ECS
From the ECS State Policy Database
2011 State Policies / Activities

Education Commission of the States • 700 Broadway, Suite 810 • Denver, CO 80203-3442 • 303.299.3600 • fax 303.296.8332 • www.ecs.org

The following summary includes policies enacted in 2011. This database is made possible by your state's fiscal support of the Education Commission of the States (ECS). Most entries are legislative, although rules/regulations and executive orders that make substantive changes are included. Every effort is made to collect the latest available version of policies; in some instances, recent changes might not be reflected. For expediency purposes minimal attention has been paid to style (capitalization, punctuation) and format. To view the documents, click on the blue triangle next to the topic of interest. To view all, press the button located at the top labeled "Expand All."

Please cite use of the database as: Education Commission of the States (ECS) State Policy Database, retrieved [date].

State Status/Date Level Summary
+ 21st Century Skills
+ Accountability
+ Accountability--Accreditation
+ Accountability--Measures/Indicators
+ Accountability--Reporting Results
+ Accountability--Rewards
+ Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions
+ Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions--No Pass No Play
+ Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions--Takeovers
+ Accountability--School Improvement
+ Adult Basic Education
+ Assessment
+ Assessment--Accommodations
+ Assessment--College Entrance Exams
+ Assessment--Computer Based
+ Assessment--End-of-Course
+ Assessment--Formative/Interim
+ At-Risk (incl. Dropout Prevention)
+ At-Risk (incl. Dropout Prevention)--Alternative Education
+ At-Risk (incl. Dropout Prevention)--Drugs/Alcohol
+ Attendance
+ Attendance--Compulsory
+ Attendance--Truancy
+ Background Checks
+ Bilingual/ESL
+ Business Involvement
+ Career/Technical Education
+ Career/Technical Education--Career Academies/Apprenticeship
+ Choice of Schools--Charter Schools
+ Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Charter Districts
+ Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Closings
+ Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Cyber Charters
+ Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Finance
+ Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Research
+ Choice of Schools--Choice/Open Enrollment
+ Choice of Schools--Innovation Schools
+ Choice of Schools--Magnet or Specialized Schools
+ Choice of Schools--Tax Credits
+ Choice of Schools--Vouchers
+ Choice of Schools--Vouchers--Privately Funded
+ Civic Education
+ Civic Education--Character Education
+ Civic Education--Civic Knowledge and Literacy
+ Civic Education--Pledge of Allegiance
+ Class Size
+ Curriculum
+ Curriculum--Arts Education
+ Curriculum--Drivers Education
+ Curriculum--Financial Literacy/Economics Ed.
+ Curriculum--Foreign Language/Sign Language
+ Curriculum--Health/Nutrition Education
+ Curriculum--Language Arts
+ Curriculum--Mathematics
+ Curriculum--Physical Education
+ Curriculum--Science
+ Curriculum--Sex Education
+ Curriculum--Social Studies/History
+ Data-Driven Improvement
+ Demographics--Enrollments
+ Desegregation
+ Economic/Workforce Development
+ Equity
+ Federal
+ Finance
+ Finance--Adequacy/Core Cost
+ Finance--Aid to Private Schools
+ Finance--Bonds
+ Finance--District
+ Finance--Facilities
+ Finance--Federal
+ Finance--Funding Formulas
+ Finance--Local Foundations/Funds
+ Finance--Lotteries
+ Finance--Performance Funding
+ Finance--Private Giving
+ Finance--Resource Efficiency
+ Finance--State Budgets/Expenditures
+ Finance--Student Fees
+ Finance--Taxes/Revenues
+ Finance--Taxes/Revenues--Alternative Revenues
+ Governance
+ Governance--Deregulation/Waivers/Home Rule
+ Governance--Ethics/Conflict of Interest
+ Governance--Mandates
+ Governance--School Boards
+ Governance--School Boards--Training
+ Governance--Site-Based Management
+ Governance--State Boards/Chiefs/Agencies
+ Health
+ Health--Child Abuse
+ Health--Mental Health
+ Health--Nutrition
+ Health--School Based Clinics or School Nurses
+ Health--Suicide Prevention
+ High School
+ High School--Advanced Placement
+ High School--College Readiness
+ High School--Dropout Rates/Graduation Rates
+ High School--Dual/Concurrent Enrollment
+ High School--Early Colleges/Middle Colleges
+ High School--Exit Exams
+ High School--GED (General Education Development)
+ High School--Graduation Requirements
+ High School--International Baccalaureate
+ Instructional Approaches--Grading Practices
+ Instructional Approaches--Homeschooling
+ Integrated Services/Full-Service Schools
+ Leadership
+ Leadership--District Superintendent
+ Leadership--District Superintendent--Compensation and Diversified Pay
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Certification and Licensure
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Compensation and Diversified Pay
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Evaluation and Effectiveness
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Induction Programs and Mentoring
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Preparation
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Preparation--Alternative
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Professional Development
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Tenure
+ Middle School
+ Minority/Diversity Issues
+ Minority/Diversity Issues--African American
+ Minority/Diversity Issues--American Indian / Alaska Native / Native Hawaiian
+ No Child Left Behind--Adequate Yearly Progress
+ No Child Left Behind--Assessment
+ No Child Left Behind--Consequences for Schools
+ No Child Left Behind--Report Cards
+ No Child Left Behind--School Support
+ No Child Left Behind--Supplemental Services
+ Online Learning--Digital/Blended Learning
+ Online Learning--Virtual Schools/Courses
+ P-16 or P-20
+ P-3
+ P-3 Child Care
+ P-3 Content Standards and Assessment
+ P-3 Ensuring Quality
+ P-3 Finance
+ P-3 Governance
+ P-3 Grades 1-3
+ P-3 Health and Mental Health
+ P-3 Kindergarten
+ P-3 Kindergarten--Full-Day Kindergarten
+ P-3 Preschool
+ P-3 Special Ed./Inclusion
+ P-3 Teaching Quality/Professional Development
+ Parent/Family
+ Postsecondary
+ Postsecondary Accountability
+ Postsecondary Accountability--Accreditation
+ Postsecondary Accountability--Student Learning
+ Postsecondary Affordability
+ Postsecondary Affordability--Financial Aid
+ Postsecondary Affordability--Textbooks
+ Postsecondary Affordability--Tuition/Fees
+ Postsecondary Affordability--Tuition/Fees--Prepd/College Savings Plans
+ Postsecondary Affordability--Tuition/Fees--Undocumented Immigrants
+ Postsecondary Faculty
+ Postsecondary Faculty--Compensation
+ Postsecondary Faculty--Intellectual Property
+ Postsecondary Faculty--Tenure
+ Postsecondary Finance
+ Postsecondary Finance--Efficiency/Performance-Based Funding
+ Postsecondary Finance--Facilities
+ Postsecondary Finance--Revenue and Expenditures
+ Postsecondary Governance and Structures
+ Postsecondary Governance and Structures--Administrative/Leadership Issues
+ Postsecondary Governance and Structures--State Executives/State Agencies
+ Postsecondary Institutions
+ Postsecondary Institutions--Community/Technical Colleges
- Postsecondary Institutions--For-Profit/Proprietary
ILSigned into law 12/2011Postsec.Repeals the Private Business and Vocational Schools Act. Enacts the Private Business and Vocational Schools Act of 2012. Provides that certificates of approval granted by the state board of education under the Private Business and Vocational Schools Act repealed by this Act must remain valid through June 30, 2012. Establishes definitions. Requires an entity to obtain a permit of approval from the board of higher education ("board") prior to operating a private business and vocational school; provides exceptions. Requires a school to apply for a new permit for each location of a school operating in multiple locations, and whenever a change of ownership of a school occurs. Also requires application to the board for any change of location and for a classroom extension at a new or changed location. Specifies that issuance of the permit of approval by the board does not denote that the school or any program offered by the school is recommended, guaranteed or endorsed by the board or that the board is responsible for the quality of the school or its programs; prohibits a school from communicating this to be the case. Provides the board in approving schools does not make a guarantee of the employability of school graduates, and prohibits a school from communicating such information.

Permits a certificate to be awarded only by a private business and vocational school approved by the board to award such a certificate or by an institution approved by the board under the authority of the Private College Act, the Academic Degree Act, or the Board of Higher Education Act. Prohibits a private business and vocational school from being authorized to award a certificate or being approved as a certificate-granting institution unless it provides documentation to the board that it satisfies the criteria for approval. Provides that certain types of schools, including schools with no physical presence in the state, are not considered to be a private business and vocational school. Provides criteria to determine whether a school has a physical presence in the state.

Establishes some but not necessarily all of the criteria for approval of institutions and the programs offered under the Act; requires each entity seeking a permit of approval to demonstrate that it satisfies institution-approval criteria and that each program of study offered meets the program-approval criteria in this Act and any applicable rules. Includes among the approval criteria that institutions clearly demonstrate how a student's completion of the program of study satisfies employment requirements in the occupational field, and requires such information to be clearly and accurately provided to students. If licensure, certification or their equivalent is required of program graduates to enter the field of employment, requires the institution to clearly demonstrate that completion of the program will allow students to achieve this status. Also includes among approval criteria that tuition/fees and any other expense charged by the school be appropriate to the expected income that will be earned by graduates. Prohibits a school from having a tuition policy or enrollment agreement that requires a student to register for more than a single period of enrollment (i.e., semester, quarter, etc.) as a condition of the enrollment; also prohibits a school from charging a student for multiple periods of enrollment prior to completion of the single period of enrollment. Requires legal action against the institution, its parent company, owners, governing board or board members to be provided to the board and permits such action to be considered as a reason for denial or revocation of the permit of approval. Requires schools to clearly and conspicuously make specified disclosures on student admissions, transfers, completions, withdrawals and graduate success (including employment-in-field and starting salaries) on the school Web site, and for such information to relate to the most recent July 1-June 30 reporting period. Also requires the disclosure section to include the language "COMPLAINTS AGAINST THIS SCHOOL MAY BE REGISTERED WITH THE BOARD OF HIGHER EDUCATION", along with board contact information.

Requires each school to provide a copy of its enrollment agreement to the board, and directs the board to develop a standard enrollment agreement for use by schools that have been approved or are seeking approval. Requires that students be given a copy of the enrollment agreement when the student signs that agreement and at the time of the agreement's acceptance, if those events occur at different times. Establishes minimum content of enrollment agreements. Provides that schools and programs offered by schools are approved for 5 years; provides that failure to comply with specified provisions is grounds for immediate revocation of the permit of approval. Also requires each non-degree program of study to be approved by the board. Authorizes the board's executive director to order any school subject to this Act to cease and desist operations if the school is found to have acted contrary to the standards set forth in this Act or the supporting administrative rules. Establishes procedures to be followed before the executive director refuses to issue or renew, or revokes, any certificate or permit. Directs the board to establish rules for the appeal of decisions to revoke the permit of approval that include minimum requirements. Establishes certain violations as a Class A misdemeanor for the first offense, and Class 4 felony for any subsequent offense. Directs the board to adopt rules to pursue resolution of complaints. Sets requirements that institutions must meet to receive and maintain approval, including that institutions (1) provide data as requested by the board or provide vocational and technical educational data for the state's P-20 longitudinal data system, (2) adhere to parameters for advertising programs of study, and (3) maintain satisfactory student retention and graduation rates and state licensing examination or professional certification exam passage rates.

Requires the board to establish minimum standards for a fair and equitable refund policy that must be applied by all institutions subject to the Act; requires the same refund policy to be applied to students regardless of whether they are eligible for federal financial aid. Prohibits the advertising of a school or program of study, or the solicitation of prospective students, prior to the board's issuance of a permit of approval. Establishes procedures for the closing of a school. Requires an institution proposing to discontinue its operations to cause to be created a teach-out plan acceptable to the board, which must fulfill the school's educational obligations to its students. Also requires a closing school to return prepaid tuition to students. Requires the board to collect fees for enumerated actions (i.e., initial application for a certificate of approval, application for renewal, etc.) and permits the board to set fees for application and renewal by rule. Creates the Private Business and Vocational Schools Quality Assurance Fund as a special fund in the state treasury.Provides the board must use all moneys in the fund, subject to appropriation, to supplement support for the administration and enforcement of the Act; prohibits such funds from being used for any other purpose. Specifies acts or omissions by an owner, operator, or authorized agent of a private business and vocational school that constitute violations of this Act and unlawful practices pursuant to the Consumer Fraud and Deceptive Business Practices Act. Provides the board has rulemaking authority as necessary and appropriate to implement this Act. http://www.ilga.gov/legislation/publicacts/97/PDF/097-0650.pdf
Title: S.B. 1795
Source: www.ilga.gov

CASigned into law 08/2011Postsec.Provides that if the U.S. Department of Education does not have a relevant exam for an ability-to-benefit student (i.e., a student without a high school diploma or equivalent) to take before an enrollment agreement is executed with a private postsecondary institution, the bureau for private postsecondary education may publish its own list of acceptable exams. Reduces the time period during which an institution not participating in federal student financial aid programs may receive a student's notice of cancellation. http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/pub/11-12/bill/asm/ab_1001-1050/ab_1013_bill_20110803_chaptered.pdf
Title: A.B. 1013
Source: www.leginfo.ca.gov

NYSigned into law 08/2011Postsec.Extends to 2015 the effectiveness of provisions of chapter 434 of the laws of 1999, relating to the tuition reimbursement account and deposit to the proprietary vocational school supervision account. http://assembly.state.ny.us/leg/?default_fld=&bn=A07073&term=2011&Summary=Y&Actions=Y&Memo=Y&Text=Y
Title: A.B. 7073
Source: assembly.state.ny.us

CASigned into law 07/2011Postsec.From bill summary: Prohibits a private postsecondary institution from offering an unaccredited doctoral degree program without disclosing to prospective students prior to enrollment that the degree program
is unaccredited, whether the degree issued is in a field that requires licensure in California, and any known limitation of the degree, including whether the degree is recognized for licensure or certification in California and other states. http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/pub/11-12/bill/asm/ab_0601-0650/ab_611_bill_20110725_chaptered.pdf
Title: A.B. 611
Source: www.leginfo.ca.gov

NCSigned into law 06/2011Postsec.
Community College
Establishes the State Board of Proprietary Schools in the North Carolina Community Colleges System Office. Provides that the State Board of Proprietary Schools has the authority to recommend for adoption and to administer all policies, regulations, and standards which it deems necessary for the operation of the Office of Proprietary Schools. Requires the State Board of Community Colleges, having the authority under state law to grant and issue licenses to proprietary schools by and through the State Board of Proprietary Schools, to receive written recommendation from the State Board of Proprietary Schools concerning applicants for licenses and annual renewal applications for licenses. http://www.ncga.state.nc.us/Sessions/2011/Bills/Senate/PDF/S685v6.pdf
Title: S.B. 685
Source: http://www.ncga.state.nc.us

TXSigned into law 06/2011P-12
Postsec.
Directs the Texas Workforce Commission and the higher education coordinating board to jointly develop a comprehensive strategy to improve and coordinate the dissemination of online information regarding the operation and performance of career schools or colleges operating in the state. Requires such information to be organized as nearly as possible to information required for the online resumes for lower-division public institutions under Section 51A.103 (http://www.statutes.legis.state.tx.us/Docs/ED/htm/ED.51A.htm#51A.103). Requires that the information, to the extent practicable, be consistent across schools and institutions, and easily accessible and readily understandable to the public. Pages 17-18 of 21: http://www.legis.state.tx.us/tlodocs/82R/billtext/pdf/HB00736F.pdf#navpanes=0
Title: H.B. 736 - Online Information Regarding Certain Career Educational Entities
Source: www.legis.state.tx.us

ALTo governor 05/2011Postsec.Relates to the regulation of certain schools and courses of instruction and exemptions from school licensing. Clarifies the definitions of for-profit and nonprofit schools. Allows additional nonprofit schools to apply for exemption from licensure.
Title: H.B. 321
Source: Westlaw/StateNet

MDSigned into law 05/2011Postsec.From Department of Legislative Services Fiscal and Policy Note: Distinguishes between public, private nonprofit, and for-profit institutions of higher education. Clarifies the scope of the Maryland Consumer Protection Act to include the unfair or deceptive offer for sale of course credit or other educational services. Creates a separate and distinct Guaranty Fund to reimburse students at for-profit institutions of higher education who are entitled to a refund of tuition and fees due to the for-profit institution's breach of agreement or contract with the student or the state. Alters the process for approval of programs offered by for-profit institutions of higher education and requires notification of specified students if a program has not been recommended for implementation. Prohibits the payment of a commission, bonus, or other incentive payment based on success in securing enrollment. Allows the Maryland Higher Education Commission (Commission) to require reasonable annual reports and data from a for-profit institution of higher education as the Commission generally requires of other institutions of higher education. Recommends that the Commission, in order to assist the state in reaching the goal that 55% of adults in Maryland will have an associate's or bachelor's degree by 2025, should consider incorporating for–profit and out–of–state institutions awarding degrees in Maryland into the goal. http://mlis.state.md.us/2011rs/chapters_noln/Ch_277_sb0695T.pdf
Title: S.B. 695
Source: http://mlis.state.md.us

IDSigned into law 03/2011Postsec.Adds to and amends existing law relating to postsecondary institutions and proprietary schools to revise provisions relating to registration and to provide for powers and duties of the director; to provide for civil penalties and to provide that a court may enter an order to recover costs; and to provide provisions relating to criminal penalties. Effective 07/01/11
http://legislature.idaho.gov/legislation/2011/H0204.htm
Title: H.B. 204
Source: http://legislature.idaho.gov

NCSigned into law 03/2011Postsec.Amends the definition of "Proprietary school" to include an educational institution that meets all of the following conditions:

1. Is privately owned by a sole proprietorship, partnership, limited liability company, or corporation
2. Is established as a business entity or as a nonprofit charitable organization
3. Offers instruction to individuals who (i) have completed their elementary and secondary education or (ii) are beyond the age of compulsory secondary school attendance and have demonstrated an ability to benefit from that instruction for the attainment of educational objectives, vocational objectives, or both
4. Charges tuition or receives any consideration from a student for any portion of the instruction in any form, including written or audiovisual material
5. Educates, trains, or claims or offers to educate or train students in a program leading toward (i) examinations for licensing in a profession or vocation, (ii) employment at a beginning or advanced level, or (iii) a postsecondary educational credential below the associate degree level.

The term proprietary school includes a branch or extension of a private postsecondary educational institution of another state that is located in North Carolina or that offers educational services or education at a physical location within North Carolina.

The legislation also requires proprietary school policy and regulations to provide for, at a minimum, a full refund if a student withdraws before the first day of class or the school cancels the class and 75% refund if the student withdraws within the first 25% of the period of enrollment for which the student was charged.
http://www.ncga.state.nc.us/EnactedLegislation/SessionLaws/HTML/2011-2012/SL2011-21.html
Title: S.B. 20
Source: http://www.ncga.state.nc.us

UTSigned into law 03/2011Postsec.From bill summary: Modifies definitions. Modifies institutions that are exempt from the act. Provides for the division of consumer protection to issue certificates of exemption to specified institutions and establishes a process for issuing an exemption certificate and renewals. Expands the division's authority with respect to complaints against institutions subject to the postsecondary proprietary school act. Requires institutions to file separate registration and exempt applications for each physical campus that the institution operates. Requires a proprietary school to submit a review of its continued qualification for certification. Specifies information that a proprietary school is required to submit to demonstrate that it is financially sound. Modifies a provision relating to division inspections of a proprietary school. Modifies a provision relating to criminal background checks that the division of consumer protection may require. Authorizes the division to establish a process for dealing with complaints concerning postsecondary educational institutions. Establishes a process for the division to confirm that an institution is a private nonprofit educational institution. http://le.utah.gov/~2011/bills/sbillenr/sb0210.pdf
Title: S.B. 210
Source: le.utah.gov

+ Postsecondary Institutions--Four-Year Baccalaureate
+ Postsecondary Institutions--HBCUs/Minority-Serving Institutions
+ Postsecondary Institutions--Private/Independent
+ Postsecondary Online Instruction
+ Postsecondary Participation--Access
+ Postsecondary Participation--Admissions Requirements
+ Postsecondary Participation--Affirmative Action
+ Postsecondary Participation--Enrollments (Statistics)
+ Postsecondary Students
+ Postsecondary Students--Adults
+ Postsecondary Students--Disabled
+ Postsecondary Students--Foster Youth
+ Postsecondary Students--Graduate/Professional
+ Postsecondary Students--International
+ Postsecondary Students--Low-Income
+ Postsecondary Students--Military
+ Postsecondary Students--Minority
+ Postsecondary Success
+ Postsecondary Success--Completion
+ Postsecondary Success--Completion--Completion Rates (Statistics)
+ Postsecondary Success--Developmental/Remediation
+ Postsecondary Success--Retention/Persistence
+ Postsecondary Success--Transfer/Articulation
+ Private Schools
+ Privatization
+ Promising Practices
+ Promotion/Retention
+ Public Involvement
+ Reading/Literacy
+ Reading/Literacy--Adult Literacy
+ Religion
+ Rural
+ Scheduling/School Calendar
+ Scheduling/School Calendar--Day/Class Length
+ Scheduling/School Calendar--Extended Day Programs
+ Scheduling/School Calendar--Summer School
+ Scheduling/School Calendar--Week
+ Scheduling/School Calendar--Year
+ Scheduling/School Calendar--Year Round
+ School Climate/Culture
+ School Safety
+ School Safety--Bullying Prevention/Conflict Resolution
+ School Safety--Code of Conduct
+ School Safety--Corporal Punishment
+ School Safety--Disaster/Emergency Preparedness
+ School Safety--Expulsion/Suspension
+ School Safety--Sexual Harassment and Assault
+ School Safety--Special Education
+ School Safety--Uniforms/Dress Codes
+ School/District Structure/Operations
+ School/District Structure/Operations--District Consolidation/Deconsolidation
+ School/District Structure/Operations--District Size
+ School/District Structure/Operations--Facilities
+ School/District Structure/Operations--Food Service
+ School/District Structure/Operations--Libraries
+ School/District Structure/Operations--Personnel (Non-Teaching)
+ School/District Structure/Operations--School Size
+ School/District Structure/Operations--Shared Services
+ School/District Structure/Operations--Staffing Ratios
+ School/District Structure/Operations--Transportation
+ Service-Learning
+ Special Education
+ Special Education--Federal Law/Regulations
+ Special Education--Finance
+ Special Education--Placement
+ Special Education--Transition
+ Special Populations--Corrections Education
+ Special Populations--Foster Care
+ Special Populations--Gifted and Talented
+ Special Populations--Homeless Education
+ Special Populations--Immigrant Education
+ Special Populations--Migrant Education
+ Special Populations--Military
+ Standards
+ Standards--Common Core State Standards
+ State Longitudinal Data Systems
+ State Policymaking
+ State Policymaking--Task Forces/Commissions
+ STEM
+ Student Achievement
+ Student Supports
+ Student Supports--Counseling/Guidance
+ Student Supports--Mentoring/Tutoring
+ Student Supports--Remediation
+ Student Surveys
+ Students--Athletics/Extracurricular Activities
+ Students--Employment
+ Students--Incentives
+ Students--Records/Rights
+ Teaching Quality
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Alternative
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Assignment
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Highly Qualified Teachers
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Natl. Bd. for Prof. Teach. Stds.
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Special Education
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--State Prof. Standards Bds.
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Substitute Teachers
+ Teaching Quality--Compensation and Diversified Pay
+ Teaching Quality--Compensation and Diversified Pay--Pay-for-Performance
+ Teaching Quality--Compensation and Diversified Pay--Retirement/Benefits
+ Teaching Quality--Evaluation and Effectiveness
+ Teaching Quality--Induction Programs and Mentoring
+ Teaching Quality--Paraprofessionals
+ Teaching Quality--Preparation
+ Teaching Quality--Professional Development
+ Teaching Quality--Recruitment and Retention
+ Teaching Quality--Recruitment and Retention--At-Risk Schools
+ Teaching Quality--Recruitment and Retention--High-Needs Subjects
+ Teaching Quality--Reduction in Force
+ Teaching Quality--Teacher Attitudes
+ Teaching Quality--Teacher Rights
+ Teaching Quality--Tenure or Continuing Contract
+ Teaching Quality--Unions/Collective Bargaining
+ Teaching Quality--Unions/Collective Bargaining--Strikes
+ Technology
+ Technology--Devices/Software/Hardware
+ Technology--Equitable Access
+ Technology--Funding Issues
+ Technology--Teacher/Faculty Training
+ Textbooks and Open Source
+ Urban--Change/Improvements