ECS
From the ECS State Policy Database
2011 State Policies / Activities

Education Commission of the States • 700 Broadway, Suite 810 • Denver, CO 80203-3442 • 303.299.3600 • fax 303.296.8332 • www.ecs.org

The following summary includes policies enacted in 2011. This database is made possible by your state's fiscal support of the Education Commission of the States (ECS). Most entries are legislative, although rules/regulations and executive orders that make substantive changes are included. Every effort is made to collect the latest available version of policies; in some instances, recent changes might not be reflected. For expediency purposes minimal attention has been paid to style (capitalization, punctuation) and format. To view the documents, click on the blue triangle next to the topic of interest. To view all, press the button located at the top labeled "Expand All."

Please cite use of the database as: Education Commission of the States (ECS) State Policy Database, retrieved [date].

State Status/Date Level Summary
+ 21st Century Skills
+ Accountability
+ Accountability--Accreditation
+ Accountability--Measures/Indicators
+ Accountability--Reporting Results
+ Accountability--Rewards
+ Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions
+ Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions--No Pass No Play
+ Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions--Takeovers
+ Accountability--School Improvement
+ Adult Basic Education
+ Assessment
+ Assessment--Accommodations
+ Assessment--College Entrance Exams
+ Assessment--Computer Based
+ Assessment--End-of-Course
+ Assessment--Formative/Interim
+ At-Risk (incl. Dropout Prevention)
+ At-Risk (incl. Dropout Prevention)--Alternative Education
+ At-Risk (incl. Dropout Prevention)--Drugs/Alcohol
+ Attendance
+ Attendance--Compulsory
+ Attendance--Truancy
- Background Checks
ILSigned into law 08/2011P-12Provides that upon request of a school, school district, community college district, or private school, any information obtained by a school district pursuant to provisions concerning criminal history records checks and checks of the Statewide Sex Offender Database and Statewide Child Murderer and Violent Offender Against Youth Database within the last 5 years must be made available to that school, school district, community college district, or private school. http://www.ilga.gov/legislation/publicacts/97/PDF/097-0248.pdf
Title: H.B. 1240
Source: www.ilga.gov

MISigned into law 07/2011P-12From Legislative Staff Summary - Specifies provisions that must apply to personnel decisions concerning teachers when a school district or intermediate school district (ISD) conducts a staffing or program reduction or otherwise makes a personnel determination resulting in the elimination of a position, conducts a recall from a reduction, or hires after a reduction.

Teacher and Administrator Evaluation:

Establishes requirements for the teacher evaluation system, including an annual year-end evaluation and a mid-year progress report, beginning with the 2013-2014 school year. Requires a teacher to be dismissed if he or she is rated as ineffective on three consecutive year-end evaluations. Allows a nonprobationary teacher who is rated as ineffective on a year-end evaluation to request a review of the rating by the district superintendent. Specifies classroom observation requirements. Establishes requirements for the evaluation of school administrators. Requires the dismissal of an administrator who is rated as ineffective on three consecutive year-end evaluations, if the same evaluation tool and system are used in the three evaluations. Requires teachers' and administrators' year-end evaluations to be based at least 25% on student growth and assessment data in 2013-2014, 40% in 2014-2015, and 50% beginning in 2015-2016. Exempts a district from the teacher and administrator evaluation requirements for a public school if the district is already using a performance evaluation system that meets certain criteria, or if it adopts an evaluation system that is identical to that of an exempt school. Requires notification to parents if pupils are assigned to teachers whose last two year-end ratings were ineffective, beginning in 2015-2016.

Governor's Council on Educator Effectiveness:

Creates the Governor's Council on Educator Effectiveness. Requires the Council, by April 30, 2012, to submit a report that recommends a student growth and assessment tool, State evaluation tools for teachers and administrators, and parameters for effectiveness rating categories. Specifies a legislative intent to enact legislation to put in place a statewide performance evaluation system taking into account the Council's recommendations. http://www.legislature.mi.gov/documents/2011-2012/publicact/htm/2011-PA-0102.htm
Title: H.B. 4627
Source: http://www.legislature.mi.gov

NHBecame law without governor's signature 07/2011P-12Amends the length of time required for a teacher to be entitled to the rights of notification and hearing for failure to be renominated or reelected. Declares that in cases of nonrenomination or nonreelection because of reduction in force, the reduction in force shall not be based solely on seniority. Also limits a petition for review as the exclusive remedy available to a teacher on the issue of the nonrenewal of such teacher.
http://www.gencourt.state.nh.us/legislation/2011/SB0196.html
Title: S.B. 196
Source: http://www.gencourt.state.nh.us/

ILSigned into law 06/2011P-12(Does not apply to Chicago Public Schools (CPS), as CPS already requires hiring for new and vacant positions to be based on seniority.) Specifies that selection of a candidate for a new or vacant teaching position must be based on consideration of factors including certifications, qualifications, merit and ability (including performance evaluations, if available), and relevant experience, and not length of continuing service with the district, unless all other factors are determined to be equal. Provides a school district's decision to select a particular candidate to fill a new or vacant position is not subject to review under grievance resolution procedures provided that the district does not fail to adhere to procedural requirements in a collective bargaining agreement relating to the filling of new or vacant teaching positions. Provides that existing provisions in collective bargaining agreements on filling new and vacant positions must remain in full force and effect for the term of the agreement, unless terminated by mutual agreement. Pages 13-14: http://www.ilga.gov/legislation/publicacts/97/PDF/097-0008.pdf
Title: S.B. 7 - Seniority Should Not Be Used in Hiring Decisions
Source: www.ilga.gov

MESigned into law 06/2011P-12Extends employment reference immunity to employees of local school districts. Provides that an employee of a school district t who discloses information about a former employee's job performance or work record to a prospective employer of the former employee is presumed to be acting in good faith and, unless lack of good faith is shown by clear and convincing evidence, is immune from civil liability for such disclosure or its consequences. http://www.mainelegislature.org/legis/bills/bills_125th/chapters/PUBLIC397.asp
Title: H.P. 1030
Source: http://www.mainelegislature.org

OHSigned into law 06/2011P-12Requires that staff at a nonpublic school participating in the Jon Peterson special needs scholarship program or at a college-preparatory boarding school undergo criminal background checks. Permits the chief administrator of a registered private provider participating in the autism scholarship program to request criminal background information. Specifies that when the superintendent receives a request from a nonpublic school participating in the Jon Peterson special needs scholarship program or the autism scholarship program, the superintendent must proceed as if the request came from a local board
Pages 79-100 of 1000: http://www.legislature.state.oh.us/BillText129/129_HB_153_EN_part1.pdf
Title: H.B. 153 - Background Checks at Certain Schools
Source: www.legislature.state.oh.us

PASigned into law 06/2011P-12Creates a new avenue for mid-career professionals to joing the teaching ranks through the use of "residency" certificates that allow for a streamlined process for professionals with expertise in key fields, such as science and mathematics, to earn a teaching certificate and bring their knowledge into the classroom. Provides that a candidate holding a valid instructional certificate issued by another state may be eligible for a comparable Pennsylvania certificate upon satisfying certain requirements. Grants to Secretary of Educatio n specific powers and duties with respect to post baccalaureate certification programs for residency teaching certificate programs, intern certificate programs and alternative certification programs. Background checks: imposes a time period for employment based upon degree of offense.
Link to Fiscal Note: http://www.legis.state.pa.us/WU01/LI/BI/FN/2011/0/HB1352P2227.pdf
Title: H.B. 1352
Source: http://www.legis.state.pa.us

TXSigned into law 06/2011P-12Directs the Sunset Advisory Commission to review the education agency's jurisdiction and control over driver education and driving safety schools, and to report to the legislature and governor whether another state
agency should have jurisdiction and control over driver education and driving safety schools. Amends processes for the provision of driver education certificates. Requires that drivers education instructors undergo a national criminal background check, and pay a fee for the review. Requires that information collected to perform the criminal background check be kept confidential; provides exceptions. Requires that a drivers education school discharge or refuse to hire an individual if the criminal background check indicates the individual has been (a) convicted of (1) a felony, (2) an offense that requires the individual to register as a sex offender, or (3) an offense equivalent to (1) or (2), and (b) the victim of (1), (2), or (3) was under the age of 18 or enrolled in a public school at the time of the offense. Also requires the individual's driver education instructor license to be suspended or revoked if s/he is found to have been convicted of any of the aforementioned offenses. Provides exceptions. Permits a driver education school to discharge an instructor if the school obtains information that the employee has been convicted of a felony or misdemeanor involving moral turpitude that the employee did not disclose to the school or agency.

Permits a driver education instructor license to be issued to an individual who has completed nine semester hours of driver and traffic safety education or a program of study in driver education approved by the commissioner from an approved driver education school but who does not hold a drivers education certificate, but provides that the individual may provide instruction only for a driver education school in a county with a population of at least 275,000 but not more than 285,000 and that is operated by a private K-12 school or open-enrollment charter school. http://www.capitol.state.tx.us/tlodocs/82R/billtext/pdf/HB02678F.pdf#navpanes=0
Title: H.B. 2678
Source: www.capitol.state.tx.us

TXSigned into law 06/2011Postsec.Amends definition of "security-sensitive position" to include any employee who has access to (1) another person's personal information or identifying information or (2) the financial information of the employer or another person. Adds the Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board as an entity entitled to obtain criminal history record information on an applicant for a security-sensitive position. Clarifies that such criminal history record information obtained by the coordinating board or an institution of higher education must be destroyed as soon as practicable after the individual becomes employed in a security-sensitive position and after the expiration of any probationary term of employment or, if the individual is not hired for a security-sensitive position, after the information is used for its authorized purpose. http://www.capitol.state.tx.us/tlodocs/82R/billtext/pdf/HB02937F.pdf#navpanes=0
Title: H.B. 2937
Source: www.capitol.state.tx.us

TXSigned into law 06/2011P-12Specifies that contracting or subcontracting entities may not allow an employee to provide services at a school if the employee has been convicted of a felony or misdemeanor that would by statute prevent a person from being employed by a district, charter school or shared services agreement (previous provision prohibited contractor from providing services if individual's felony or misdemeanor conviction would by statute prevent him/her from obtaining certification). http://www.capitol.state.tx.us/tlodocs/82R/billtext/pdf/SB01042F.pdf#navpanes=0
Title: S.B. 1042
Source: www.capitol.state.tx.us

TXSigned into law 06/2011P-12Defines "campus program for minors" as a program operated by or on the campus of a public or private/independent institution of higher education that is not a day camp, and offers recreational, athletic, religious or educational activities for at least 20 campers who are not enrolled at the institution and who attend or temporarily reside at the camp for all or part of at least four days. Provides a program operator may not employ an individual in a position involving contact with campers at a campus program for minors unless the individual has completed a training and examination program on sexual abuse and child molestation in the last two years. Provides this provision does not apply to a student enrolled at the institution of higher education operating the campus program for minors or at which the campus program is conducted, and whose contact with campers is limited to a single class of short duration. Identifies procedural requirements for program operators. Requires the executive commissioner of the Health and Human Services Commission by rule to establish criteria and guidelines for the training and examination program on sexual abuse and child molestation. Permits the department of state health services ("department") to assess a fee to cover the costs associated with training and administration related to these provisions. Directs the department at least every five years to review each training and examination program on sexual abuse and child molestation approved by the department to ensure the program continues to meet the criteria and guidelines established by rule. Permits the department to investigate a person suspected of violating these provisions or a rule adopted under these provisions. Directs a program operator to consider the costs of compliance with these provisions in determining any charges or fees imposed and collected for participation in the campus program for minors. http://www.legis.state.tx.us/tlodocs/82R/billtext/pdf/SB01414F.pdf#navpanes=0
Title: S.B. 1414
Source: www.legis.state.tx.us

COSigned into law 05/2011P-12Adds criminal offenses and circumstances that disqualify individuals from employment at districts and schools, based primarily on background checks. The bill also describes offenses and circumstances that prompt suspending or revoking a license, certificate or endorsement.
http://www.leg.state.co.us/clics/clics2011a/csl.nsf/fsbillcont3/4DDFC21CE9178BCD87257808008040AC?Open&file=1121_enr.pdf
Title: H.B. 1121
Source: http://www.leg.state.co.us

INSigned into law 05/2011P-12Amends and adds certain crimes for which the department of education must revoke the licence of a school employee. Requires applicants for certain licensed health professions to submit to a national criminal history background check. Requires the department to release the results of the national criminal history background check to the Indiana professional licensing agency (agency). Authorizes a licensing board to suspend, deny, or revoke a license if the applicant or license holder has been convicted of specified offenses. Requires the department and the agency to enter into a memorandum of understanding to provide data exchange and data matching regarding licensees who are charged with or convicted of an offense. Requires the personal information data exchanged to be kept confidential. Allows the board of a regulated occupation to designate a person to act on behalf of the board to perform certain duties when seeking a cease and desist order.
http://www.in.gov/legislative/bills/2011/SE/SE0363.1.html
Title: S.B. 363
Source: http://www.in.gov

MDSigned into law 05/2011P-12Conforms the provisions of state law relating to discrimination in the employment of public school employees to other provisions of state law governing discrimination in employment by adding ancestry, age, marital status, and sexual orientation as protected classes. http://mlis.state.md.us/2011rs/chapters_noln/Ch_322_hb0202T.pdf
Title: H.B. 202
Source: http://mlis.state.md.us

TNSigned into law 05/2011P-12Eliminates the requirement that written notices of termination for K-12 teachers in public schools contain a statement of prior authorization by a majority vote of the local school board with the name of the teacher recorded.
http://www.capitol.tn.gov/Bills/107/Bill/HB0731.pdf
Title: H.B. 731
Source: http://www.capitol.tn.gov

TNSigned into law 05/2011P-12Authorizes substitute teachers to be employed and paid by a local education agency (LEA) or by a third party provider. Substitute teachers employed by a third party provider shall receive the same unemployment benefits as substitute teachers employed by local education agencies.
http://www.capitol.tn.gov/Bills/107/Bill/SB1674.pdf
Title: S.B. 1674
Source: http://www.capitol.tn.gov

DESigned into law 04/2011P-12Implements the recommendations of the Senate's Teacher Hiring Task Force. Creates an estimated unit count each March, which the Department of Education will conduct using existing resources. The state will guarantee that school districts receive unit funds for the following school year equivalent to 98% of the estimated unit count. This will allow districts to make offers of employment to new teachers in the late spring and early summer.  The Act also requires greater transparency by school districts with respect to their hiring practices.
http://legis.delaware.gov/LIS/lis146.nsf/vwLegislation/SB+16/$file/legis.html?open
Title: S.B. 16
Source: http://legis.delaware.gov

IDSigned into law 04/2011P-12Oversight moved from the state board of education to the Professional Standards Commission. School districts - employees - Amends and adds to existing law to revise procedures, processes and fees before the Professional Standards Commission; to provide for an applicant for employment at a school district to sign a release that prior personnel files shall be released to the district, to provide immunity from liability and to provide penalties for disclosure of information. Adds language to Section 33-1209 on "Proceedings to Revoke, Suspend, Deny or Place Reasonable Conditions on a Certificate, Letters of Reprimand, Complaint, Subpoena Power, Hearing" stating that, upon receipt of a written and signed allegation of ethical misconduct, the chief certification officer, in conjunction with the attorney general and the professional standards commission investigator conduct a review of the allegation to determine if the complaint should be remanded to the school district to be resolved locally or to open an investigation and forward the case to the Professional Standards Commission. Within fourteen (14) days of the decision, the chief certificiton officer is to notify the complainant and teacher in writing that an investigation will be conducted and the teacher should be afforded an opportunity to respond to the allegation verbally and in writing prior to the issuance of the complaint. The executive committee of the Professional Standards Commission is to review the circumstances of the case at one of the next two regularly scheduled meetings. Timeline is set for processing the complaint. For any person certified in another state and applying for certification in Idaho, the chief certification officer is instructed to deny an application if there are any unsatisfied conditions on such current or previously issues certificate or if there is any form of pending investigation by a state agency concerning the applicant's teaching license or certificate.
http://legislature.idaho.gov/legislation/2011/H0201.pdf
Title: H.B. 201
Source: http://legislature.idaho.gov

NYSigned into law 04/2011P-12Allows nonpublic schools to contract with BOCES for criminal background checks. http://assembly.state.ny.us/leg/?default_fld=&bn=A06611%09%09&Summary=Y&Memo=Y&Text=Y
Title: A.B. 6611
Source: assembly.state.ny.us

FLSigned into law 03/2011P-12Provides that before transferring a teacher, the district superintendent must provide the principal of the receiving school with the teacher's student performance records. Permits a principal to refuse the placement unless the instructor has a performance rating of effective or highly effective.
http://laws.flrules.org/files/Ch_2011-001.pdf
Title: S.B. 736 - Teacher Transfers
Source: laws.flrules.org

IDSigned into law 03/2011P-12Section 33-515 states that it is the intent of the legislature that after January 31, 2011, no new employment contract between a school district and a certificated employee shall result in the vesting of tenure, continued expectations of employment or property rights in an employment relationship. Therefore, no board of trustees has the authority to enter into any renewable contract with any certificated or other employee hired by such district, except as specifically addressed by section 33-515 and 33-514 (3), Idaho Code. For any certificated employees already holding renewable contract status with a district as of January 31, 2011, the employees have the right to the continued automatic renewal of that employee's employment contract. For those employees not grandfathered in, there are two categories of annual contracts. A category A contract is a limited -year contract for certificated personnel in the first or greater years of continuous employment with the same district. A category B contract is a limited 2-year contract that may be offered at the sole discretion of the board of trustees who may choose to add an additional year to such a contract upon the expiration of the first year, resulting in a new 2-year contract. For employees whose contracts will not -- at the board's discretion -- be renewed, notice must be provided to the employee in writing by July 1. Employees must be given, upon request, the opportunity for an informal review of such a decision by the board of trustees. Provides other provisions relating to reductions in force; and to provisions relating to contract negotiations and establishing contracts. Part 2 of 3 part Children Come First legislation.
http://legislature.idaho.gov/legislation/2011/S1108.pdf
Title: S.B. 1108
Source: http://legislature.idaho.gov/

UTSigned into law 03/2011P-12Prohibits districts from using a last-hired-first-fired layoff policy when terminating school district employees. Permits a district to consider the results of an employee's performance evaluation and a school's personnel needs when terminating an employee. During the 2011 interim, directs the education interim committee, in consultation with the state board of education, to study how teacher performance may be evaluated for purposes of awarding or eliminating teacher career employee status. http://le.utah.gov/~2011/bills/sbillenr/sb0073.pdf
Title: S.B. 73
Source: le.utah.gov

UTSigned into law 03/2011P-12Identifies conditions under which a retiree's retirement allowance may not be cancelled if a retiree is reemployed by a participating employer within a year of the retiree's retirement date. Directs the state retirement office to cancel a retiree's retirement allowance for the remainder of the calendar year if the reemployment with a participating employer exceeds a specified dollar amount. Provides taht if a retiree is reemployed, the last day of reemployment is considered the retiree's retirement date for the purpose of calculating the separation requirement. http://le.utah.gov/~2011/bills/sbillenr/sb0127.pdf
Title: S.B. 127
Source: le.utah.gov

+ Bilingual/ESL
+ Business Involvement
+ Career/Technical Education
+ Career/Technical Education--Career Academies/Apprenticeship
+ Choice of Schools--Charter Schools
+ Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Charter Districts
+ Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Closings
+ Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Cyber Charters
+ Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Finance
+ Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Research
+ Choice of Schools--Choice/Open Enrollment
+ Choice of Schools--Innovation Schools
+ Choice of Schools--Magnet or Specialized Schools
+ Choice of Schools--Tax Credits
+ Choice of Schools--Vouchers
+ Choice of Schools--Vouchers--Privately Funded
+ Civic Education
+ Civic Education--Character Education
+ Civic Education--Civic Knowledge and Literacy
+ Civic Education--Pledge of Allegiance
+ Class Size
+ Curriculum
+ Curriculum--Arts Education
+ Curriculum--Drivers Education
+ Curriculum--Financial Literacy/Economics Ed.
+ Curriculum--Foreign Language/Sign Language
+ Curriculum--Health/Nutrition Education
+ Curriculum--Language Arts
+ Curriculum--Mathematics
+ Curriculum--Physical Education
+ Curriculum--Science
+ Curriculum--Sex Education
+ Curriculum--Social Studies/History
+ Data-Driven Improvement
+ Demographics--Enrollments
+ Desegregation
+ Economic/Workforce Development
+ Equity
+ Federal
+ Finance
+ Finance--Adequacy/Core Cost
+ Finance--Aid to Private Schools
+ Finance--Bonds
+ Finance--District
+ Finance--Facilities
+ Finance--Federal
+ Finance--Funding Formulas
+ Finance--Local Foundations/Funds
+ Finance--Lotteries
+ Finance--Performance Funding
+ Finance--Private Giving
+ Finance--Resource Efficiency
+ Finance--State Budgets/Expenditures
+ Finance--Student Fees
+ Finance--Taxes/Revenues
+ Finance--Taxes/Revenues--Alternative Revenues
+ Governance
+ Governance--Deregulation/Waivers/Home Rule
+ Governance--Ethics/Conflict of Interest
+ Governance--Mandates
+ Governance--School Boards
+ Governance--School Boards--Training
+ Governance--Site-Based Management
+ Governance--State Boards/Chiefs/Agencies
+ Health
+ Health--Child Abuse
+ Health--Mental Health
+ Health--Nutrition
+ Health--School Based Clinics or School Nurses
+ Health--Suicide Prevention
+ High School
+ High School--Advanced Placement
+ High School--College Readiness
+ High School--Dropout Rates/Graduation Rates
+ High School--Dual/Concurrent Enrollment
+ High School--Early Colleges/Middle Colleges
+ High School--Exit Exams
+ High School--GED (General Education Development)
+ High School--Graduation Requirements
+ High School--International Baccalaureate
+ Instructional Approaches--Grading Practices
+ Instructional Approaches--Homeschooling
+ Integrated Services/Full-Service Schools
+ Leadership
+ Leadership--District Superintendent
+ Leadership--District Superintendent--Compensation and Diversified Pay
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Certification and Licensure
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Compensation and Diversified Pay
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Evaluation and Effectiveness
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Induction Programs and Mentoring
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Preparation
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Preparation--Alternative
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Professional Development
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Tenure
+ Middle School
+ Minority/Diversity Issues
+ Minority/Diversity Issues--African American
+ Minority/Diversity Issues--American Indian / Alaska Native / Native Hawaiian
+ No Child Left Behind--Adequate Yearly Progress
+ No Child Left Behind--Assessment
+ No Child Left Behind--Consequences for Schools
+ No Child Left Behind--Report Cards
+ No Child Left Behind--School Support
+ No Child Left Behind--Supplemental Services
+ Online Learning--Digital/Blended Learning
+ Online Learning--Virtual Schools/Courses
+ P-16 or P-20
+ P-3
+ P-3 Child Care
+ P-3 Content Standards and Assessment
+ P-3 Ensuring Quality
+ P-3 Finance
+ P-3 Governance
+ P-3 Grades 1-3
+ P-3 Health and Mental Health
+ P-3 Kindergarten
+ P-3 Kindergarten--Full-Day Kindergarten
+ P-3 Preschool
+ P-3 Special Ed./Inclusion
+ P-3 Teaching Quality/Professional Development
+ Parent/Family
+ Postsecondary
+ Postsecondary Accountability
+ Postsecondary Accountability--Accreditation
+ Postsecondary Accountability--Student Learning
+ Postsecondary Affordability
+ Postsecondary Affordability--Financial Aid
+ Postsecondary Affordability--Textbooks
+ Postsecondary Affordability--Tuition/Fees
+ Postsecondary Affordability--Tuition/Fees--Prepd/College Savings Plans
+ Postsecondary Affordability--Tuition/Fees--Undocumented Immigrants
+ Postsecondary Faculty
+ Postsecondary Faculty--Compensation
+ Postsecondary Faculty--Intellectual Property
+ Postsecondary Faculty--Tenure
+ Postsecondary Finance
+ Postsecondary Finance--Efficiency/Performance-Based Funding
+ Postsecondary Finance--Facilities
+ Postsecondary Finance--Revenue and Expenditures
+ Postsecondary Governance and Structures
+ Postsecondary Governance and Structures--Administrative/Leadership Issues
+ Postsecondary Governance and Structures--State Executives/State Agencies
+ Postsecondary Institutions
+ Postsecondary Institutions--Community/Technical Colleges
+ Postsecondary Institutions--For-Profit/Proprietary
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+ Postsecondary Institutions--HBCUs/Minority-Serving Institutions
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+ School/District Structure/Operations--District Size
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+ School/District Structure/Operations--Transportation
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+ Teaching Quality
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Alternative
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Assignment
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Highly Qualified Teachers
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Natl. Bd. for Prof. Teach. Stds.
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Special Education
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--State Prof. Standards Bds.
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Substitute Teachers
+ Teaching Quality--Compensation and Diversified Pay
+ Teaching Quality--Compensation and Diversified Pay--Pay-for-Performance
+ Teaching Quality--Compensation and Diversified Pay--Retirement/Benefits
+ Teaching Quality--Evaluation and Effectiveness
+ Teaching Quality--Induction Programs and Mentoring
+ Teaching Quality--Paraprofessionals
+ Teaching Quality--Preparation
+ Teaching Quality--Professional Development
+ Teaching Quality--Recruitment and Retention
+ Teaching Quality--Recruitment and Retention--At-Risk Schools
+ Teaching Quality--Recruitment and Retention--High-Needs Subjects
+ Teaching Quality--Reduction in Force
+ Teaching Quality--Teacher Attitudes
+ Teaching Quality--Teacher Rights
+ Teaching Quality--Tenure or Continuing Contract
+ Teaching Quality--Unions/Collective Bargaining
+ Teaching Quality--Unions/Collective Bargaining--Strikes
+ Technology
+ Technology--Devices/Software/Hardware
+ Technology--Equitable Access
+ Technology--Funding Issues
+ Technology--Teacher/Faculty Training
+ Textbooks and Open Source
+ Urban--Change/Improvements