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From the ECS State Policy Database 2011 State Policies / Activities

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Education Commission of the States • 700 Broadway, Suite 810 • Denver, CO 80203-3442 • 303.299.3600 • fax 303.296.8332 • www.ecs.org

The following summary includes policies enacted in 2011. This database is made possible by your state's fiscal support of the Education Commission of the States (ECS). Most entries are legislative, although rules/regulations and executive orders that make substantive changes are included. Every effort is made to collect the latest available version of policies; in some instances, recent changes might not be reflected. For expediency purposes minimal attention has been paid to style (capitalization, punctuation) and format. To view the documents, click on the blue triangle next to the topic of interest. To view all, press the button located at the top labeled "Expand All." Please cite use of the database as: Education Commission of the States (ECS) State Policy Database, retrieved [date]. State Status/Date Level Summary 21st Century Skills Accountability Accountability--Accreditation Accountability--Measures/Indicators Accountability--Reporting Results Accountability--Rewards Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions--No Pass No Play Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions--Takeovers Accountability--School Improvement Adult Basic Education Assessment Assessment--Accommodations Assessment--College Entrance Exams Assessment--Computer Based Assessment--End-of-Course Assessment--Formative/Interim At-Risk (incl. Dropout Prevention) At-Risk (incl. Dropout Prevention)--Alternative Education At-Risk (incl. Dropout Prevention)--Drugs/Alcohol Attendance Attendance--Compulsory Attendance--Truancy Background Checks Bilingual/ESL Business Involvement Career/Technical Education Career/Technical Education--Career Academies/Apprenticeship Choice of Schools--Charter Schools Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Charter Districts Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Closings Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Cyber Charters Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Finance Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Research Choice of Schools--Choice/Open Enrollment Choice of Schools--Innovation Schools Choice of Schools--Magnet or Specialized Schools Choice of Schools--Tax Credits Choice of Schools--Vouchers Choice of Schools--Vouchers--Privately Funded Civic Education Civic Education--Character Education Civic Education--Civic Knowledge and Literacy Civic Education--Pledge of Allegiance Class Size Counseling/Guidance Curriculum Curriculum--Arts Education Curriculum--Drivers Education Curriculum--Financial Literacy/Economics Ed. Curriculum--Foreign Language/Sign Language Curriculum--Health/Nutrition Education Curriculum--Language Arts Curriculum--Mathematics Curriculum--Physical Education Curriculum--Science Curriculum--Sex Education Curriculum--Social Studies/History Data-Driven Improvement Demographics--Enrollments Desegregation Economic/Workforce Development Equity Federal Finance Finance--Adequacy/Core Cost Finance--Aid to Private Schools Finance--Bonds Finance--District Finance--Facilities Finance--Federal Finance--Funding Formulas Finance--Local Foundations/Funds Finance--Lotteries Finance--Performance Funding Finance--Private Giving Finance--Resource Efficiency Finance--State Budgets/Expenditures Finance--Student Fees Finance--Taxes/Revenues Finance--Taxes/Revenues--Alternative Revenues Governance Governance--Deregulation/Waivers/Home Rule Governance--Ethics/Conflict of Interest Governance--Mandates Governance--School Boards Governance--School Boards--Training Governance--Site-Based Management Governance--State Boards/Chiefs/Agencies Health AL Issued 12/2011 P-12 HIV/AIDS Prevention Task Force Executive Order 26 Establishes the HIV/AIDS Prevention Task Force. Includes the state superintendent of education or designee among the membership. Charges the task force with researching and developing options to encourage statewide efforts to reduce cases of HIV/AIDS and to im... More... PA Signed into law 11/2011 P-12 Safety in Youth Sports Act S.B. 200 Establishes standards for managing concussions and traumatic brain injuries to student athletes. Requires the Departments of Education and Health to develop and post on their websites guidelines and relevant materials to inform mand educate students concernin... More... AR Adopted Regulations 10/2011 P-12 Hearing Services Provider Manual AR ADC 016.06.24-202.110; AR ADC 016.06.24-213.000; AR ADC 016.06.24-214.000; AR ADC 016.06.24-242.100, 110, 200, 310; AR ADC 016.06.35-500.000 Revises the Hearing Services provider policy manual to allow school districts and education service cooperatives (ESCs) to perform certain audiology services within the school setting. Describes the participation criteria for schools and ESCs; the scope of ser... More... CA Signed into law 10/2011 P-12 Training Nonmedical School Employees to Provide Emergency Assistance to Students Suffering Seizures S.B. 161 From bill summary: Until January 1, 2017, authorizes a school district, county office of education, or charter school to participate in a program to provide nonmedical school employees with voluntary emergency medical training to provide, in the absence of a c... More... CA Signed into law 10/2011 P-12 Concussions A.B. 25 From bill summary: Requires a school district that elects to offer athletic programs to immediately remove from a school-sponsored athletic activity for the remainder of the day an athlete who is suspected of sustaining a concussion or head injury during that ... More... CA Signed into law 08/2011 P-12 California School Climate, Health, and Learning Survey S.C.R. 18 From bill summary: States legislative intent to pursue every means necessary to ensure that the California School Climate, Health, and Learning Survey (CAL-SCHLS) remains viable and urges the state to pursue federal funding, grants, or other sources to ensure ... More... NY Signed into law 08/2011 P-12 Bedbug Infestation Notifications A.B. 7259 Amends provisions related to notifications of bedbug infestations in New York City public schools. Adds guardians of potentially affected students to the individuals who must receive immediate notification when a bedbug infestation has been identified. Provide... More... CA Signed into law 07/2011 P-12 Conditional School Attendance in Absence of Pertussis Boosters S.B. 614 Until June 30, 2012, allows a county office of education, district governing board or charter school governing body to allow a student in grades 7-12 to conditionally attend school for up to 30 days if that pupil has not been fully immunized with all pertussis... More... CT Signed into law 07/2011 P-12 Data Collection Requirements/Charter Schools S.B. 1039 State Education Resource Center - Clarifies the status of the State Education Resource Center as a nonstock corporation and nonprofit tax exempt organization within the Department of Education. Health Assessment - Allows certain medical professionals from mi... More... IL Signed into law 07/2011 P-12 Concussions H.B. 200 Directs each school board to adopt a policy on student athlete concussions and head injuries that is in compliance with the protocols, policies and bylaws of the Illinois High School Association. Requires that information on the local concussion and head injur... More... MO Signed into law 07/2011 P-12 Concussions H.B. 300 Establishes the High School Sports Brain Injury Prevention Act which requires school boards to work with the Missouri State High School Activities Association to develop guidelines regarding concussions and head injuries. http://www.house.mo.gov/billtracking/b... More... RI Signed into law 07/2011 P-12 Concussions H.B. 5440 and S.B. 0291 A Adds an annual refresher course to the initial course requirement for coaches and volunteers, and encourages districts to have school nurses complete a training course in concussions and traumatic brain injuries. Encourages districts to get student neuropsych... More... AL Signed into law 06/2011 P-12 Concussions H.B. 108 Requires the governing body of each sport or recreational organization to develop guidelines and other pertinent information to inform parents and youth athletes on the nature and risk of concussion and brain injury. Requires the youth athlete and athlete's pa... More... FL Signed into law 06/2011 P-12 Authorizes School Districts To Restrict Smoking on District Property S.B. 1430 Provides an exception to the state's preemption of smoking regulation to authorize district school boards to restrict smoking by persons on school district property. http://laws.flrules.org/files/Ch_2011-108.pdf... More... IL Adopted 06/2011 P-12 Recess in Schools Task Force H.J.R. 4 Extends the date by which the Recess in Schools Task Force must submit its final report to December 31, 2011. http://www.ilga.gov/legislation/97/HJR/PDF/09700HJ0004lv.pdf... More... LA Signed into law 06/2011 P-12 Comprehensive Sports Injury Management Program H.B. 364 Creates a comprehensive sports injury management program related to the health and safety of students who participate in school-sanctioned athletics. Explains procedures for when students sustain serious injuries. http://www.legis.state.la.us/billdata/streamdo... More... LA Signed into law 06/2011 P-12 Concussions by Student Athletes S.B. 189 Relates to concussions and head injuries suffered by student athletes, education requirements, removal of athletes from competition upon sustaining a concussion. Addresses requirements which must be satisfied for a youth athlete to return to play after sustain... More... NC Signed into law 06/2011 P-12 National School Breakfast Program S.B. 415 Requries funds appropriated for the school breakfast program to be used to provide school breakfasts at no cost to students of all grade levels qualifying for reduced-price meals in all schools participating in the National School Breakfast Program (NSBP). Pro... More... NC Signed into law 06/2011 P-12 Gfeller-Waller Concussion Awareness Act H.B. 792 Provides that the required rules governing interscholastic athletic activities adopted by the State Board of Education must provide: 1. That all coaches, school nurses, athletic directors, first responders, volunteers, students who participate in interscholas... More... OH Signed into law 06/2011 P-12 Health H.B. 153 - Health Repeals requirement that the healthy choices for healthy children council assist the department of health in developing a list of resources on health risks associated with weight status for distribution to parents. Repeals requirement that the state board esta... More... OH Signed into law 06/2011 P-12 Definitions for Purposes of District Purchases H.B. 153 - Definitions for Purposes of District Purchases Repeals existing definition of "electronic textbook". Establishes new defintion of electronic textbook as any book or book substitute accessed via a computer or other electronic medium or that is available through an Internet-based provider of course content, ... More... TX Signed into law 06/2011 P-12 Food Allergies H.B. 742 Defines "severe food allergy". Requires that a district request, upon a student's enrollment, parental disclosure of a food allergy or severe food allergy that, in the parent's judgment, should be disclosed to enable the district to take any necessary precauti... More... TX Signed into law 06/2011 P-12 Guidelines for the Care of Students with a Diagnosed Food Allergy at Risk for Anaphylaxis S.B. 27 Directs local boards and charter schools to adopt and administer a policy for the care of students with a diagnosed food allergy at risk for anaphylaxis based on guidelines developed by May 2012 by the commissioner of state health services in consultation with... More... TX Signed into law 06/2011 P-12 Reporting Student Performance on Physical Fitness Assessment S.B. 226 Amends provisions relating to reporting student performance on a physical fitness assessment instrument to the Texas Education Agency. http://www.legis.state.tx.us/tlodocs/82R/billtext/pdf/SB00226F.pdf#navpanes=0... More... TX Signed into law 06/2011 P-12 Membership of Local School Health Advisory Council S.B. 736 Authorizes a local board of trustees to appoint a representative of local domestic violence programs to the local school health advisory council. http://www.capitol.state.tx.us/tlodocs/82R/billtext/pdf/SB00736F.pdf#navpanes=0... More... AK Signed into law 05/2011 P-12 Concussions H.B. 15 Relating to prevention and evaluation of and liability for concussions in student athletes. Sec. 14.30.142 is amended to read: The governing body of a school district shall consult with the state school activities association to develop and publish guidelines ... More... GA Signed into law 05/2011 P-12 Administering Auto-Injectable Epinephrine H.B. 227 Permits a school to receive and store auto-injectable epinephrine on behalf of a student who is not able to self-administer the medication if the parent or guardian provides certain written statements from the doctor and parent. Directs each local board to ado... More... IN Signed into law 05/2011 P-12 Concussions S.B. 93 Requires the department of education, in consultation with specified persons, to disseminate guidelines, information sheets, and forms to school corporations for distribution to schools to inform and educate coaches, student athletes, and parents of student at... More... MD Signed into law 05/2011 P-12 Requires Policies and Programs on the Risk of Concussions and Head Injuries H.B. 858 Requires the state Department of Education, in collaboration with specified entities, to develop policies and to implement a program to provide awareness to coaches, school personnel, students, and parents or guardians of students on the risk of concussions an... More... MD Signed into law 05/2011 P-12 Concussions and Head Injury Awareness S.B. 771 Requires the state Department of Education, in collaboration with specified entities, to develop policies and implement a program to provide awareness to coaches, school personnel, students, and parents or guardians of students on the risk of concussions and h... More... ND Signed into law 05/2011 P-12 Health Curriculum Component on Sexual Health H.B. 1229 Beginning July 1, 2012, each school district and nonpublic school is required to ensure that the portion of its health curriculum which is related to sexual health includes instruction pertaining to the risks associated with adolescent sexual activity and the ... More... NE Vetoed 05/2011 P-12 Blood Lead Testing L.B. 204 Requires each student entering kindergarten on and after July 1, 2011, to have undergone blood lead testing after the age of eighteen months and before the age of four years or, in the case of a transfer student four years of age or older enrolling in the dis... More... NV Signed into law 05/2011 P-12 Concussions A.B. 455 Requires the Nevada Interscholastic Activities Association and the board of trustees of each school district to adopt policies concerning the prevention and treatment of injuries to the head sustained by pupils while participating in sports and other athletic ... More... TN Signed into law 05/2011 P-12 Defibrillators H.B. 1633 Requires the first AED received by a school to be placed in a location that can be readily accessed, which may include those areas used for physical education or activity. http://www.capitol.tn.gov/Bills/107/Bill/HB1633.pdf... More... TN Signed into law 05/2011 P-12 Physical Education H.B. 9 Requires local education agencies (LEAs) to incorporate a minimum of 30 minutes of physical activity each instructional day for elementary and secondary students. Currently, students are required to have a minimum of 90 minutes of physical activity per instruc... More... TX Signed into law 05/2011 Postsec. Vaccination Against Bacterial Meningitis S.B. 1107 Relates to the vaccination against bacterial meningitis of entering students at public and private or independent institutions of higher education. Requires vaccination of all entering students (rather than first-time students), unless the student is at least ... More... VT Signed into law 05/2011 P-12 Concussions S.B. 100 - Sec. 39 This section defines and establishes the importance of avoiding and treating student concussions. Requires the development of statewide guidelines, forms and other materials (to be updated as needed) that are designed to educate coaches, youth athletes, and th... More... AR Signed into law 04/2011 P-12 Athletic Trainers H.B. 1743 Requires districts to develop procedures concerning student physical activity in its public schools that includes recognition and management of the following events or conditions that may be encountered by a student during athletic training and physical activi... More... AZ Signed into law 04/2011 P-12 Concussions S.B. 1521 Requires school district governing boards to implement policies and procedures regarding concussions and head injuries of students participating in school-sponsored athletic activities. Chapter 167 http://www.azleg.gov/legtext/50leg/1r/bills/sb1521s.pdf... More... CO Signed into law 04/2011 P-12 Physical Education/Activity Requirements H.B. 1069 Requires districts and charter schools to adopt policies to incorporate time for physical activity into schedules for elementary students. Spells out the minutes required for physical activity based on the length of time students attend school. http://www.leg.... More... IA Signed into law 04/2011 P-12 Protecting Against Concussions and Brain Injuries S.F. 367 Concerned with protecting students from concussions and other brain injuries. http://coolice.legis.state.ia.us/linc/84/external/govbills/SF367.pdf... More... MS Vetoed 04/2011 P-12 Influenza Vaccination Program H.B. 868 Authorizes the state department of health to apply for federal grants and to provide an influenza vaccination school program for school-age children aged 5-18. http://billstatus.ls.state.ms.us/documents/2011/pdf/HB/0800-0899/HB0868SG.pdf... More... ND Signed into law 04/2011 P-12 Concussions S.B. 2281 Requires that all schools that sponsor or sanction athletic activities must adopt a concussion management program and outlines specific requirements that must be included in the program. The program must require that students be removed from competition and pr... More... AR To Governor 03/2011 P-12 Administration of Glucagon H.B. 1447 Provides that a licensed nurse employed by a school district or other healthcare professional shall annually train volunteer school personnel designated as care providers to administer Glucagon to a student with Type I diabetes. Provides that parents of studen... More... KY Adopted 03/2011 P-12 Students with Chronic Health Conditions H.R. 187 Encourages the state department of education, the Kentucky Board of Nursing, the Kentucky Education Association, and the Kentucky School Boards Association to work with the American Diabetes Association, the Epilepsy Foundation of Kentucky, and the American Lu... More... SD Signed into law 03/2011 P-12 Concussions S.B. 149 Establishes policies for youth athletes with concussions resulting from participation in youth athletic activities. The South Dakota High School Activities Association, working with the Department of Education, will develop guidelines to inform and educate mem... More... UT Signed into law 03/2011 P-12 Student Sports Concussions H.B. 204 Creates the "Protection of Athletes with Head Injuries Act". Includes public or private school in the definition of "amateur sports organization", and includes in definition of "agent" a coach, teacher, employee, representative, or volunteer in the organizatio... More... UT Signed into law 03/2011 P-12 Support for Increased Participation in Outdoor Activities H.C.R. 7 Expresses support for increased participation by children in outdoor activities and support policies that promote outdoor activities for Utah's children. Requires that a copy of this resolution be sent to, among other recipients, the state office of education.... More... UT Signed into law 03/2011 P-12 Public School Vision Screening S.B. 67 Extends the public school vision screening from age 7 to age 8. Authorizes the division of services for the blind and visually impaired (in the state office of education) to work with health care professionals, teachers, and vision screeners to develop protoco... More... VA Signed into law 03/2011 P-12 Health Requirements for Students H.B. 2291 Allows licensed nurse practitioners, in addition to physicians, registered nurses or local health department employees, to immunize public school students and to provide proof of such immunizations. Also, provides that a licensed nurse practitioner may provide... More... WY Signed into law 03/2011 P-12 School Athletics Safety S.F. 38 Requires the State Superintendent of Public Instruction to develop a model protocol and to assist school districts in developing protocols for addressing risks associated with concussions and other head injuries from school athletics. Requires school district... More... VA Signed into law 02/2011 P-12 Youth Health Risk Survey S.B. 1094 Requires the Department of Health to develop and administer a random survey of students in public middle and high schools to facilitate planning and implementation of effective programs for substance abuse prevention through collection of information identifyi... More... Health--Child Abuse Health--Mental Health Health--Nutrition Health--School Based Clinics or School Nurses Health--Suicide Prevention High School High School--Advanced Placement High School--College Readiness High School--Dropout Rates/Graduation Rates High School--Dual/Concurrent Enrollment High School--Early Colleges/Middle Colleges High School--Exit Exams High School--GED (General Education Development) High School--Graduation Requirements Instructional Approaches--Grading Practices Instructional Approaches--Homeschooling Integrated Services/Full-Service Schools International Baccalaureate Leadership Leadership--District Superintendent Leadership--District Superintendent--Compensation and Diversified Pay Leadership--Principal/School Leadership Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Certification and Licensure Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Compensation and Diversified Pay Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Evaluation and Effectiveness Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Induction Programs and Mentoring Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Preparation Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Preparation--Alternative Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Professional Development Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Tenure Mentoring/Tutoring Middle School Minority/Diversity Issues Minority/Diversity Issues--African American Minority/Diversity Issues--American Indian / Alaska Native / Native Hawaiian No Child Left Behind--Adequate Yearly Progress No Child Left Behind--Assessment No Child Left Behind--Consequences for Schools No Child Left Behind--Report Cards No Child Left Behind--School Support No Child Left Behind--Supplemental Services Online Learning--Digital/Blended Learning Online Learning--Virtual Schools/Courses P-16 or P-20 P-3 P-3 Child Care P-3 Content Standards and Assessment P-3 Ensuring Quality P-3 Finance P-3 Governance P-3 Grades 1-3 P-3 Health and Mental Health P-3 Kindergarten P-3 Kindergarten--Full-Day Kindergarten P-3 Preschool P-3 Special Ed./Inclusion P-3 Teaching Quality/Professional Development Parent/Family Postsecondary Postsecondary Accountability Postsecondary Accountability--Accreditation Postsecondary Accountability--Student Learning Postsecondary Affordability Postsecondary Affordability--Financial Aid Postsecondary Affordability--Textbooks Postsecondary Affordability--Tuition/Fees Postsecondary Affordability--Tuition/Fees--Prepd/College Savings Plans Postsecondary Affordability--Tuition/Fees--Undocumented Immigrants Postsecondary Faculty Postsecondary Faculty--Compensation Postsecondary Faculty--Intellectual Property Postsecondary Faculty--Tenure Postsecondary Finance Postsecondary Finance--Efficiency/Performance-Based Funding Postsecondary Finance--Facilities Postsecondary Finance--Revenue and Expenditures Postsecondary Governance and Structures Postsecondary Governance and Structures--Administrative/Leadership Issues Postsecondary Governance and Structures--State Executives/State Agencies Postsecondary Institutions Postsecondary Institutions--Community/Technical Colleges Postsecondary Institutions--For-Profit/Proprietary Postsecondary Institutions--Four-Year Baccalaureate Postsecondary Institutions--HBCUs/Minority-Serving Institutions Postsecondary Institutions--Private/Independent Postsecondary Online Instruction Postsecondary Participation--Access Postsecondary Participation--Admissions Requirements Postsecondary Participation--Affirmative Action Postsecondary Participation--Enrollments (Statistics) Postsecondary Students Postsecondary Students--Adults Postsecondary Students--Disabled Postsecondary Students--Foster Youth Postsecondary Students--Graduate/Professional Postsecondary Students--International Postsecondary Students--Low-Income Postsecondary Students--Military Postsecondary Students--Minority Postsecondary Success Postsecondary Success--Completion Postsecondary Success--Developmental/Remediation Postsecondary Success--Retention/Persistence Postsecondary Success--Transfer/Articulation Private Schools Privatization Promising Practices Promotion/Retention Public Involvement Reading/Literacy Reading/Literacy--Adult Literacy Religion Remediation (K-12) Rural Scheduling/School Calendar Scheduling/School Calendar--Day/Class Length Scheduling/School Calendar--Extended Day Programs Scheduling/School Calendar--Summer School Scheduling/School Calendar--Week Scheduling/School Calendar--Year Scheduling/School Calendar--Year Round School Climate/Culture School Safety School Safety--Bullying Prevention/Conflict Resolution School Safety--Code of Conduct School Safety--Corporal Punishment School Safety--Disaster/Emergency Preparedness School Safety--Expulsion/Suspension School Safety--Sexual Harassment and Assault School Safety--Special Education School Safety--Uniforms/Dress Codes School/District Structure/Operations School/District Structure/Operations--District Consolidation/Deconsolidation School/District Structure/Operations--District Size School/District Structure/Operations--Facilities School/District Structure/Operations--Food Service School/District Structure/Operations--Libraries School/District Structure/Operations--Personnel (Non-Teaching) School/District Structure/Operations--School Size School/District Structure/Operations--Shared Services School/District Structure/Operations--Staffing Ratios School/District Structure/Operations--Transportation Service-Learning Special Education Special Education--Federal Law/Regulations Special Education--Finance Special Education--Placement Special Education--Transition Special Populations--Corrections Education Special Populations--Foster Care Special Populations--Gifted and Talented Special Populations--Homeless Education Special Populations--Immigrant Education Special Populations--Military Standards Standards--Common Core State Standards State Longitudinal Data Systems State Policymaking State Policymaking--Task Forces/Commissions STEM Student Achievement Student Surveys Students--Athletics/Extracurricular Activities Students--Employment Students--Incentives Students--Records/Rights Teaching Quality Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Alternative Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Assignment Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Highly Qualified Teachers Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Natl. Bd. for Prof. Teach. Stds. Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Special Education Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--State Prof. Standards Bds. Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Substitute Teachers Teaching Quality--Compensation and Diversified Pay Teaching Quality--Compensation and Diversified Pay--Pay-for-Performance Teaching Quality--Compensation and Diversified Pay--Retirement/Benefits Teaching Quality--Evaluation and Effectiveness Teaching Quality--Induction Programs and Mentoring Teaching Quality--Paraprofessionals Teaching Quality--Preparation Teaching Quality--Professional Development Teaching Quality--Recruitment and Retention Teaching Quality--Recruitment and Retention--At-Risk Schools Teaching Quality--Recruitment and Retention--High-Needs Subjects Teaching Quality--Reduction in Force Teaching Quality--Teacher Attitudes Teaching Quality--Teacher Rights Teaching Quality--Tenure or Continuing Contract Teaching Quality--Unions/Collective Bargaining Teaching Quality--Unions/Collective Bargaining--Strikes Technology Technology--Devices/Software/Hardware Technology--Equitable Access Technology--Funding Issues Technology--Teacher/Faculty Training Textbooks and Open Source Urban--Change/Improvements