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From the ECS State Policy Database 2011 State Policies / Activities

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Education Commission of the States • 700 Broadway, Suite 810 • Denver, CO 80203-3442 • 303.299.3600 • fax 303.296.8332 • www.ecs.org

The following summary includes policies enacted in 2011. This database is made possible by your state's fiscal support of the Education Commission of the States (ECS). Most entries are legislative, although rules/regulations and executive orders that make substantive changes are included. Every effort is made to collect the latest available version of policies; in some instances, recent changes might not be reflected. For expediency purposes minimal attention has been paid to style (capitalization, punctuation) and format. To view the documents, click on the blue triangle next to the topic of interest. To view all, press the button located at the top labeled "Expand All." Please cite use of the database as: Education Commission of the States (ECS) State Policy Database, retrieved [date]. State Status/Date Level Summary 21st Century Skills Accountability Accountability--Accreditation Accountability--Measures/Indicators Accountability--Reporting Results Accountability--Rewards Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions--No Pass No Play Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions--Takeovers Accountability--School Improvement Adult Basic Education Assessment Assessment--Accommodations Assessment--College Entrance Exams Assessment--Computer Based Assessment--End-of-Course Assessment--Formative/Interim At-Risk (incl. Dropout Prevention) At-Risk (incl. Dropout Prevention)--Alternative Education At-Risk (incl. Dropout Prevention)--Drugs/Alcohol Attendance Attendance--Compulsory Attendance--Truancy Background Checks Bilingual/ESL Business Involvement Career/Technical Education Career/Technical Education--Career Academies/Apprenticeship Choice of Schools--Charter Schools MI Signed into law 12/2011 P-12 Revised Code for Public School Academies (PSA), Urban High School Academies and Schools of Excellence (SOE) S.B. 618 Provides for revision of charter school law concerning formation, operation, and termination of public school academies, urban high school a... More... MI Signed into law 12/2011 P-12 Charter Schools S.B. 618 Authorizes an unlimited number (removes cap) and eliminates geographical limits on the issuance of contracts for PSAs, urban high school aca... More... WI Signed into law 12/2011 P-12 Charter Contracts May Include Grounds for Expulsion S.B. 95 - Section 9 - 118.40 (2r) (b) This new section of law allows a charter or contract to include grounds for expelling a pupil from the charter school. If such grounds are i... More... CA Vetoed 10/2011 P-12 Charter School Petitions A.B. 86 From bill summary: With respect to charter petitions signed by teachers, requires that the petition be signed by a number of nonsupervisoria... More... CA Vetoed 10/2011 P-12 Charter Schools A.B. 1034 From bill summary: Revises the provision relating to admission requirements so that admission policies and procedures are to be included in ... More... DE Signed into law 08/2011 P-12 Charter School Code H.B. 205 Requires criminal background and child abuse registry checks for charter school board members; prohibits individuals who have felony convict... More... OH Signed into law 08/2011 P-12 Innovation Schools H.B. 153 - Innovation Schools Permits a school to apply to its district board to be designated as an innovation school. Requires an application to include numerous elemen... More... CT Signed into law 07/2011 P-12 Data Collection Requirements/Charter Schools S.B. 1039 State Education Resource Center - Clarifies the status of the State Education Resource Center as a nonstock corporation and nonprofit tax ex... More... CT Signed into law 07/2011 P-12 Charter School Educator Permit S.B. 1160 Establishes a charter school educator permit and allows the education commissioner, starting in the 2011-12 school year, to waive state cert... More... IL Signed into law 07/2011 P-12 Operation of Chicago Charters for Re-Enrolled Dropouts H.B. 2401 Provides that each campus of a Chicago charter school devoted exclusively to re-enrolled high school dropouts must be operated through a con... More... IL Signed into law 07/2011 P-12 Charter Schools S.B. 79 Creates the State Charter School Commission, and makes it responsible for authorizing charter schools statewide. Establishes membership of t... More... MN Signed into law 07/2011 P-12 Replacing Closed Schools with Charters H.F. 26 Allows a school board to endorse or authorize the establishing of a charter school to replace the closed school. Requires charter applicants... More... MN Signed into law 07/2011 P-12 Charitable Organizations as Charter Authorizing Agents H.F. 26 Requires that a charitable organization must have been operating continuously for at least five years before it authorizes a charter school.... More... MN Signed into law 07/2011 P-12 Charter Authorizer Requirements H.F. 26 Strikes several requirements for what an authorizer must include in its application to the commissioner for approval as an authorizer. Adds ... More... MN Signed into law 07/2011 P-12 Charter School Boards H.F. 26 Requires school board elections to be held during the school year, which excludes days when the school is closed for holidays or vacations. ... More... MN Signed into law 07/2011 P-12 Charter Authorizer Transfer H.F. 26 Allows a transfer of authorizers when an authorizer and a charter school board of directors mutually agree to terminate or not renew a chart... More... OR Signed into law 07/2011 P-12 Charter Schools, H.B. 3362 Allows sponsor and public charter school to enter into cooperative agreement with other school districts for purpose of forming partnership ... More... CT Signed into law 06/2011 P-12 Charter School Teacher Certification S.B. 1104 Allows the state Commissioner of Education to waive the requirement that teachers in charter schools hold certification when the charter sch... More... FL Signed into law 06/2011 P-12 High-Performing Charter Schools and Charter Systems S.B. 1546 Establishes criteria for high-performing charter schools (virtual or cyber charters are not eligible) and high-performing charter school sys... More... HI Signed into law 06/2011 P-12 Charter School Funding and Oversight S.B. 1174 Requires charter school budget requests for needs-based facilities funding to include a detailed explanation as to the formula used and the ... More... HI Signed into law 06/2011 P-12 Reconstituting Public School and Charter School S.B. 1485 Allows the superintendent of education to reconstitute a public school, except for charter schools. Directs the department to negotiate with... More... IL Signed into law 06/2011 P-12 Chicago Charter Schools for Students from Low-Performing or Overcrowded Schools, or Serving Dropouts H.B. 190 Allows at least 5 charter schools devoted exclusively to students from low-performing or overcrowded schools to operate at any one time in C... More... LA Signed into law 06/2011 P-12 Corporate Donations to Charter Schools H.B. 421 Addresses corporate donations to charter schools. Discusses enrollment preferences and membership on the governing or management board of a ... More... LA Signed into law 06/2011 P-12 Charter Schools -- Beginning of Operations S.B. 43 Allows a chartering authority to alter the time period within which a charter school must begin operation. A charter school, once approved, ... More... LA Signed into law 06/2011 P-12 Charter School Approvals S.B. 142 Revises statute: Prior to the consideration of a charter school proposal by any local school board or the state board, each charter applican... More... ME Signed into law 06/2011 P-12 Creates a Public Charter School Program S.P. 496 Establishes a process which authorizes the establishment of charter schools in the state. Allows for teachers who are members of the Maine P... More... NC Signed into law 06/2011 P-12 Eliminates Charter School Cap S.B. 8 Removes the cap on charter schools. Allows the state board of education discretion in granting final approval of charter school applications... More... NV Signed into law 06/2011 P-12 Charter Schools S.B. 212 Creates and prescribes the membership of a State Public Charter School Authority. Removes the authority of the State Board of Education to s... More... NV Signed into law 06/2011 P-12 Charter Schools A.B. 171 Revisesprovisions governing the membership of a committee to form a charter school and the governing body of a charter school; revises provi... More... OH Signed into law 06/2011 P-12 Sanctions for the Lowest-Performing Schools H.B. 153 - Sanctions for the Lowest-Performing Schools Provides that for any building that is ranked in the lowest 5% of all public school buildings statewide for three consecutive years and is d... More... OH Signed into law 06/2011 P-12 Cooperative Educational Programs at Community Schools H.B. 153 - Cooperative Educational Programs at Community Schools Permits community schools to enter into agreements for joint or cooperative establishment and operation of any educational program. Provides... More... OH Signed into law 06/2011 P-12 Charter Caps, Charter Performance Index H.B. 153 - Charter Caps, Charter Performance Index Repeals existing language regarding charter caps for charter operators that were operating fewer than 50, 50-75 and more than 75 schools as ... More... OH Signed into law 06/2011 P-12 Community Schools (Miscellaneous Provisions) H.B. 153 - Community Schools (Miscellaneous Provisions) For purposes of start-up community schools, adds to definition of "challenged school district" any district ranked in the lowest 5% accordin... More... OH Signed into law 06/2011 P-12 Ohio School Sponsorship Program H.B. 153 - Ohio School Sponsorship Program Establishes the Ohio School Sponsorship Program; directs the department of education to establish an office of Ohio school sponsorship. Auth... More... OH Signed into law 06/2011 P-12 Community Schools in More Than One or Sharing a Facility H.B. 153 - Community Schools in More Than One or Sharing a Facility Permits a community school under the same contract to be located in multiple facilities and to assign students in the same grade level to mu... More... OH Signed into law 06/2011 P-12 Collective Bargaining at Cleveland Board-Sponsored Community School H.B. 153 - Collective Bargaining at Cleveland Board-Sponsored Community School Provides that the employees of a conversion community school sponsored by the Cleveland board of education will cease to be subject to any f... More... OH Signed into law 06/2011 P-12 Community School Cannot Operate from a Home H.B. 153 - Community School Cannot Operate from a Home Prohibits a community school that opened for operation after May 1, 2005 from operating from a home. Page 2 of 264: http://www.legislature.s... More... OH Signed into law 06/2011 P-12 Early College Start-Up Community School H.B. 153 - Early College Start-Up Community School Permits any early college high school operated by a big eight school district (as defined in statute http://codes.ohio.gov/orc/3314.02) in p... More... OR To governor 06/2011 P-12 Special Education H.B. 2299 Requires school district in which public charter school is located to be responsible for identifying, locating and evaluating students to de... More... OR Signed into law 06/2011 P-12 Charter Sponsorship S.B. 994 Allows an institution of higher education to evaluate a proposal for sponsorship by a public charter school; provides that the process or th... More... PA Signed into law 06/2011 P-12 Multiple Sections -Charters and Cyber Charters Finance H.B. 1352 Removes provisions requiring the state to reimburse charter and cyber charter schools for a portion of the employer's share of social securi... More... TN Signed into law 06/2011 P-12 Charter School Facilities H.B. 1980 Requires a district, in which a charter school operates, to make available annually a list of the district's vacant properties and space. ht... More... TN Signed into law 06/2011 P-12 Charter Schools H.B. 1989 Authorizes the Department of Education's (DOE) Achievement School District (ASD) to be a chartering authority for a public charter school. D... More... TN Signed into law 06/2011 P-12 Charter Schools H.B. 1956 Amends charter schools provisions. Prohibits a local board of education from serving as the governing body of a public charter school. Requi... More... TX Signed into law 06/2011 P-12 Charter School Participation Travel Services Contract H.B. 1550 Permits open-enrollment charter school staff to participate in the Texas Facilities Commission's contract for travel services. Bill text: ht... More... TX Signed into law 06/2011 P-12 Preference in Charter School Admissions H.B. 2366 Authorizes an open-enrollment charter school operated by a municipality to give a preference in admissions to children of employees of the m... More... TX Signed into law 06/2011 P-12 Confidentiality of Teacher and Administrator Performance Documents H.B. 2971 Clarifies that the confidentiality of documents evaluating teacher or administrator performance applies to teachers and administrators at op... More... TX Signed into law 06/2011 P-12 Distinction Designations and Charter Schools S.B. 1484 Specifies that an open-enrollment charter school may not be awarded a distinction designation if the charter school is evaluated under alter... More... FL Signed into law 05/2011 P-12 Charter School Enrollment/School District Class Size S.B. 2120 - Sec. 8, 11, 12, 14, 15 Sec. 8 - Adjusts the charter school enrollment process such that students living in a development that provides the facility and related pro... More... GA Signed into law 05/2011 P-12 College and Career Academies S.B. 161 Amends provisions related to career academies. Defines "college and career academy" as a specialized charter school established by a partner... More... IN Signed into law 05/2011 P-12 Charter Schools H.B. 1002 Allows charter schools to opt in to the state health insurance plans. Establishes the charter school board as a statewide sponsor of charter... More... NV Signed into law 05/2011 P-12 Accountability S.B. 35 Section 1 of this bill removes the requirement that the automated system of accountability information have the capacity to identify which p... More... OK Signed into law 05/2011 P-12 Charter Schools Get Government Lease Rates S.B. 256 Any charter school which chooses to lease property is eligible to receive current government lease rates. http://webserver1.lsb.state.ok.us/... More... OK Signed into law 05/2011 P-12 Charter School Attendance S.B. 445 Clarifies that students who reside in a school district where a charter school is located are not required to obtain a transfer to attend th... More... OK Signed into law 05/2011 P-12 State Board Sponsorship of Certain Charter Schools, Supplemental Textbooks S.B. 278 Allows the State Board of Education to sponsor a charter school when the applicant has a contract with the Office of Juvenile Affairs to pro... More... OR Signed into law 05/2011 P-12 Student Records H.B. 2029 Requires transfer of student education records to school district when charter is terminated or public charter school is dissolved. Applies ... More... AR Signed into law 04/2011 P-12 Charter School Cap S.B. 346 Declares that if the cap on the number of charters available for an open-enrollment public charter school is within two charters of meeting ... More... AR Signed into law 04/2011 P-12 Charter School Reporting S.B. 436 Requires a public charter school to annually submit a report detailing: (1) The number of applications for enrollment received; (2) The numb... More... AZ Signed into law 04/2011 P-12 Charter School Authorizers S.B. 1263--Charter Schools Updates the definition of charter school to clarify a public university, a community college with an enrollment of 15,000 full-time equivale... More... CO Signed into law 04/2011 P-12 Parental Involvement and School Improvement Plans H.B. 1126 Encourages districts to adopt policies to increase parental involvement. Requires schools that must develop improvement plans to notify pare... More... ID Signed into law 04/2011 P-12 Charter Schools S.B. 1184 - Charter Schools Allows public postsecondary institutions to operate public charter high schools. http://legislature.idaho.gov/legislation/2011/S1184.pdf ... More... ID Signed into law 04/2011 P-12 Revises Provisions Relating to Funding Determinations and Allocations, Dual Credits for Early Completers and Post Secondary Institutions' Operation of Public Charter Schools H.B. 345 This legislation makes amendments to SB 1184 – the third bill in the Students Come First plan. These changes are as follows: Additional rel... More... RI Adopted 04/2011 P-12 Charter School Regulations (6434) RI ADC 21-2-58:C-1- through C-9-1 The regulations were adopted in order to provide uniform rules for the establishment, operation, and oversight of charter schools in Rhode I... More... CO Signed into law 03/2011 P-12 Charter Schools Grant Applications H.B. 1089 Concerns procedures for charter schools that apply for grants. http://www.leg.state.co.us/clics/clics2011a/csl.nsf/fsbillcont3/72F3BE6445179... More... NM Signed into law 03/2011 P-12 Charter School Policies and Requirements S.B. 446 Addresses contracts between charter schools chartering authorities; creates an annual evaluation process for charter schools; includes other... More... NM Signed into law 03/2011 P-12 Policies for Converted Charter Schools H.B. 97 Clarifies the attendance priorities and other procedures for schools that have been converted to charters through the Assessment and Account... More... UT Signed into law 03/2011 P-12 Regional Service Centers H.B. 92 From bill summary: Allows and encourages local school boards to enter into an interlocal agreement to create a regional service center to pr... More... UT Signed into law 03/2011 P-12 State Charter School Board Membership S.B. 140 Defines "organization that represents Utah's charter schools". Provides that three members of the state charter school board (all of whose m... More... UT Signed into law 03/2011 P-12 Charter School Student Participation in Extracurricular Activities S.B. 235 Provides that a charter school student is eligible to participate in an extracurricular activity at a public school other than the student's... More... UT Signed into law 03/2011 P-12 Charter School Governance H.B. 388 Provides that a chartering entity may use certain data to measure the performance of a charter school. Prohibits a chartering entity from im... More... WY Signed into law 02/2011 P-12 Charter Schools H.B. 115 An act relating to charter schools; requiring charter school applications and renewal applications to be uniform statewide; imposing duties ... More... Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Charter Districts Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Closings Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Cyber Charters Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Finance Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Research Choice of Schools--Choice/Open Enrollment Choice of Schools--Innovation Schools Choice of Schools--Magnet or Specialized Schools Choice of Schools--Tax Credits Choice of Schools--Vouchers Choice of Schools--Vouchers--Privately Funded Civic Education Civic Education--Character Education Civic Education--Civic Knowledge and Literacy Civic Education--Pledge of Allegiance Class Size Curriculum Curriculum--Arts Education Curriculum--Drivers Education Curriculum--Financial Literacy/Economics Ed. Curriculum--Foreign Language/Sign Language Curriculum--Health/Nutrition Education Curriculum--Language Arts Curriculum--Mathematics Curriculum--Physical Education Curriculum--Science Curriculum--Sex Education Curriculum--Social Studies/History Data-Driven Improvement Demographics--Enrollments Desegregation Economic/Workforce Development Equity Federal Finance Finance--Adequacy/Core Cost Finance--Aid to Private Schools Finance--Bonds Finance--District Finance--Facilities Finance--Federal Finance--Funding Formulas Finance--Local Foundations/Funds Finance--Lotteries Finance--Performance Funding Finance--Private Giving Finance--Resource Efficiency Finance--State Budgets/Expenditures Finance--Student Fees Finance--Taxes/Revenues Finance--Taxes/Revenues--Alternative Revenues Governance Governance--Deregulation/Waivers/Home Rule Governance--Ethics/Conflict of Interest Governance--Mandates Governance--School Boards Governance--School Boards--Training Governance--Site-Based Management Governance--State Boards/Chiefs/Agencies Health Health--Child Abuse Health--Mental Health Health--Nutrition Health--School Based Clinics or School Nurses Health--Suicide Prevention High School High School--Advanced Placement High School--College Readiness High School--Dropout Rates/Graduation Rates High School--Dual/Concurrent Enrollment High School--Early Colleges/Middle Colleges High School--Exit Exams High School--GED (General Education Development) High School--Graduation Requirements High School--International Baccalaureate Instructional Approaches--Grading Practices Instructional Approaches--Homeschooling Integrated Services/Full-Service Schools Leadership Leadership--District Superintendent Leadership--District Superintendent--Compensation and Diversified Pay Leadership--Principal/School Leadership Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Certification and Licensure Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Compensation and Diversified Pay Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Evaluation and Effectiveness Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Induction Programs and Mentoring Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Preparation Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Preparation--Alternative Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Professional Development Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Tenure Middle School Minority/Diversity Issues Minority/Diversity Issues--African American Minority/Diversity Issues--American Indian / Alaska Native / Native Hawaiian No Child Left Behind--Adequate Yearly Progress No Child Left Behind--Assessment No Child Left Behind--Consequences for Schools No Child Left Behind--Report Cards No Child Left Behind--School Support No Child Left Behind--Supplemental Services Online Learning--Digital/Blended Learning Online Learning--Virtual Schools/Courses P-16 or P-20 P-3 P-3 Child Care P-3 Content Standards and Assessment P-3 Ensuring Quality P-3 Finance P-3 Governance P-3 Grades 1-3 P-3 Health and Mental Health P-3 Kindergarten P-3 Kindergarten--Full-Day Kindergarten P-3 Preschool P-3 Special Ed./Inclusion P-3 Teaching Quality/Professional Development Parent/Family Postsecondary Postsecondary Accountability Postsecondary Accountability--Accreditation Postsecondary Accountability--Student Learning Postsecondary Affordability Postsecondary Affordability--Financial Aid Postsecondary Affordability--Textbooks Postsecondary Affordability--Tuition/Fees Postsecondary Affordability--Tuition/Fees--Prepd/College Savings Plans Postsecondary Affordability--Tuition/Fees--Undocumented Immigrants Postsecondary Faculty Postsecondary Faculty--Compensation Postsecondary Faculty--Intellectual Property Postsecondary Faculty--Tenure Postsecondary Finance Postsecondary Finance--Efficiency/Performance-Based Funding Postsecondary Finance--Facilities Postsecondary Finance--Revenue and Expenditures Postsecondary Governance and Structures Postsecondary Governance and Structures--Administrative/Leadership Issues Postsecondary Governance and Structures--State Executives/State Agencies Postsecondary Institutions Postsecondary Institutions--Community/Technical Colleges Postsecondary Institutions--For-Profit/Proprietary Postsecondary Institutions--Four-Year Baccalaureate Postsecondary Institutions--HBCUs/Minority-Serving Institutions Postsecondary Institutions--Private/Independent Postsecondary Online Instruction Postsecondary Participation--Access Postsecondary Participation--Admissions Requirements Postsecondary Participation--Affirmative Action Postsecondary Participation--Enrollments (Statistics) Postsecondary Students Postsecondary Students--Adults Postsecondary Students--Disabled Postsecondary Students--Foster Youth Postsecondary Students--Graduate/Professional Postsecondary Students--International Postsecondary Students--Low-Income Postsecondary Students--Military Postsecondary Students--Minority Postsecondary Success Postsecondary Success--Completion Postsecondary Success--Completion--Completion Rates (Statistics) Postsecondary Success--Developmental/Remediation Postsecondary Success--Retention/Persistence Postsecondary Success--Transfer/Articulation Private Schools Privatization Promising Practices Promotion/Retention Public Involvement Reading/Literacy Reading/Literacy--Adult Literacy Religion Rural Scheduling/School Calendar Scheduling/School Calendar--Day/Class Length Scheduling/School Calendar--Extended Day Programs Scheduling/School Calendar--Summer School Scheduling/School Calendar--Week Scheduling/School Calendar--Year Scheduling/School Calendar--Year Round School Climate/Culture School Safety School Safety--Bullying Prevention/Conflict Resolution School Safety--Code of Conduct School Safety--Corporal Punishment School Safety--Disaster/Emergency Preparedness School Safety--Expulsion/Suspension School Safety--Sexual Harassment and Assault School Safety--Special Education School Safety--Uniforms/Dress Codes School/District Structure/Operations School/District Structure/Operations--District Consolidation/Deconsolidation School/District Structure/Operations--District Size School/District Structure/Operations--Facilities School/District Structure/Operations--Food Service School/District Structure/Operations--Libraries School/District Structure/Operations--Personnel (Non-Teaching) School/District Structure/Operations--School Size School/District Structure/Operations--Shared Services School/District Structure/Operations--Staffing Ratios School/District Structure/Operations--Transportation Service-Learning Special Education Special Education--Federal Law/Regulations Special Education--Finance Special Education--Placement Special Education--Transition Special Populations--Corrections Education Special Populations--Foster Care Special Populations--Gifted and Talented Special Populations--Homeless Education Special Populations--Immigrant Education Special Populations--Migrant Education Special Populations--Military Standards Standards--Common Core State Standards State Longitudinal Data Systems State Policymaking State Policymaking--Task Forces/Commissions STEM Student Achievement Student Supports--Counseling/Guidance Student Supports--Mentoring/Tutoring Student Supports--Remediation Student Surveys Students--Athletics/Extracurricular Activities Students--Employment Students--Incentives Students--Records/Rights Teaching Quality Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Alternative Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Assignment Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Highly Qualified Teachers Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Natl. Bd. for Prof. Teach. Stds. Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Special Education Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--State Prof. Standards Bds. Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Substitute Teachers Teaching Quality--Compensation and Diversified Pay Teaching Quality--Compensation and Diversified Pay--Pay-for-Performance Teaching Quality--Compensation and Diversified Pay--Retirement/Benefits Teaching Quality--Evaluation and Effectiveness Teaching Quality--Induction Programs and Mentoring Teaching Quality--Paraprofessionals Teaching Quality--Preparation Teaching Quality--Professional Development Teaching Quality--Recruitment and Retention Teaching Quality--Recruitment and Retention--At-Risk Schools Teaching Quality--Recruitment and Retention--High-Needs Subjects Teaching Quality--Reduction in Force Teaching Quality--Teacher Attitudes Teaching Quality--Teacher Rights Teaching Quality--Tenure or Continuing Contract Teaching Quality--Unions/Collective Bargaining Teaching Quality--Unions/Collective Bargaining--Strikes Technology Technology--Devices/Software/Hardware Technology--Equitable Access Technology--Funding Issues Technology--Teacher/Faculty Training Textbooks and Open Source Urban--Change/Improvements