ECS
From the ECS State Policy Database
2011 State Policies / Activities

Education Commission of the States • 700 Broadway, Suite 810 • Denver, CO 80203-3442 • 303.299.3600 • fax 303.296.8332 • www.ecs.org

The following summary includes policies enacted in 2011. This database is made possible by your state's fiscal support of the Education Commission of the States (ECS). Most entries are legislative, although rules/regulations and executive orders that make substantive changes are included. Every effort is made to collect the latest available version of policies; in some instances, recent changes might not be reflected. For expediency purposes minimal attention has been paid to style (capitalization, punctuation) and format. To view the documents, click on the blue triangle next to the topic of interest. To view all, press the button located at the top labeled "Expand All."

Please cite use of the database as: Education Commission of the States (ECS) State Policy Database, retrieved [date].

State Status/Date Level Summary
+ 21st Century Skills
+ Accountability
+ Accountability--Accreditation
+ Accountability--Measures/Indicators
+ Accountability--Reporting Results
+ Accountability--Rewards
+ Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions
+ Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions--No Pass No Play
+ Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions--Takeovers
+ Accountability--School Improvement
+ Adult Basic Education
+ Assessment
+ Assessment--Accommodations
+ Assessment--College Entrance Exams
+ Assessment--Computer Based
+ Assessment--End-of-Course
+ Assessment--Formative/Interim
+ At-Risk (incl. Dropout Prevention)
+ At-Risk (incl. Dropout Prevention)--Alternative Education
+ At-Risk (incl. Dropout Prevention)--Drugs/Alcohol
+ Attendance
+ Attendance--Compulsory
+ Attendance--Truancy
+ Background Checks
+ Bilingual/ESL
+ Business Involvement
+ Career/Technical Education
+ Career/Technical Education--Career Academies/Apprenticeship
+ Choice of Schools--Charter Schools
+ Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Charter Districts
+ Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Closings
+ Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Cyber Charters
+ Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Finance
+ Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Research
+ Choice of Schools--Choice/Open Enrollment
+ Choice of Schools--Innovation Schools
+ Choice of Schools--Magnet or Specialized Schools
+ Choice of Schools--Tax Credits
+ Choice of Schools--Vouchers
+ Choice of Schools--Vouchers--Privately Funded
+ Civic Education
+ Civic Education--Character Education
+ Civic Education--Civic Knowledge and Literacy
+ Civic Education--Pledge of Allegiance
+ Class Size
+ Curriculum
+ Curriculum--Arts Education
+ Curriculum--Drivers Education
+ Curriculum--Financial Literacy/Economics Ed.
+ Curriculum--Foreign Language/Sign Language
+ Curriculum--Health/Nutrition Education
+ Curriculum--Language Arts
+ Curriculum--Mathematics
+ Curriculum--Physical Education
+ Curriculum--Science
+ Curriculum--Sex Education
+ Curriculum--Social Studies/History
+ Data-Driven Improvement
+ Demographics--Enrollments
+ Desegregation
+ Economic/Workforce Development
+ Equity
+ Federal
+ Finance
+ Finance--Adequacy/Core Cost
+ Finance--Aid to Private Schools
+ Finance--Bonds
+ Finance--District
+ Finance--Facilities
+ Finance--Federal
+ Finance--Funding Formulas
+ Finance--Local Foundations/Funds
+ Finance--Lotteries
+ Finance--Performance Funding
+ Finance--Private Giving
+ Finance--Resource Efficiency
+ Finance--State Budgets/Expenditures
+ Finance--Student Fees
+ Finance--Taxes/Revenues
+ Finance--Taxes/Revenues--Alternative Revenues
+ Governance
+ Governance--Deregulation/Waivers/Home Rule
+ Governance--Ethics/Conflict of Interest
+ Governance--Mandates
+ Governance--School Boards
+ Governance--School Boards--Training
+ Governance--Site-Based Management
+ Governance--State Boards/Chiefs/Agencies
+ Health
+ Health--Child Abuse
+ Health--Mental Health
+ Health--Nutrition
+ Health--School Based Clinics or School Nurses
+ Health--Suicide Prevention
+ High School
+ High School--Advanced Placement
+ High School--College Readiness
+ High School--Dropout Rates/Graduation Rates
+ High School--Dual/Concurrent Enrollment
+ High School--Early Colleges/Middle Colleges
+ High School--Exit Exams
+ High School--GED (General Education Development)
+ High School--Graduation Requirements
+ High School--International Baccalaureate
+ Instructional Approaches--Grading Practices
+ Instructional Approaches--Homeschooling
+ Integrated Services/Full-Service Schools
+ Leadership
+ Leadership--District Superintendent
+ Leadership--District Superintendent--Compensation and Diversified Pay
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Certification and Licensure
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Compensation and Diversified Pay
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Evaluation and Effectiveness
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Induction Programs and Mentoring
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Preparation
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Preparation--Alternative
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Professional Development
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Tenure
+ Middle School
+ Minority/Diversity Issues
+ Minority/Diversity Issues--African American
+ Minority/Diversity Issues--American Indian / Alaska Native / Native Hawaiian
+ No Child Left Behind--Adequate Yearly Progress
+ No Child Left Behind--Assessment
+ No Child Left Behind--Consequences for Schools
+ No Child Left Behind--Report Cards
+ No Child Left Behind--School Support
+ No Child Left Behind--Supplemental Services
+ Online Learning--Digital/Blended Learning
+ Online Learning--Virtual Schools/Courses
+ P-16 or P-20
+ P-3
+ P-3 Child Care
+ P-3 Content Standards and Assessment
+ P-3 Ensuring Quality
+ P-3 Finance
+ P-3 Governance
+ P-3 Grades 1-3
+ P-3 Health and Mental Health
+ P-3 Kindergarten
+ P-3 Kindergarten--Full-Day Kindergarten
+ P-3 Preschool
+ P-3 Special Ed./Inclusion
+ P-3 Teaching Quality/Professional Development
+ Parent/Family
+ Postsecondary
+ Postsecondary Accountability
+ Postsecondary Accountability--Accreditation
+ Postsecondary Accountability--Student Learning
+ Postsecondary Affordability
+ Postsecondary Affordability--Financial Aid
+ Postsecondary Affordability--Textbooks
+ Postsecondary Affordability--Tuition/Fees
+ Postsecondary Affordability--Tuition/Fees--Prepd/College Savings Plans
+ Postsecondary Affordability--Tuition/Fees--Undocumented Immigrants
+ Postsecondary Faculty
+ Postsecondary Faculty--Compensation
+ Postsecondary Faculty--Intellectual Property
+ Postsecondary Faculty--Tenure
+ Postsecondary Finance
+ Postsecondary Finance--Efficiency/Performance-Based Funding
+ Postsecondary Finance--Facilities
+ Postsecondary Finance--Revenue and Expenditures
+ Postsecondary Governance and Structures
+ Postsecondary Governance and Structures--Administrative/Leadership Issues
+ Postsecondary Governance and Structures--State Executives/State Agencies
+ Postsecondary Institutions
+ Postsecondary Institutions--Community/Technical Colleges
+ Postsecondary Institutions--For-Profit/Proprietary
+ Postsecondary Institutions--Four-Year Baccalaureate
+ Postsecondary Institutions--HBCUs/Minority-Serving Institutions
+ Postsecondary Institutions--Private/Independent
+ Postsecondary Online Instruction
+ Postsecondary Participation--Access
+ Postsecondary Participation--Admissions Requirements
+ Postsecondary Participation--Affirmative Action
+ Postsecondary Participation--Enrollments (Statistics)
+ Postsecondary Students
+ Postsecondary Students--Adults
+ Postsecondary Students--Disabled
+ Postsecondary Students--Foster Youth
+ Postsecondary Students--Graduate/Professional
+ Postsecondary Students--International
+ Postsecondary Students--Low-Income
+ Postsecondary Students--Military
+ Postsecondary Students--Minority
+ Postsecondary Success
+ Postsecondary Success--Completion
+ Postsecondary Success--Completion--Completion Rates (Statistics)
+ Postsecondary Success--Developmental/Remediation
+ Postsecondary Success--Retention/Persistence
+ Postsecondary Success--Transfer/Articulation
+ Private Schools
+ Privatization
+ Promising Practices
+ Promotion/Retention
+ Public Involvement
+ Reading/Literacy
+ Reading/Literacy--Adult Literacy
+ Religion
+ Rural
+ Scheduling/School Calendar
+ Scheduling/School Calendar--Day/Class Length
+ Scheduling/School Calendar--Extended Day Programs
+ Scheduling/School Calendar--Summer School
+ Scheduling/School Calendar--Week
+ Scheduling/School Calendar--Year
+ Scheduling/School Calendar--Year Round
+ School Climate/Culture
+ School Safety
+ School Safety--Bullying Prevention/Conflict Resolution
+ School Safety--Code of Conduct
+ School Safety--Corporal Punishment
+ School Safety--Disaster/Emergency Preparedness
+ School Safety--Expulsion/Suspension
+ School Safety--Sexual Harassment and Assault
+ School Safety--Special Education
+ School Safety--Uniforms/Dress Codes
+ School/District Structure/Operations
+ School/District Structure/Operations--District Consolidation/Deconsolidation
+ School/District Structure/Operations--District Size
+ School/District Structure/Operations--Facilities
+ School/District Structure/Operations--Food Service
+ School/District Structure/Operations--Libraries
+ School/District Structure/Operations--Personnel (Non-Teaching)
+ School/District Structure/Operations--School Size
+ School/District Structure/Operations--Shared Services
+ School/District Structure/Operations--Staffing Ratios
+ School/District Structure/Operations--Transportation
+ Service-Learning
+ Special Education
+ Special Education--Federal Law/Regulations
+ Special Education--Finance
+ Special Education--Placement
+ Special Education--Transition
+ Special Populations--Corrections Education
+ Special Populations--Foster Care
+ Special Populations--Gifted and Talented
+ Special Populations--Homeless Education
+ Special Populations--Immigrant Education
+ Special Populations--Migrant Education
+ Special Populations--Military
+ Standards
+ Standards--Common Core State Standards
+ State Longitudinal Data Systems
+ State Policymaking
+ State Policymaking--Task Forces/Commissions
- STEM
WASigned into law 12/2011P-12Requires the office of the superintendent of public instruction, subject to funds appropriated for the purpose, to allocate grants to: (1) high schools to implement a training program to prepare students for employment as entry-level aerospace assemblers; (2) skill centers to implement enhanced manufacturing skills programs; and (3) high schools to implement specialized courses in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) careers. Requires the education data center in the office of financial management to: (1) collect aerospace assembler program student participation and completion data for grant recipient skill centers; (2) collect enhanced manufacturing skills programs student participation and completion data for grant recipient skill centers; (3) collect student course enrollment and course completion; (4) collect student mathematics and science course-taking patterns of students completing specialized STEM courses; and (5) follow the students to employment or further training and education in the two years following high school. http://apps.leg.wa.gov/documents/billdocs/2011-12/Pdf/Bills/Session%20Law%202011/2159.SL.pdf
Title: H.B. 2159
Source: http://apps.leg.wa.gov

WASigned into law 12/2011P-12Directs the professional educator standards board to revise standards for the elementary education endorsement and middle level and secondary mathematics and science teacher endorsements as well as other subject area endorsements with STEM-related components, and establishes deadlines by which standards related to math and science must be revised. Requires that the revised standards integrate STEM knowledge and skill and be aligned with Common Core math standards, the 2009 revision of state mathematics student learning standards and performance expectations, the biology end-of-course assessment, and the 2012 student science learning standards, and next generation standards and related student performance expectations. Also requires that the endorsement standards include the concepts and instructional practices of the interdisciplinary connections with engineering and technology. Directs the professional educator standards board to revise assessments required for certification of prospective teachers and teachers adding subject area endorsements, so that these assessments measure the aforementioned revised standards. Requires the professional educator standards board, in implementing evidence-based assessment of teaching effectiveness, to require candidates for the residency certificate to demonstrate effective subject specific instructional methods that address the revised standards. Directs the professional educator standards board to revise certificate renewal rules for teachers at the elementary and secondary levels in STEM-related subjects by September 1, 2014. Specifies the revised rules must include the requirement that continuing education or professional growth plans for these teachers include a specific focus on the integration of science, mathematics, technology, and engineering instruction. http://apps.leg.wa.gov/documents/billdocs/2011-12/Pdf/Bills/Session%20Law%202011/2160.SL.pdf
Title: H.B. 2160
Source: http://apps.leg.wa.gov/

IAIssued 08/2011P-12Orders the the creation of the Governor's Science Technology, Engineering and Mathematics ("STEM") Advisory Council in order to strengthen science, technology, engineering and mathematics education as part of providing a world-class education, encouraging innovation and enhancing economic development.
https://governor.iowa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/EO-74-STEM.pdf

Title: Executive Order #74
Source: https://governor.iowa.gov

ILSigned into law 08/2011Postsec.Creates the Diversity in Engineering Scholarship Program. Defines ''targeted group member" as a person belonging to a class of race, color or sex, whose percent of the workforce within the Department of Transportation's professional classification that includes civil engineers is less than that class's percent of the statewide labor market for such job activities as recorded in the Department's annual affirmative action plan. Defines ''eligible student" as a targeted group member who: (i) is an Illinois resident at the time of scholarship application; (ii) is enrolled full-time at any Illinois college or university in any program leading toward a degree in civil engineering; (iii) agrees to conditions required by the Department, including the obligation to work for the Department after graduation if a position is offered for at least one year for each academic year the student receives a scholarship. Provides that the Department of Transportation, subject to appropriation, must award scholarships to up to 20 students each year in the amount of no more than $7,500 per academic year. Directs the Department to promulgate rules as necessary to implement and administer the scholarship program.
http://www.ilga.gov/legislation/97/HB/PDF/09700HB1256lv.pdf
Title: H.B. 1256
Source: www.ilga.gov

IASigned into law 07/2011P-12Establishes the Iowa online advanced placement academy science, technology, engineering, and mathematics initiative within the international center for talented and gifted education at the state university of Iowa, to deliver, with an emphasis on science, technology, engineering, and mathematics coursework, preadvanced placement and advanced placement courses to high school students throughout the state, provide training opportunities for teachers to learn how to teach advanced placement courses in Iowa's high schools, and provide preparation for middle school students to ensure success in high school.
http://coolice.legis.state.ia.us/linc/84/external/govbills/HF645.pdf
Title: H.F. 645 - Multiple Sections
Source: http://coolice.legis.state.ia.us

ILSigned into law 07/2011P-12Permits 4 or more contiguous districts at least partially in the same municipality to jointly operate, through an institution of higher education located in the municipality, a a science and mathematics partnership school for serving some or all of grades K-8. Permits the partnership school to limit attendance to students living in any of the participating districts, and to establish admission criteria focused on students' academic proficiency in science and math. Requires that Each participating school district pay its per capita cost of educating the students from that district attending the partnership school. Provides relative to joint operation of the partnership school, and for selection and compensation/benefits/determination of service of teachers and other school employees. http://www.ilga.gov/legislation/97/SB/PDF/09700SB0621lv.pdf
Title: S.B. 621
Source: www.ilga.gov

TXAdopted 07/2011P-12Establishes the requirements necessary for a school to be designated as a T-STEM Academy. Adopted as published in the May 6 Texas Register (pages 5-6 of 16): http://www.sos.state.tx.us/texreg/pdf/backview/0506/0506prop.pdf
Title: 19 TAC 102.1093
Source: www.sos.state.tx.us

MESigned into law 06/2011P-12
Postsec.
Establishes the Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics Council to develop strategies for enhancing science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) education from prekindergarten through postsecondary education. Specifically, the council must: (1) Review research that has been conducted on STEM education in the state and recommend strategic directions for consideration by policymakers as they identify future investments in STEM; (2) Plan for coordinated state leadership with respect to STEM education and initiatives; (3) Develop initiatives to promote STEM education; (4) Devise strategies for promoting career and technical education alignment and supporting early career planning and transition supports from high school to college and to the workforce; and (5) Propose methods for integrating out-of-school programs focused on STEM with school-based programs, with the goal of inspiring more students to concentrate in the STEM. Provides that by January 15th annually, the council must submit a report of its findings and recommendations to the Legislature. http://www.mainelegislature.org/legis/bills/bills_125th/chapters/PUBLIC346.asp
Title: S.P. 490
Source: http://www.mainelegislature.org

OHSigned into law 06/2011P-12Permits the Ohio school facilities commission, upon receipt of a written proposal by the governing body of a STEM school, to provide funding to assist the STEM school in acquiring classroom facilities. Requires the STEM school to pledge at least a matching amount of nonstate funds. Page 358 of 1000: http://www.legislature.state.oh.us/BillText129/129_HB_153_EN_part2.pdf
Title: H.B. 153 - Funding for STEM School Facilities
Source: www.legislature.state.oh.us

TXSigned into law 06/2011P-12Defines an "applied STEM course" as a STEM course offered as part of a school district's career and technology education curriculum. Directs the state board to establish a process for the review and approval of applied STEM courses to satisfy the math and science requirements for the recommended high school program, to be substituted for a specific math or science course otherwise required under the recommended high school program and completed during the student's 4th year of math or science coursework. Authorizes the state board to approve only those substitution math courses taken after successful completion of Algebra I and geometry and to be taken after or concurrently with Algebra II. Authorizes the state board to approve only thsoe substitution science courses taken after successful completion of biology and chemistry and to be taken after or concurrently with physics. Identifies additional criteria an applied STEM course must meet, including that: the course is created by a recognized national or international business and
industry group to prepare a student for a national or international business and industry certification or license; the course qualifies as a dual credit course or an articulated postsecondary course; the standards are equivalent to those covered in the course for which the applied STEM course will substitute; and the course incorporates college and career readiness skills. Adds new provision directing the higher education coordinating board to ensure that credit for an applied STEM course may be applied to relevant degree programs offered by institutions of higher education.

Directs the state board for educator certification to specify that to obtain a certificate to teach an "applied STEM course" at a secondary school, the candidate must pass the certification test administered by the recognized national or international business and industry group that created the curriculum the applied STEM course is based on, and have at least an associate's degree and 3 years work experience in an occupation the applied STEM course is intended to prepare students for. http://www.legis.state.tx.us/tlodocs/82R/billtext/pdf/SB01620F.pdf#navpanes=0
Title: S.B. 1620
Source: www.legis.state.tx.us

TXSigned into law 06/2011Community College
Postsec.
Establishes the Texas Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (T-STEM) Challenge Scholarship program. Establishes initial and continuing student eligibility criteria, including that a student work no more than 15 hours a week for a business participating in the program. Provides that an eligible institution is a public junior college or public technical institute that admits at least 50 students into a STEM program each academic year, and develops partnerships with business and industry to identify local employment needs in STEM fields and provide part-time employment for students. For an institution to maintain program eligibility, it must demonstrate that at least 70% of its T-STEM Challenge Scholarship graduates, within 3 months after graduation, are employed by a business in a STEM field, or enrolled in upper-division courses towards a bachelor's degree in a STEM field. Requires that at least 50% of scholarship funds come from private funds. Provides a student may receive a scholarship for not more than two academic years.
Page 3-5: http://www.capitol.state.tx.us/tlodocs/82R/billtext/pdf/HB02910F.pdf#navpanes=0
Title: H.B. 2910 - T-STEM Challenge Scholarship Program
Source: www.capitol.state.tx.us

CASigned into law 04/2011P-12From bill summary: Requires the superintendent of public instruction to award grants to districts that propose to implement or maintain a partnership academy focused on employment in clean technology businesses and renewable energy businesses, and that provides skilled workforces for products/services related to energy and/or water conservation, renewable energy, pollution reduction, or other technologies. Requires the controller annually to allocate $8,000,000 from the Renewable Resource Trust Fund or other related fund, upon appropriation by the legislature, to the superintendent of public instruction for expenditure in the form of grants to districts for creating and maintaining partnership academies. Provides that if funds from the Renewable Resource Trust Fund are insufficient to fully meet that funding requirement in specified fiscal years, the controller is required to allocate the balance of funds required to meet the funding requirement from the Alternative and Renewable Fuel and Vehicle Technology Fund for these purposes.

Requires the energy commission, no later than 60 days after the effective date of these provisions, in consultation with the superintendent, to adopt guidelines to ensure that programs receiving grants reflect current state energy policies and priorities as well as provide skills and education linked to the needs of relevant industries.

Authorizes a district to apply for a planning grant to implement a partnership academy, and allows the superintendent to use up to 5% of the funds transferred to the superintendent for the program's administrative costs. Requires the superintendent, in consultation with the energy commission, to provide a report to the legislature that includes a description of the curriculum and substance of the programs funded by grants awarded pursuant to these provisions, and specified data. Provides that the bill's provisions become inoperative on June 30, 2017, and are repealed as of January 1, 2018.
http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/pub/11-12/bill/sen/sb_0001-0050/sbx1_1_bill_20110405_enrolled.pdf
Title: S.B. 1
Source: www.leginfo.ca.gov

NDSigned into law 03/2011P-12
Postsec.
Modifies the state department's program of grants for innovations in schools (science or technology projects or programs). Amount of grants is capped at $7,500 for K-12 level; at $20,000 for higher education. Allows the Department to require matching funds.
http://www.legis.nd.gov/assembly/62-2011/documents/11-0626-02000.pdf
Title: S.B. 2289
Source: http://www.legis.nd.gov/

VASigned into law 03/2011Postsec.
Community College
Establishes the Virginia Higher Education Opportunity Act of 2011 for the purpose of fueling strong economic growth in the Commonwealth and preparing Virginians for the top job opportunities in the knowledge-driven economy of the 21st century. The bill provides for (i) a new higher education funding policy; (ii) the calculation of the state general fund share of an institution's basic operations and instruction funding need; (iii) per student enrollment-based funding; (iv) targeted economic and innovation incentives; (v) the creation of a STEM Public-Private Partnership; and (vi) the creation of a Higher Education Advisory Committee. The bill also makes technical amendments. This bill is a recommendation of the Governor's Commission on Higher Education Reform, Innovation and Investment.
http://lis.virginia.gov/cgi-bin/legp604.exe?111+ful+HB2510ER+pdf
Title: H.B. 2510/S.B. 1459
Source: http://lis.virginia.gov/

VASigned into law 03/2011P-12Requires the Board of Education to take into account in its guidelines for the Virginia Index of Performance program a school division's increase in enrollments and elective course offerings in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics.
http://lis.virginia.gov/cgi-bin/legp604.exe?111+ful+CHAP0119+pdf
Title: H.B. 2172/S.B. 953
Source: http://lis.virginia.gov/

+ Student Achievement
+ Student Supports
+ Student Supports--Counseling/Guidance
+ Student Supports--Mentoring/Tutoring
+ Student Supports--Remediation
+ Student Surveys
+ Students--Athletics/Extracurricular Activities
+ Students--Employment
+ Students--Incentives
+ Students--Records/Rights
+ Teaching Quality
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Alternative
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Assignment
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Highly Qualified Teachers
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Natl. Bd. for Prof. Teach. Stds.
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Special Education
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--State Prof. Standards Bds.
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Substitute Teachers
+ Teaching Quality--Compensation and Diversified Pay
+ Teaching Quality--Compensation and Diversified Pay--Pay-for-Performance
+ Teaching Quality--Compensation and Diversified Pay--Retirement/Benefits
+ Teaching Quality--Evaluation and Effectiveness
+ Teaching Quality--Induction Programs and Mentoring
+ Teaching Quality--Paraprofessionals
+ Teaching Quality--Preparation
+ Teaching Quality--Professional Development
+ Teaching Quality--Recruitment and Retention
+ Teaching Quality--Recruitment and Retention--At-Risk Schools
+ Teaching Quality--Recruitment and Retention--High-Needs Subjects
+ Teaching Quality--Reduction in Force
+ Teaching Quality--Teacher Attitudes
+ Teaching Quality--Teacher Rights
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+ Teaching Quality--Unions/Collective Bargaining
+ Teaching Quality--Unions/Collective Bargaining--Strikes
+ Technology
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