ECS
From the ECS State Policy Database
2011 State Policies / Activities

Education Commission of the States • 700 Broadway, Suite 810 • Denver, CO 80203-3442 • 303.299.3600 • fax 303.296.8332 • www.ecs.org

The following summary includes policies enacted in 2011. This database is made possible by your state's fiscal support of the Education Commission of the States (ECS). Most entries are legislative, although rules/regulations and executive orders that make substantive changes are included. Every effort is made to collect the latest available version of policies; in some instances, recent changes might not be reflected. For expediency purposes minimal attention has been paid to style (capitalization, punctuation) and format. To view the documents, click on the blue triangle next to the topic of interest. To view all, press the button located at the top labeled "Expand All."

Please cite use of the database as: Education Commission of the States (ECS) State Policy Database, retrieved [date].

State Status/Date Level Summary
+ 21st Century Skills
- Accountability
ILSigned into law 08/2011P-12Requires that if an Annual Financial Report resulting from a mandated audit reflects a deficit, the district must, within 30 days after acceptance of such audit report, submit a deficit reduction plan.

Makes legislative findings relative to the need for financial oversight panels. Creates the Financial Oversight Panel Law of the School Code. Allows a school district (other than the Chicago school district) to petition the state board of education for the establishment of a Financial Oversight Panel for the district, and allows the state board to establish a Financial Oversight Panel without a petition from a district. Requires the Financial Oversight Panel, the school board and the district superintendent or chief executive officer to develop goals and objectives to help the district obtain financial stability. Contains provisions concerning duties of the district; members and meetings of a Panel; powers of a Panel; deposits and investments; and cash and bank accounts. Permits a Panel to employ a chief executive officer, a chief educational officer, a chief fiscal officer, a superintendent (who must be under the direction of the Panel or the chief executive officer employed by the Panel and must have all of the statutorily-assigned powers and duties of a school district superintendent and such other duties as may be assigned by the Panel), and a chief school business official. Permits a Panel, in its discretion, to remove the local board-appointed or -elected treasurer and appoint a new treasurer. Authorizes a Panel to negotiate collective bargaining agreements with the district's employees. Upon a Panel's direction, requires a district to reorganize the district's financial accounts, management, and budgetary systems in a manner consistent with state board rules to remedy the conditions that led the Panel to be created, to achieve greater financial responsibility and to reduce financial inefficiency. Permits a Panel to prepare and file a proposal for emergency financial assistance for the school district and for the Panel's operations budget. Permits a district to receive both a loan and a grant. Provides that if a district is unable after 3 attempts to secure short-term financing, a Panel, with state superintendent approval, must have the same power as a district to issue tax anticipation warrants, issue tax anticipation notes, issue revenue anticipation certificates or notes, issue general state aid anticipation certificates, and establish and utilize lines of credit. Authorizes certain actions if a Panel is unable to secure short-term borrowing. Requires a Panel to annually submit to the state superintendent a report that includes the audited financial statement for the preceding fiscal year, an approved financial plan and a statement of the major steps necessary to accomplish the objectives of the financial plan. Authorizes the state superintendent to require a separate audit of the Panel. Specifies that a district must render such services to and permit the use of its facilities and resources by the Panel at no charge, and permits any state agency or district to render such services to the Panel as may be requested by the Panel. Requires a Panel to be abolished 10 years after its creation. Permits the state board to abolish a panel at any time after 3 years if no obligations of the Panel are outstanding and the financial need for the Panel no longer exists. Establishes provisions for return of power to local board if financial need for the Panel no longer exists but the Panel has outstanding financial obligations.

Creates special provisions for districts subject to the authority of a Financial Oversight Panel in terms of tax levy procedures. Makes certain employees of a Financial Oversight Panel who are not superintendents or certified school business officials participants in the Illinois Municipal Retirement Fund. Provides that if the Financial Oversight Panel is unable to pay the required employer contributions to the fund, then the school districts served must make payment of required contributions. Permits monies from the School District Emergency Financial Assistance Fund to be used to provide technical assistance or consultation to Financial Oversight Panels that petition for emergency financial assistance grants. Establishes provisions related to payment of emergency state financial assistance loans by Financial Oversight Panels. Provides an emergency financial assistance loan to the Panel or district must not be considered part of the calculation of a district's debt for purposes of limitation.
http://www.ilga.gov/legislation/publicacts/97/PDF/097-0429.pdf
Title: S.B. 2149
Source: www.ilga.gov

ORSigned into law 08/2011P-12 Expands scope of audits of best business practices of education districts to include performance audits. Removes discretion of education districts to volunteer for audits. Allows State Board of Education to determine percentage of expenses of audit that should be paid by education district and by Department of Education. Allows Secretary of State to audit best business practices of
education districts without entering into contract with Department of Education. Effective August 2, 2011
http://www.leg.state.or.us/11reg/measures/hb2200.dir/hb2280.en.html

Title: H.B. 2280
Source: http://www.leg.state.or.us

NHSigned into law 07/2011P-12Allows a school to demonstrate compliance with New Hampshire's input-based school accountability standards by furnishing evidence that it has received full accreditation from the New England Association of Schools and Colleges (NEASC); a school may demonstrate that it provides the opportunity for an adequate education by submitting accreditation documents from NEASC to the commissioner. Such a school will not have to establish that it meets the input-based school accountability standards set forth in the Accountability for the Opportunity for an Adequate Education regulations. Also extends an exception from the statutory school district election date requirements to any successor charter adopted by the Concord school district.
http://www.gencourt.state.nh.us/legislation/2011/HB0130.html
Title: H.B. 130
Source: http://www.gencourt.state.nh.us/

FLSigned into law 06/2011P-12From House of Representatives Staff Analysis: Expands the definition of a failing school for purposes of student eligibility for the Opportunity Scholarship Program (OSP) (Created in 1999 as part of a broad education reform package known as the A+ Plan; Designed to provide parents of public school students in failing schools the opportunity to send their children to another public school performing satisfactorily or to an eligible private school), by changing the classification of a failing school from a school receiving two "F's" in a four-year period to a school that receives a "D" or an "F" in the prior year and is in one of the two lowest categories of differentiated accountability. Expands the authorization parents currently have to choose a higher-performing public school that has space available in an adjacent school district to allow a parent to choose a higher-performing public school in any other school district in the state. Provides that if a parent chooses a higher-performing public school within the assigned district, the school district is required to provide transportation. Repeals all portions of the law relating to the OSP private school choice options to comply with existing case law that found this portion of the OSP unconstitutional. http://www.myfloridahouse.gov/Sections/Documents/loaddoc.aspx?FileName=_h1331er.docx&DocumentType=Bill&BillNumber=1331&Session=2011
Title: H.B. 1331
Source: http://www.myfloridahouse.gov

ORSigned into law 06/2011P-12Removes outdated, unnecessary or redundant provisions in education statutes related to evaluations, reports, reporting requirements, filings, preparation and distribution of education laws, policies, curriculum requirements, assessments, certifications and additional mandates.
http://www.leg.state.or.us/11reg/measures/sb0800.dir/sb0800.en.html
Title: S.B. 800
Source: http://www.leg.state.or.us

ORSigned into law 06/2011P-12(1)Establishes the Task Force on Accountable Schools, consisting of 14 members appointed as follows: (a) President of the Senate is to appoint two members from the Senate; (b) the Speaker of the House is to appoint two members from the House; (c) The President of the Senate and the Speaker of the House will jointly appoint: two members who are school district superintendents; two members who are school administrators; two members who are teachers; one member from a professional education organization; one member representing the Department of Education; and two members from education advocacy groups.
(2) The task force is to develop a plan to improve accountability practices for schools.
(3) The task force is to recommend: (a) A new student summative assessment to be used in schools that is based on a national standard and occurs as required by federal law. (b) Measures of college and career readiness to be used in which evaluate: advanced course and dual enrollment completion; national and state assessment results; dropout and graduation rates; postsecondary educational participation; and programs to close any achievement gaps. (c) A statewide standardized simple performance report and rating system based on letter grades that includes: Absolute student achievement and growth; school trends over time; and comparisons to similar schools. (d) Implementation of formative testing and instructionally useful student performance data systems for student achievement; (e) Tools, resources and targeted assistance forschools needing assistance to meet state standards.
(4) A majority of the voting members of the task force constitute a quorum for the transaction of business.
(5) Official action by the task force requires the approval of a majority of the voting members of the task force.
(6) The task force is to elect one of its members to serve as chairperson.
(7) If there is a vacancy for any cause, the appointing authority is to make an appointment which is to be immediately effective.
(8) The task force is to meet at the time and places specified by the call of the chairperson or of a majority of the voting members of the task force.
(9) The task force may adopt rules necessary for the operation of the task force.
(10) The task force is to submit a report that includes recommendations for legislation to an interim committee of the legislative assembly related to education no later than January 1, 2012.
(11) The legislative administration committee is to provide staff support to the task force.
(12) Non-legislative members of the task force are not entitled to compensation or reimbursement for expenses and serve as volunteers to the task force.
(13) All agencies of state government are directed to assist the task force in the performance of its duties.
Effective August 2, 2011
http://www.leg.state.or.us/11reg/measpdf/hb2200.dir/hb2289.en.pdf
Title: H.B. 2289
Source: http://www.leg.state.or.us

PASigned into law 06/2011P-12Section 907-A requires the posting of financial and contract information for Intermediate Units. Section 921-A brings the intermediate units in line with other education agencies with regard to posting of financial reports.
http://www.legis.state.pa.us/WU01/LI/BI/FN/2011/0/HB1352P2227.pdf
Title: H.B. 1352
Source: http://www.legis.state.pa.us

GASigned into law 05/2011P-12Extends until end of 2014-15 school year the provision that each local school system either notify the department of its intention to request increased flexibility through local school board flexibility contract or elect not to request increased flexibility in exchange for increased accountability and consequences. Page 6 of 11: http://www.legis.ga.gov/Legislation/20112012/116810.pdf
Title: H.B. 192
Source: www.legis.ga.gov

ARSigned into law 04/2011P-12If the state board orders the takeover of a school district under authority and also orders the removal of the school district board of directors, the state board may assume all authority of the school district board of directors as may be necessary for the day-to-day governance of the school district. The state board may designate the authority granted under this subdivision to the Commissioner of Education. (Sec 1)
http://www.arkleg.state.ar.us/assembly/2011/2011R/Acts/Act989.pdf
Title: S.B. 383
Source: http://www.arkleg.state.ar.us

NJIssued 04/2011P-12Establishes the New Jersey Education Transformation Task Force. Charges the task force with reviewing all current administrative regulations that affect public education, and evaluating them to determine the degree to which they increase the quality of instruction for students, improve student academic achievement, improve teaching effectiveness, or improve the safety and well-being of students. Directs the task force to also review the statutes supporting these administrative regulations. Requires the task force to prepare recommendations for the governor and commissioner of education regarding all statutes and regulations that are overly prescriptive. Additionally directs the task force to review existing accountability systems and resulting incentive structures for public schools and districts, including the Quality Single Accountability Continuum ("Q SAC"). Directs the task force to provide recommendations to the governor on an accountability system that would give schools and districts greater autonomy while maintaining strict accountability measures in the areas of student performance, safety and fiscal responsibility.

Permits the task force to elicit public input from specified stakeholders. Directs the task force to issue an initial report to the governor by August 15, 2011, and to revise the recommendations as necessary based on comments from the public, stakeholders and the state board of education. Provides the task force will expire upon the governor's receipt of a report containing its final recommendations. Directs the task force to issue its final recommendations by December 31, 2011, to provide the final report to the legislature and state board, and make the report available to the general public.
http://nj.gov/infobank/circular/eocc58.pdf
Title: E.O. 58
Source: nj.gov/infobank

ARSigned into law 03/2011P-12Establishes performance ratings for education service cooperatives. Requires that each education service cooperative be evaluated during the 2012-13 school year and at least once every five years thereafter. The final evaluation, will be included in the annual report to the Department of Education and made available on the website of the education service cooperative. Evaluation criteria will be developed collaboratively between the Department of Education and the directors of each education service cooperative. The report shall identify each education service cooperative 12 as being in one of the following category levels
(A) "Level 5", education service cooperative of excellence;
(B) "Level 4", education service cooperative exceeding standards;
(C) "Level 3", education service cooperative meeting standards;
(D) "Level 2", education service cooperative on alert; or
(E) "Level 1", education service cooperative in need of immediate improvement.
http://www.arkleg.state.ar.us/assembly/2011/2011R/Acts/Act739.pdf
Title: H.B. 1433
Source: http://www.arkleg.state.ar.us

WYSigned into law 03/2011P-12Creates the Wyoming Accountability in Education Act and establishes a statewide education accountability system; establishes system components and student performance measures; imposes duties upon the state board of education and the state superintendent; prescribes consequences for school level student performance; establishes a legislative select committee to review and expand system components; imposes select committee reporting requirements and providing for an advisory committee comprised of public education representatives; prescribes staffing; provides appropriations; and provides for an effective date.
http://legisweb.state.wy.us/2011/Engross/SF0070.pdf
Title: S.F. 70
Source: http://legisweb.state.wy.us

TXAdopted 01/2011P-12From the January 28, 2011 Texas Register: The sections establish provisions that detail the ratings, types of ratings, criteria, reporting and sanctions for the financial accountability rating system. Amendments update the School Financial Integrity Rating System of Texas (School FIRST) by specifying new provisions for implementation beginning with fiscal year 2010-11, including the deletion of one non-critical school district indicator and the addition of 18 open-enrollment charter school indicators, along with new rating worksheets and calculations that reflect these changes. The amendments to the rating system better align School FIRST for the two types of entities and clarify certain aspects of the School FIRST calculations. Additionally, the adopted amendments establish a process for lowering a financial accountability rating after initial assignment if determined necessary by the commissioner.

109.1002: Financial Accountability Ratings. Adopted as published on pp 12-13 of the January 28, 2011 Texas Register: http://www.sos.state.tx.us/texreg/pdf/backview/0128/0128adop.pdf
109.1003: Types of Financial Accountability Ratings. Adopted as published on pp. 18-19 of the October 22, 2010 Texas Register: http://www.sos.state.tx.us/texreg/pdf/backview/1022/1022prop.pdf
109.1004: Criteria for Financial Accountability Ratings. Adopted as published on p. 19 of the October 22, 2010 Texas Register: http://www.sos.state.tx.us/texreg/pdf/backview/1022/1022prop.pdf
109.1005: Reporting. Adopted as published on pp 13-14 of the January 28, 2011 Texas Register: http://www.sos.state.tx.us/texreg/pdf/backview/0128/0128adop.pdf
Title: 19 TAC 109.1002, 1003, 1004, 1005
Source: www.sos.state.tx.us

+ Accountability--Accreditation
+ Accountability--Measures/Indicators
+ Accountability--Reporting Results
+ Accountability--Rewards
+ Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions
+ Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions--No Pass No Play
+ Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions--Takeovers
+ Accountability--School Improvement
+ Adult Basic Education
+ Assessment
+ Assessment--Accommodations
+ Assessment--College Entrance Exams
+ Assessment--Computer Based
+ Assessment--End-of-Course
+ Assessment--Formative/Interim
+ At-Risk (incl. Dropout Prevention)
+ At-Risk (incl. Dropout Prevention)--Alternative Education
+ At-Risk (incl. Dropout Prevention)--Drugs/Alcohol
+ Attendance
+ Attendance--Compulsory
+ Attendance--Truancy
+ Background Checks
+ Bilingual/ESL
+ Business Involvement
+ Career/Technical Education
+ Career/Technical Education--Career Academies/Apprenticeship
+ Choice of Schools--Charter Schools
+ Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Charter Districts
+ Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Closings
+ Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Cyber Charters
+ Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Finance
+ Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Research
+ Choice of Schools--Choice/Open Enrollment
+ Choice of Schools--Innovation Schools
+ Choice of Schools--Magnet or Specialized Schools
+ Choice of Schools--Tax Credits
+ Choice of Schools--Vouchers
+ Choice of Schools--Vouchers--Privately Funded
+ Civic Education
+ Civic Education--Character Education
+ Civic Education--Civic Knowledge and Literacy
+ Civic Education--Pledge of Allegiance
+ Class Size
+ Curriculum
+ Curriculum--Arts Education
+ Curriculum--Drivers Education
+ Curriculum--Financial Literacy/Economics Ed.
+ Curriculum--Foreign Language/Sign Language
+ Curriculum--Health/Nutrition Education
+ Curriculum--Language Arts
+ Curriculum--Mathematics
+ Curriculum--Physical Education
+ Curriculum--Science
+ Curriculum--Sex Education
+ Curriculum--Social Studies/History
+ Data-Driven Improvement
+ Demographics--Enrollments
+ Desegregation
+ Economic/Workforce Development
+ Equity
+ Federal
+ Finance
+ Finance--Adequacy/Core Cost
+ Finance--Aid to Private Schools
+ Finance--Bonds
+ Finance--District
+ Finance--Facilities
+ Finance--Federal
+ Finance--Funding Formulas
+ Finance--Local Foundations/Funds
+ Finance--Lotteries
+ Finance--Performance Funding
+ Finance--Private Giving
+ Finance--Resource Efficiency
+ Finance--State Budgets/Expenditures
+ Finance--Student Fees
+ Finance--Taxes/Revenues
+ Finance--Taxes/Revenues--Alternative Revenues
+ Governance
+ Governance--Deregulation/Waivers/Home Rule
+ Governance--Ethics/Conflict of Interest
+ Governance--Mandates
+ Governance--School Boards
+ Governance--School Boards--Training
+ Governance--Site-Based Management
+ Governance--State Boards/Chiefs/Agencies
+ Health
+ Health--Child Abuse
+ Health--Mental Health
+ Health--Nutrition
+ Health--School Based Clinics or School Nurses
+ Health--Suicide Prevention
+ High School
+ High School--Advanced Placement
+ High School--College Readiness
+ High School--Dropout Rates/Graduation Rates
+ High School--Dual/Concurrent Enrollment
+ High School--Early Colleges/Middle Colleges
+ High School--Exit Exams
+ High School--GED (General Education Development)
+ High School--Graduation Requirements
+ High School--International Baccalaureate
+ Instructional Approaches--Grading Practices
+ Instructional Approaches--Homeschooling
+ Integrated Services/Full-Service Schools
+ Leadership
+ Leadership--District Superintendent
+ Leadership--District Superintendent--Compensation and Diversified Pay
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Certification and Licensure
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Compensation and Diversified Pay
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Evaluation and Effectiveness
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Induction Programs and Mentoring
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Preparation
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Preparation--Alternative
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Professional Development
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Tenure
+ Middle School
+ Minority/Diversity Issues
+ Minority/Diversity Issues--African American
+ Minority/Diversity Issues--American Indian / Alaska Native / Native Hawaiian
+ No Child Left Behind--Adequate Yearly Progress
+ No Child Left Behind--Assessment
+ No Child Left Behind--Consequences for Schools
+ No Child Left Behind--Report Cards
+ No Child Left Behind--School Support
+ No Child Left Behind--Supplemental Services
+ Online Learning--Digital/Blended Learning
+ Online Learning--Virtual Schools/Courses
+ P-16 or P-20
+ P-3
+ P-3 Child Care
+ P-3 Content Standards and Assessment
+ P-3 Ensuring Quality
+ P-3 Finance
+ P-3 Governance
+ P-3 Grades 1-3
+ P-3 Health and Mental Health
+ P-3 Kindergarten
+ P-3 Kindergarten--Full-Day Kindergarten
+ P-3 Preschool
+ P-3 Special Ed./Inclusion
+ P-3 Teaching Quality/Professional Development
+ Parent/Family
+ Postsecondary
+ Postsecondary Accountability
+ Postsecondary Accountability--Accreditation
+ Postsecondary Accountability--Student Learning
+ Postsecondary Affordability
+ Postsecondary Affordability--Financial Aid
+ Postsecondary Affordability--Textbooks
+ Postsecondary Affordability--Tuition/Fees
+ Postsecondary Affordability--Tuition/Fees--Prepd/College Savings Plans
+ Postsecondary Affordability--Tuition/Fees--Undocumented Immigrants
+ Postsecondary Faculty
+ Postsecondary Faculty--Compensation
+ Postsecondary Faculty--Intellectual Property
+ Postsecondary Faculty--Tenure
+ Postsecondary Finance
+ Postsecondary Finance--Efficiency/Performance-Based Funding
+ Postsecondary Finance--Facilities
+ Postsecondary Finance--Revenue and Expenditures
+ Postsecondary Governance and Structures
+ Postsecondary Governance and Structures--Administrative/Leadership Issues
+ Postsecondary Governance and Structures--State Executives/State Agencies
+ Postsecondary Institutions
+ Postsecondary Institutions--Community/Technical Colleges
+ Postsecondary Institutions--For-Profit/Proprietary
+ Postsecondary Institutions--Four-Year Baccalaureate
+ Postsecondary Institutions--HBCUs/Minority-Serving Institutions
+ Postsecondary Institutions--Private/Independent
+ Postsecondary Online Instruction
+ Postsecondary Participation--Access
+ Postsecondary Participation--Admissions Requirements
+ Postsecondary Participation--Affirmative Action
+ Postsecondary Participation--Enrollments (Statistics)
+ Postsecondary Students
+ Postsecondary Students--Adults
+ Postsecondary Students--Disabled
+ Postsecondary Students--Foster Youth
+ Postsecondary Students--Graduate/Professional
+ Postsecondary Students--International
+ Postsecondary Students--Low-Income
+ Postsecondary Students--Military
+ Postsecondary Students--Minority
+ Postsecondary Success
+ Postsecondary Success--Completion
+ Postsecondary Success--Completion--Completion Rates (Statistics)
+ Postsecondary Success--Developmental/Remediation
+ Postsecondary Success--Retention/Persistence
+ Postsecondary Success--Transfer/Articulation
+ Private Schools
+ Privatization
+ Promising Practices
+ Promotion/Retention
+ Public Involvement
+ Reading/Literacy
+ Reading/Literacy--Adult Literacy
+ Religion
+ Rural
+ Scheduling/School Calendar
+ Scheduling/School Calendar--Day/Class Length
+ Scheduling/School Calendar--Extended Day Programs
+ Scheduling/School Calendar--Summer School
+ Scheduling/School Calendar--Week
+ Scheduling/School Calendar--Year
+ Scheduling/School Calendar--Year Round
+ School Climate/Culture
+ School Safety
+ School Safety--Bullying Prevention/Conflict Resolution
+ School Safety--Code of Conduct
+ School Safety--Corporal Punishment
+ School Safety--Disaster/Emergency Preparedness
+ School Safety--Expulsion/Suspension
+ School Safety--Sexual Harassment and Assault
+ School Safety--Special Education
+ School Safety--Uniforms/Dress Codes
+ School/District Structure/Operations
+ School/District Structure/Operations--District Consolidation/Deconsolidation
+ School/District Structure/Operations--District Size
+ School/District Structure/Operations--Facilities
+ School/District Structure/Operations--Food Service
+ School/District Structure/Operations--Libraries
+ School/District Structure/Operations--Personnel (Non-Teaching)
+ School/District Structure/Operations--School Size
+ School/District Structure/Operations--Shared Services
+ School/District Structure/Operations--Staffing Ratios
+ School/District Structure/Operations--Transportation
+ Service-Learning
+ Special Education
+ Special Education--Federal Law/Regulations
+ Special Education--Finance
+ Special Education--Placement
+ Special Education--Transition
+ Special Populations--Corrections Education
+ Special Populations--Foster Care
+ Special Populations--Gifted and Talented
+ Special Populations--Homeless Education
+ Special Populations--Immigrant Education
+ Special Populations--Migrant Education
+ Special Populations--Military
+ Standards
+ Standards--Common Core State Standards
+ State Longitudinal Data Systems
+ State Policymaking
+ State Policymaking--Task Forces/Commissions
+ STEM
+ Student Achievement
+ Student Supports
+ Student Supports--Counseling/Guidance
+ Student Supports--Mentoring/Tutoring
+ Student Supports--Remediation
+ Student Surveys
+ Students--Athletics/Extracurricular Activities
+ Students--Employment
+ Students--Incentives
+ Students--Records/Rights
+ Teaching Quality
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Alternative
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Assignment
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Highly Qualified Teachers
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Natl. Bd. for Prof. Teach. Stds.
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Special Education
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--State Prof. Standards Bds.
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Substitute Teachers
+ Teaching Quality--Compensation and Diversified Pay
+ Teaching Quality--Compensation and Diversified Pay--Pay-for-Performance
+ Teaching Quality--Compensation and Diversified Pay--Retirement/Benefits
+ Teaching Quality--Evaluation and Effectiveness
+ Teaching Quality--Induction Programs and Mentoring
+ Teaching Quality--Paraprofessionals
+ Teaching Quality--Preparation
+ Teaching Quality--Professional Development
+ Teaching Quality--Recruitment and Retention
+ Teaching Quality--Recruitment and Retention--At-Risk Schools
+ Teaching Quality--Recruitment and Retention--High-Needs Subjects
+ Teaching Quality--Reduction in Force
+ Teaching Quality--Teacher Attitudes
+ Teaching Quality--Teacher Rights
+ Teaching Quality--Tenure or Continuing Contract
+ Teaching Quality--Unions/Collective Bargaining
+ Teaching Quality--Unions/Collective Bargaining--Strikes
+ Technology
+ Technology--Devices/Software/Hardware
+ Technology--Equitable Access
+ Technology--Funding Issues
+ Technology--Teacher/Faculty Training
+ Textbooks and Open Source
+ Urban--Change/Improvements