.us/tlodo... More... TX Signed into law 06/2011 Postsec. TEXAS Grants S.B. 28 Directs the higher education coordinating board to annually determine the allocation of money available for TEXAS grants among general acade... More... TX Signed into law 06/2011 Postsec. Tuition, Fee Exemptions and Waivers S.B. 32 Consolidates related higher education programs governing tuition, fee exemptions and waivers respective to specific target populations. http... More... TX Vetoed 06/2011 Postsec. Texas Guaranteed Student Loan Corporation S.B. 40 Extends authority of Texas Guaranteed Student Loan Corporation to permit corporation to administer student financial aid programs and other ... More... TX Signed into law 06/2011 Postsec. Undergraduate Tuition Rebates S.B. 176 Excludes course credit earned before graduating from high school from credit totals used to determine student eligibility for an undergradua... More... TX Signed into law 06/2011 Postsec. Uniform Priority Application Deadline for Student Financial Assistance S.B. 851 Directs the higher education coordinating board to provide for a uniform priority application deadline for student financial assistance for ... More... TX Signed into law 06/2011 Community College Postsec. T-STEM Challenge Scholarship Program H.B. 2910 - T-STEM Challenge Scholarship Program Establishes the Texas Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (T-STEM) Challenge Scholarship program. Establishes initial and cont... More... TX Signed into law 06/2011 Postsec. Early High School Graduation Scholarship H.B. 3708 - Early High School Graduation Scholarship From fiscal analysis: Specifies that awards under the Early High School Graduation Scholarship program be paid from funds appropriated for t... More... TX Signed into law 06/2011 P-12 Postsec. Postsecondary Tuition and Fee Exemptions for Military Personnel, Veterans and Dependents S.B. 639 Specifies that military personnel, veterans or dependents seeking the tuition exemption must be currently residing in the state, effective w... More... FL Signed into law 05/2011 P-12 Postsec. Repeals Various Obsolete Education Provisions H.B. 7087 Repeals provisions relating to programs that were never implemented or are no longer funded. The programs are: Digital Divide Council and th... More... FL Signed into law 05/2011 Postsec. Postsecondary Education Funding S.B. 2150 From Legislative Budget Committee Summary: Coenrollment in Public Schools and Adult Education Programs Prohibits funding for coenrollment... More... IL Adopted 05/2011 Postsec. Resolution re: Faculty Furloughs and Tuition Waiver Programs H.R. 326 Urges Governor Pat Quinn, the Board of Higher Education, and all public universities in the state to do all that is in their power to preven... More... IN Signed into law 05/2011 Postsec. Financial Aid S.B. 577 Names certain private colleges that qualify as approved postsecondary educational institutions. Specifies that students with associate degre... More... IN Signed into law 05/2011 P-12 Postsec. Mitch Daniels Early Graduation Scholarship H.B. 1001--Early Graduation Scholarship Provides a Mitch Daniels Early Graduation Scholarship to a student who graduates from high school before Grade 12. It provides that the amou... More... MD Signed into law 05/2011 Postsec. Task Force on Funding a Green Technology, Life Science, & Health Information Technology Loan Assistance Repayment Program H.B. 758 Establishes the Task Force on Funding a Green Technology, Life Science, and Health Information Technology Loan Assistance Repayment Program.... More... NC Signed into law 05/2011 Postsec. Forgivable Loans for Service S.B. 137 Provides financial assistance in the form of forgivable loans for service to qualified students who are committed to working in the state in... More... ND Signed into law 05/2011 P-12 Postsec. Scholarships - CTE and Academic S.B. 2150 - Multiple Provisions For Career and Technical Scholarship, and Academic Scholarship, adds sign language as a choice for scholarship coursework and replaces B ave... More... OK Signed into law 05/2011 Postsec. Community College Amends Oklahoma Higher Learning Access Act H.B. 1343 Allows a student to participate in the Oklahoma Higher Learning Access Program and qualify for an award equivalent to resident tuition if th... More... WA Partial veto 05/2011 Postsec. Governance S.B. 5182 Establishes the office of student financial assistance and the council for higher education by eliminating the higher education coordinating... More... HI Signed into law 04/2011 Postsec. Private Originator of Student Loans S.B. 675 Repeals state authorization to allow a private not-for-profit corporation to acquire student loan notes. http://www.capitol.hawaii.gov/sessi... More... IA Signed into law 04/2011 Postsec. Financial Aid Reporting S.F. 122 Relates to the College Student Aid Commission. Ensure that students receiving state-funded scholarships and grants are attending institution... More... MD Signed into law 04/2011 Postsec. Alters Age Foster Care Recipients are Exempt from Specified Tuition H.B. 1208 Alters from 21 to 25 the age before which foster care recipients must be enrolled at public institutions of higher education to be exempt fr... More... ND Signed into law 04/2011 Postsec. Eligibility for H.B. 1154 Makes the North Dakota academic scholarships and the North Dakota career ad technical education scholarships available to any eligible resid... More... ND Passed 04/2011 Postsec. Community College Study Use of Specialized Companies to Manage Finance Aid/Refunds and Offers of Banking Services S.C.R. 4026 A concurrent resolution directing the Legislative Management to study the use of specialized companies to manage student financial aid refun... More... OK Signed into law 04/2011 Postsec. Eligibility for Financial Awards H.B. 1421 Adds the requirement that students -- to be eligible to participate in the Oklahoma Higher Learning Access Program -- maintain satisfactory ... More... WA Signed into law 04/2011 Postsec. Administrative Consistency in Certain Student Financial Aid Programs. H.B. 1424 Addresses administrative consistency in conditional scholarship and loan repayment student financial aid programs. http://apps.leg.wa.gov/do... More... AR Signed into law 03/2011 Postsec. Community College Arkansas Scholarship Lottery Act H.B. 1302 Amends the Arkansas Scholarship Lottery Act, amends provisions concerning criminal penalties for lottery fraud and scholarship stacking. htt... More... AR Signed into law 03/2011 Postsec. Community College Arkansas Student Loan Authority. H.B. 1489 Clarifies the purposes, duties and operation of the Arkansas Student Loan Authority. Defines loans and students. Authorizes authority to ado... More... AR Signed into law 03/2011 Postsec. Academic Challenge Scholarship Priority H.B. 1821 Gives priority for an Arkansas Academic Challenge Scholarship to a student whose parent was a member of the U.S. Armed Forces and was killed... More... AR Signed into law 03/2011 Postsec. Community College Distribution of Academic Challenge Scholarship H.B. 1937 Directs the Department of Higher Education, the Department of Education, and the Bureau of Legislative Research jointly to conduct a study o... More... CA Signed into law 03/2011 Postsec. State Financial Aid Programs S.B. 70 - Sec. 69432.7, 69432.9, 69433.2, 69433.6 Makes amendments to the Cal Grant A and B Entitlement Awards, the California Community College Transfer Cal Grant Entitlement Awards, the Co... More... GA Signed into law 03/2011 Postsec. HOPE Scholarship and Other Financial Aid H.B. 326 Amends the method by which the amount of the HOPE scholarship is calculated. Additionally specifies that remedial or developmental courses m... More... ID Signed into law 03/2011 P-12 Postsec. Mastery Advancement Pilot Program H.B. 78 Amends existing law on the Mastery Advancement Pilot Program (MAPP), which provides students with the opportunity and incentive to move more... More... NY Signed into law 03/2011 Postsec. Tuition Assistance Program Awards S.B. 2808 - Part E, F, G, H, I, J, Z Part E: Amends language related to tuition assistance program awards. Permits a $4,000 award to students for each year of undergraduate stud... More... SD Signed into law 03/2011 Postsec. Postsecondary Jump Start Scholarship Program H.B. 1175 Establishs the jump start scholarship program to be administered by the Board of Regents. The purpose of the program is to allow a student w... More... UT Signed into law 03/2011 Postsec. Tuition Waiver for Dependents of a Deceased Military Member H.B. 335 Defines "qualified deceased military member" for purposes of the undergraduate tuition waiver for dependents of a qualified deceased militar... More... WA Signed into law 03/2011 Postsec. Creating the Aerospace Training Student Loan Program H.B. 1846 Creates the aerospace training student loan program which will be administered by the higher education coordinating board. Creates the aeros... More... WY Signed into law 03/2011 Postsec. Hathaway Success Curriculum H.B. 13 Modifies the curriculum requirements of the Hathaway success curriculum for students graduating from high schoolin the 2010-2011 school year... More... WY Signed into law 03/2011 Postsec. WICHE Company H.B. 103 Relates to the Western Regional Higher Education Compact; imposing a repayment provision on specified students; defining the requirements of... More... WY Signed into law 03/2011 Community College Postsec. Hathaway Scholarship for Community Colleges S.F. 101 Extends Hathaway scholarship eligibility for students attending a community college in Wyoming. Increases the semesters of Hathaway Scholars... More... UT Signed into law 02/2011 Postsec. Success Stipend Program and Cesar Chavez Scholarship Program S.B. 107 Repeals Cesar Chavez Scholarship Program. Replaces the "Utah Centennial Opportunity Program for Education" with the "Success Stipend Program... More... AL Adopted 01/2011 Postsec. Student Grant Program AL ADC 300-4-3-.01 The new rule is intended to provide administrative procedures as regards the Alabama Student Grant Program administered by the Alabama Commi... More... IL Signed into law 01/2011 P-12 Postsec. Cooperation with Task Force on Private Student Loans S.B. 647 2010 legislation has created the Task Force on Private Student Loans (see http://www.ilga.gov/legislation/publicacts/96/PDF/096-0880.pdf). T... More... Postsecondary Affordability--Textbooks Postsecondary Affordability--Tuition/Fees Postsecondary Affordability--Tuition/Fees--Prepd/College Savings Plans Postsecondary Affordability--Tuition/Fees--Undocumented Immigrants Postsecondary Faculty Postsecondary Faculty--Compensation Postsecondary Faculty--Intellectual Property Postsecondary Faculty--Tenure Postsecondary Finance Postsecondary Finance--Efficiency/Performance-Based Funding Postsecondary Finance--Facilities Postsecondary Finance--Revenue and Expenditures Postsecondary Governance and Structures Postsecondary Governance and Structures--Administrative/Leadership Issues Postsecondary Governance and Structures--State Executives/State Agencies Postsecondary Institutions Postsecondary Institutions--Community/Technical Colleges Postsecondary Institutions--For-Profit/Proprietary Postsecondary Institutions--Four-Year Baccalaureate Postsecondary Institutions--HBCUs/Minority-Serving Institutions Postsecondary Institutions--Private/Independent Postsecondary Online Instruction Postsecondary Participation--Access Postsecondary Participation--Admissions Requirements Postsecondary Participation--Affirmative Action Postsecondary Participation--Enrollments (Statistics) Postsecondary Students Postsecondary Students--Adults Postsecondary Students--Disabled Postsecondary Students--Foster Youth Postsecondary Students--Graduate/Professional Postsecondary Students--International Postsecondary Students--Low-Income Postsecondary Students--Military Postsecondary Students--Minority Postsecondary Success Postsecondary Success--Completion Postsecondary Success--Completion--Completion Rates (Statistics) Postsecondary Success--Developmental/Remediation Postsecondary Success--Retention/Persistence Postsecondary Success--Transfer/Articulation Private Schools Privatization Promising Practices Promotion/Retention Public Involvement Reading/Literacy Reading/Literacy--Adult Literacy Religion Rural Scheduling/School Calendar Scheduling/School Calendar--Day/Class Length Scheduling/School Calendar--Extended Day Programs Scheduling/School Calendar--Summer School Scheduling/School Calendar--Week Scheduling/School Calendar--Year Scheduling/School Calendar--Year Round School Climate/Culture School Safety School Safety--Bullying Prevention/Conflict Resolution School Safety--Code of Conduct School Safety--Corporal Punishment School Safety--Disaster/Emergency Preparedness School Safety--Expulsion/Suspension School Safety--Sexual Harassment and Assault School Safety--Special Education School Safety--Uniforms/Dress Codes School/District Structure/Operations School/District Structure/Operations--District Consolidation/Deconsolidation School/District Structure/Operations--District Size School/District Structure/Operations--Facilities School/District Structure/Operations--Food Service School/District Structure/Operations--Libraries School/District Structure/Operations--Personnel (Non-Teaching) School/District Structure/Operations--School Size School/District Structure/Operations--Shared Services School/District Structure/Operations--Staffing Ratios School/District Structure/Operations--Transportation Service-Learning Special Education Special Education--Federal Law/Regulations Special Education--Finance Special Education--Placement Special Education--Transition Special Populations--Corrections Education Special Populations--Foster Care Special Populations--Gifted and Talented Special Populations--Homeless Education Special Populations--Immigrant Education Special Populations--Migrant Education Special Populations--Military Standards Standards--Common Core State Standards State Longitudinal Data Systems State Policymaking State Policymaking--Task Forces/Commissions STEM Student Achievement Student Supports--Counseling/Guidance Student Supports--Mentoring/Tutoring Student Supports--Remediation Student Surveys Students--Athletics/Extracurricular Activities Students--Employment Students--Incentives Students--Records/Rights Teaching Quality Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Alternative Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Assignment Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Highly Qualified Teachers Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Natl. Bd. for Prof. Teach. Stds. Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Special Education Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--State Prof. Standards Bds. Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Substitute Teachers Teaching Quality--Compensation and Diversified Pay Teaching Quality--Compensation and Diversified Pay--Pay-for-Performance Teaching Quality--Compensation and Diversified Pay--Retirement/Benefits Teaching Quality--Evaluation and Effectiveness Teaching Quality--Induction Programs and Mentoring Teaching Quality--Paraprofessionals Teaching Quality--Preparation Teaching Quality--Professional Development Teaching Quality--Recruitment and Retention Teaching Quality--Recruitment and Retention--At-Risk Schools Teaching Quality--Recruitment and Retention--High-Needs Subjects Teaching Quality--Reduction in Force Teaching Quality--Teacher Attitudes Teaching Quality--Teacher Rights Teaching Quality--Tenure or Continuing Contract Teaching Quality--Unions/Collective Bargaining Teaching Quality--Unions/Collective Bargaining--Strikes Technology Technology--Devices/Software/Hardware Technology--Equitable Access Technology--Funding Issues Technology--Teacher/Faculty Training Textbooks and Open Source Urban--Change/Improvements