ECS
From the ECS State Policy Database
2012 State Policies / Activities

Education Commission of the States • 700 Broadway, Suite 810 • Denver, CO 80203-3442 • 303.299.3600 • fax 303.296.8332 • www.ecs.org

The following summary includes policies enacted in 2012. This database is made possible by your state's fiscal support of the Education Commission of the States (ECS). Most entries are legislative, although rules/regulations and executive orders that make substantive changes are included. Every effort is made to collect the latest available version of policies; in some instances, recent changes might not be reflected. For expediency purposes minimal attention has been paid to style (capitalization, punctuation) and format. To view the documents, click on the blue triangle next to the topic of interest. To view all, press the button located at the top labeled "Expand All."

Please cite use of the database as: Education Commission of the States (ECS) State Policy Database, retrieved [date].

State Status/Date Level Summary
+ 21st Century Skills
+ Accountability
+ Accountability--Accreditation
+ Accountability--Measures/Indicators
+ Accountability--Reporting Results
+ Accountability--Rewards
+ Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions
+ Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions--No Pass No Drive
+ Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions--Takeovers
+ Accountability--School Improvement
+ Adult Basic Education
+ Assessment
+ Assessment--Accommodations
+ Assessment--College Entrance Exams
+ Assessment--Computer Based
+ Assessment--End-of-Course
+ Assessment--High Stakes/Competency
+ At-Risk (incl. Dropout Prevention)
+ At-Risk (incl. Dropout Prevention)--Alternative Education
+ Attendance
+ Attendance--Compulsory
+ Attendance--Statutory Ages (Upper and Lower)
+ Attendance--Truancy
+ Background Checks
+ Bilingual/ESL
+ Career/Technical Education
+ Career/Technical Education--Career Academies/Apprenticeship
+ Cheating
+ Choice of Schools
+ Choice of Schools--Charter Schools
+ Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Closings
+ Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Cyber Charters
+ Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Finance
+ Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Research
+ Choice of Schools--Choice/Open Enrollment
+ Choice of Schools--Magnet or Specialized Schools
+ Choice of Schools--Tax Credits
+ Choice of Schools--Vouchers
+ Civic Education
+ Civic Education--Character Education
+ Civic Education--Curriculum/Standards
+ Civic Education--Pledge of Allegiance
+ Class Size
+ Counseling/Guidance
+ Curriculum
+ Curriculum--Arts Education
+ Curriculum--Drivers Education
+ Curriculum--Excusal
+ Curriculum--Family Living Education
+ Curriculum--Financial Literacy/Economics Ed.
+ Curriculum--Foreign Language/Sign Language
+ Curriculum--Health/Nutrition Education
+ Curriculum--Language Arts
+ Curriculum--Mathematics
+ Curriculum--Multicultural
+ Curriculum--Physical Education
+ Curriculum--Science
+ Curriculum--Sex Education
+ Curriculum--Social Studies/History
+ Data-Driven Improvement
+ Economic/Workforce Development
+ Equity
+ Finance
+ Finance--Adequacy/Core Cost
+ Finance--Bonds
+ Finance--District
+ Finance--Equity
+ Finance--Facilities
+ Finance--Federal
+ Finance--Funding Formulas
+ Finance--Local Foundations/Funds
+ Finance--Lotteries
+ Finance--Resource Efficiency
+ Finance--State Budgets/Expenditures
+ Finance--Student Fees
+ Finance--Taxes/Revenues
+ Finance--Taxes/Revenues--Alternative Revenues
+ Governance
+ Governance--Deregulation/Waivers/Home Rule
+ Governance--Ethics/Conflict of Interest
+ Governance--Mandates
+ Governance--Regional Entities
+ Governance--School Boards
+ Governance--School Boards--Training
+ Governance--Site-Based Management
+ Governance--State Boards/Chiefs/Agencies
+ Health
+ Health--Child Abuse
+ Health--Nutrition
+ Health--School Based Clinics or School Nurses
+ Health--Suicide Prevention
+ High School
+ High School--Advanced Placement
+ High School--College Readiness
+ High School--Dropout Rates/Graduation Rates
+ High School--Dual/Concurrent Enrollment
+ High School--Early Colleges/Middle Colleges
+ High School--Exit Exams
+ High School--GED (General Education Development)
+ High School--Graduation Requirements
+ Instructional Approaches
+ Instructional Approaches--Grading Practices
+ Instructional Approaches--Homeschooling
+ Integrated Services/Full-Service Schools
+ International Baccalaureate
+ Leadership
+ Leadership--District Superintendent
+ Leadership--District Superintendent--Compensation and Diversified Pay
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Certification and Licensure
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Compensation and Diversified Pay
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Evaluation and Effectiveness
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Preparation
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Professional Development
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Tenure
+ Mentoring/Tutoring
+ Middle School
+ Minority/Diversity Issues
+ Minority/Diversity Issues--American Indian / Alaska Native / Native Hawaiian
+ No Child Left Behind
+ No Child Left Behind--Choice/Transfer
+ No Child Left Behind--Consequences for Schools
+ No Child Left Behind--Reauthorization Issues/Waivers
+ No Child Left Behind--School Support
+ No Child Left Behind--Supplemental Services
+ Online Learning--Digital/Blended Learning
+ Online Learning--Virtual Schools/Courses
+ P-16 or P-20
+ P-3
+ P-3 Child Care
+ P-3 Content Standards and Assessment
+ P-3 Data Systems
+ P-3 Early Intervention (0-3)
+ P-3 Ensuring Quality
+ P-3 Family Involvement
+ P-3 Finance
+ P-3 Governance
+ P-3 Grades 1-3
+ P-3 Health and Mental Health
+ P-3 Kindergarten
+ P-3 Kindergarten--Full-Day Kindergarten
+ P-3 Preschool
+ P-3 Teaching Quality/Professional Development
+ Parent/Family
+ Parent/Family--Parent Rights
+ Partnerships--University/School
+ Postsecondary
+ Postsecondary Accountability
+ Postsecondary Accountability--Accreditation
+ Postsecondary Accountability--Licensing/Program Review and Approval
+ Postsecondary Affordability
+ Postsecondary Affordability--Financial Aid
+ Postsecondary Affordability--Textbooks
+ Postsecondary Affordability--Tuition/Fees
+ Postsecondary Affordability--Tuition/Fees--Prepd/College Savings Plans
+ Postsecondary Affordability--Tuition/Fees--Undocumented Immigrants
+ Postsecondary Faculty
+ Postsecondary Faculty--Compensation
+ Postsecondary Faculty--Tenure
+ Postsecondary Finance
+ Postsecondary Finance--Efficiency/Performance-Based Funding
+ Postsecondary Finance--Facilities
+ Postsecondary Finance--Revenue and Expenditures
+ Postsecondary Governance and Structures
+ Postsecondary Governance and Structures--Administrative/Leadership Issues
+ Postsecondary Governance and Structures--State Executives/State Agencies
+ Postsecondary Institutions
+ Postsecondary Institutions--Community/Technical Colleges
+ Postsecondary Institutions--For-Profit/Proprietary
+ Postsecondary Institutions--Four-Year Baccalaureate
+ Postsecondary Institutions--Private/Independent
+ Postsecondary Online Instruction
+ Postsecondary Participation
+ Postsecondary Participation--Access
+ Postsecondary Participation--Enrollments (Statistics)
+ Postsecondary Participation--Outreach
+ Postsecondary Students
+ Postsecondary Students--Adults
+ Postsecondary Students--Disabled
+ Postsecondary Students--Foster Youth
+ Postsecondary Students--Graduate/Professional
+ Postsecondary Students--Military
+ Postsecondary Success
+ Postsecondary Success--Completion
+ Postsecondary Success--Developmental/Remediation
+ Postsecondary Success--Retention/Persistence
+ Postsecondary Success--Transfer/Articulation
+ Private Schools
+ Privatization--Education Management Agencies (EMOs)
+ Proficiency-Based Approaches
+ Promotion/Retention
+ Purposes of Public Education
+ Reading/Literacy
+ Religion
+ Religion--Prayer/Meditation
+ Religion--Scientific Creationism (Evolution)
+ Remediation (K-12)
+ Rural
+ Scheduling/School Calendar
+ Scheduling/School Calendar--Day/Class Length
+ Scheduling/School Calendar--Extended Day Programs
+ Scheduling/School Calendar--Summer School
+ Scheduling/School Calendar--Year
+ School Safety
+ School Safety--Bullying Prevention/Conflict Resolution
+ School Safety--Corporal Punishment
+ School Safety--Disaster/Emergency Preparedness
+ School Safety--Expulsion/Suspension
+ School Safety--Sexual Harassment and Assault
+ School Safety--Special Education
+ School Safety--Uniforms/Dress Codes
+ School/District Structure/Operations
+ School/District Structure/Operations--District Consolidation/Deconsolidation
+ School/District Structure/Operations--Facilities
+ School/District Structure/Operations--Food Service
+ School/District Structure/Operations--Org. (K-3/K-8 etc.)
+ School/District Structure/Operations--Personnel (Non-Teaching)
+ School/District Structure/Operations--Shared Services
+ School/District Structure/Operations--Transportation
+ Service-Learning
- Special Education
DESigned into law 08/2012pre-K-12Court Costs for the Denial of Services for Students with Special Needs
H.B. 365
Allows parents and guardians who successfully challenge the denial of services to their children with special needs to recover the costs of expert witnesses that they needed to hire to advocate for their children. Only parents and guardians who prevailed in th...

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DESigned into law 08/2012P-12Identification of Students needing Special Education Services
S.B. 207
Clarifies state law provisions regarding the IDEA provision giving school districts the duty to locate, identify, and evaluate all children in need of special education and related services. Provisions now include homeless children or wards of the state and ch...

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ILSigned into law 08/2012P-12Service Animals
H.B. 3826
Amends provisions related to service animals. Replaces certain references to "guide dog" with "service animal." Includes miniature horse in definition of service animal. Requires a public place of accommodation to make reasonable accommodation for a service an...

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ILAdopted 08/2012P-12"Medical Review" for Special Education Students
23 IL ADC 226.840
From Illinois Register: Authorizes certified school nurses (CSN), physicians, registered nurses with bachelor's degrees, and advanced practice nurses to conduct medical reviews, provided that only a certified school nurse makes recommendations regarding educat...

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NYSigned into law 08/2012P-12District Committee on Special Education
A.B. 7216
Adds provision that an additional parent (other than the parent of the student in question) attend a meeting of a district-level committee on special education unless specifically requested in writing at least 72 hours before such meeting by the parent(s) of t...

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NYSigned into law 08/2012P-12Electronic IEPs
A.B. 7823
Authorizes teacher and service provider access to a student's individualized education program (IEP) electronically. If any policy provides that a student's IEP is to be accessed electronically, requires that such policy ensure that individuals responsible for...

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NYSigned into law 08/2012P-12BOCES Contracts with Out-of-State Districts
A.B. 10205
Permits boards of cooperative educational services (BOCES) to enter into contracts of up to two years with out-of-state districts for special education and/or career/technical education services, or for the use of existing products that demonstrate how to map ...

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NJSigned into law 07/2012P-12Transportation Requirements for Disabled Students
S 618
Requires school buses transporting certain disabled persons to use flashing lights and establishes penalties for drivers who fail to yield.
http://www.njleg.state.nj.us/2012/Bills/AL12/20_.PDF...

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CTSigned into law 06/2012P-12Reporting on Restraint and Seclusion on a Child
H.B. 5347
Requires each local and regional board of education, institution and facility that provides special education for a child to (1) record each instance of the use of physical restraint or seclusion on a child, (2) specify whether the use of seclusion was in acco...

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CTSigned into law 06/2012P-12Employment Training for Students with Autism
S.B. 41
Directs the Office of Workforce Competitiveness, in collaboration with the Department of Education and the Board of Regents for Higher Education, to study model programs concerning the preemployment training and employment of young adults with autism spectrum ...

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CTSigned into law 06/2012P-12Individualized Education Plans (IEPs)
H.B. 5353
Requires additional opportunities for meetings and the exchange of information between school district officials and parents of students in, or under evaluation for, special education. Requires teacher certification preparation, in-service training, and profes...

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MISigned into law 06/2012P-12Autism Council
Ex Order - 2012-11
Creates the Autism Council as an advisory body within the Michigan Department of Community Health. Determines membership, operations, and respinsibilities which include charging the council with reviewing and adopting a Michigan Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) ...

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NHSigned into law 06/2012pre-K-12Special Education Rules
H.B. 1360
Requires the state board of education and the commissioner of the department of education to submit reports detailing any proposed or adopted special education rules which exceed the minimum requirements of state or federal law.
http://www.gencourt.state.nh.us...

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NHSigned into law 06/2012P-12Special Education Services in Charter Schools
S.B. 300
Establishes a procedure for the provision of special education and related services to a child with a disability who is enrolled in a chartered public school and requires chartered public schools to provide due process in the provision of special education and...

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OHSigned into law 06/2012P-12Autism Scholarship and Jon Peterson Special Needs Scholarship Programs
S.B. 316 - Autism Scholarship and Jon Peterson Special Needs Scholarship Programs
Each time a child's district completes evaluation for a child with a disability or undertakes the development, review, or revision of the child's IEP, requires the district to notify the child's parent about both the autism scholarship program and the Jon Pete...

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OHSigned into law 06/2012P-12Eye Examination for a Student Identified with Disabilities
S.B. 316 - Eye Examination for a Student Identified with Disabilities
Directs the department of education to annually (1) Notify each district and community school of the requirements under section 3323.19 (requiring a student identified with disabilities to undergo a comprehensive eye examination performed by a licensed optomet...

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RISigned into law 06/2012P-12Membership of the Interagency Transition Council within the Dept. of Elementary and Secondary Education)
H.B. 7739
Adds a representative of community-based providers of services to adults with disabilities and a representative of community-based providers of adult behavioral healthcare to the interagency transition council within the department of elementary and secondary ...

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AZSigned into law 05/2012P-12Arizona Empowerment Scholarship
H.B. 2622
Requires that a parent or guardian sign a contract to participate in an Arizona Empowerment Scholarship Account if he/she does not plan to enroll the child in a public, private or charter school or a homeschool; Broadens the definition of a qualified student b...

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GASigned into law 05/2012P-12Textbooks and Assistive Technology Devices
S.B. 289 - Textbooks and Assistive Technology Devices
Clarifies that hardbound and softbound textbooks remain the property of the local unit purchasing or acquiring them, while assistive technology devices and digital versions of textbooks may remain the property of the student. Provides that the electronic forma...

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GAVetoed 05/2012P-12Scholarship Program for Special Needs Students
H.B. 181
Specifies the language school systems must use to notify parents of a child's potential eligibility for a Georgia Special Needs Scholarship. Requires the student's resident school system to ensure the parent of a student with a disability is provided such noti...

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LASigned into law 05/2012P-12School Choice Pilot Program for Students with Disabilities
H.B. 911
Creates a permanent program out of the two-year School Choice Pilot Program for Certain Students with Exceptionalities. The program is designed for students with various disabilities, including autism, a mental disability, emotional disturbance, developmental ...

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MESIGNED 05/2012P-12An Act To Define Cost Responsibility for Transporting Deaf and Hard-of-hearing Students to the Maine Educational Center for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing and the Governor Baxter School for the Deaf, (LD 1839)
S.P. 637
This bill clarifies that the school administrative unit is responsible for the costs of transporting students who are placed in an educational program at the Maine Educational Center for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing and the Governor Baxter School for the Deaf....

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MSSigned into law 05/2012P-12Screening and Scholarships for Students with Dyslexia
H.B. 1031
Establishes the Mississippi Dyslexia Therapy Scholarship For Students With Dyslexia program. Outlines student eligibility requirements for receipt of a scholarship and the term of the scholarship. Stipulates the obligations of parents, students and schools and...

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MSSigned into law 05/2012P-12Authorize Recording of IEP meetings
H.B. 1405
Authorizes a parent of an exceptional child to record individualized education program (IEP) meetings with audio or visual recording at the parent's expense. Provides that a parent or guardian or local educational agency must notify the members of the Individu...

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OKSigned into law 05/2012P-12Dyslexia Teacher Training Pilot
S.B. 1565
New section of law. Establishes a dyslexia teacher training pilot to train higher education faculty to teach multisensory structure reading education for students with dyslexia to teacher candidates. Other purposes are to demonstrate and evaluate the effective...

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OKSigned into law 05/2012P-12Special Education Task Force and Scholarships for Students with Disabilities
H.B. 3090
Creates the Rethinking Special Education Competency and Transition Task Force. The task force will focus on improved educational services and outcomes and meaningful postsecondary transition plans. Topics for study also include how special education services c...

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DESigned into law 04/2012P-12Driver Certification for Students With IEPs
H.B. 264
Allows students with individualized education plans until the age of 21 to complete their driver education certification.
http://legis.delaware.gov/LIS/lis146.nsf/vwLegislation/HB+264/$file/legis.html?open...

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KYSigned into law 04/2012P-12Alternative High School Diploma for Students with Disabilities
S.B. 43
Directs the state board to promulgate administrative regulations for an alternative high school diploma for students with disabilities completing a modified curriculum and an individualized course of study. Amends KRS 158.140 to require local boards to award t...

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KYSigned into law 04/2012P-12K-3 Response to Intervention System in Reading, Writing, Math and Behavior
H.B. 69 - K-3 Response to Intervention System in Reading, Writing, Math and Behavior
Defines "aphasia", "dyscalculia", "dysgraphia", "dyslexia", "phonemic awareness" and "scientifically based research". Directs the state board to promulgate administrative regulations for districtwide use of a response-to-intervention system for K-3 students, t...

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KYSigned into law 04/2012P-12Definition of "Specific Learning Disability"
H.B. 69 - Definition of "Specific Learning Disability"
Amends definition of "specific learning disability" to bring into conformity with federal definition (i.e., specify that it may include conditions such as dyslexia, dyscalculia, dysgraphia, developmental aphasia, or perceptual motor disabilities, and require t...

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MSSigned into law 04/2012P-12Blind Persons' Literacy Rights and Education Act
H.B. 960
Revises certain provisions of the blind persons' literacy rights and education act, provides that blind and visually impaired students should receive educational services from certified teachers of the visually impaired, requires each appropriate educational e...

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OKSigned into law 04/2012P-12Notice of Services Available to Students with Auditory or Visual Impairments
S.B. 1119
Requries each school district to provide each parent, guardian or legal custodian of a student with an auditory or visual impairment with written information during the individual education program process concerning the availability of programs offered by the...

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ORAdministrative Rules 04/2012P-12Special Education Responsibilities for Students in Charter Schools
OAR 581-015-2005, 2010, 2040, 2075, 2080
Shifts student special education responsibilities from resident school district to the district in which the charter school is located if student is enrolled in a charter school in another school district from which the student resides. ...

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TNSigned into law 04/2012P-12Special Ed Diplomas
S.B. 2900
Requires a special education diploma be awarded to students who have satisfactorily completed an IEP, but who have not passed the proficiency tests required for graduation with a regular diploma.
http://www.capitol.tn.gov/Bills/107/Bill/SB2900.pdf...

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VASigned into law 04/2012P-12Behavioral Management for Students with Autism Spectrum Disorders
H.B. 325
Requires each school board to ensure that aides assigned to work with a teacher who has primary oversight of students with autism spectrum disorder demonstrate competency in student behavioral management within 60 days of assignment to such responsibility. The...

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VASigned into law 04/2012P-12Disability Commission; Establishes an Education and Employment Work Group
H.B. 79
Provides that the Virginia Disability Commission establish work groups to assist the Commission in carrying out its powers and duties. Such work groups include work groups that focus on issues related to (i) housing and transportation, (ii) education and emplo...

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ARAdopted 03/2012P-12Financial Incentives for Certified Speech-Language Pathologists
AR ADC 005.16.16-1.00 to AR ADC 005.16.16-6.00
Provides guidelines to ensure the availability and retention of certified speech-language pathologists by providing additional compensation for speech-language pathologists holding a Certificate of Clinical Competence in Speech Language Pathology from the Amer...

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INSigned into law 03/2012P-12Deaf and Hard of Hearing Education Services.
H.B. 1367
Establishes the center for deaf and hard of hearing education (center) to ensure that children who are deaf or hard of hearing acquire optimal communication and academic abilities. Specifies the duties of the center. Provides that before July 1, 2013, the offi...

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NYSigned into law 03/2012P-12Class Sizes for Students with Disabilities in Middle and High Schools
A.B. 9057 - Class Sizes for Students with Disabilities in Middle and High Schools
Part A, Section 12: Extends through 2012-13 school year provision authorizing the board of education of a city school district with a population of 125,000 or more or New York City to increase class sizes in special classes containing students with disabilitie...

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NYSigned into law 03/2012P-12BOCES Contracts to Provide Special Education Services
A.B. 9057 - BOCES Contracts to Provide Special Education Services
Part K, Section 1: Authorizes a board of cooperative educational services (BOCES) to enter into contracts with the commissioner of the office of children and family services to provide for children in the office's custody any special education programs and rel...

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VASigned into law 03/2012P-12Assistive Technology Devices; Transfer of by School Division
H.B. 382
Provides that a school division may transfer assistive technology devices purchased by the division for a child with a disability to a different school division to which the child transfers or to a state agency that provides services to a child with a disabili...

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WVAdopted 03/2012P-12Education of Students with Exceptionalities and IDEA Compliance
WV ADC s 126-16-1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Policies and procedures for local education agency in providing full education opportunities under the IDEA. http://apps.sos.wv.gov/adlaw/csr/ruleview.aspx?document=1744...

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WYSigned into law 03/2012P-12Reading Assessment--Dyslexia
S.F. 52
Requires assessment and early intervention for dyslexia and other reading difficulties in K-3. Directs districts to report number of students identified by screening.
http://legisweb.state.wy.us/2012/Enroll/SF0052.pdf...

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ILSigned into law 01/2012P-12Family Costs at Illinois School for the Deaf and Illinois School for the Visually Impaired
S.B. 274
Removes language requiring the department of human services to complete a financial analysis on each student attending the Illinois School for the Deaf or the Illinois School for the Visually Impaired and to ask parents or guardians to participate, if applicab...

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+ Special Education--Federal Law/Regulations
+ Special Education--Finance
+ Special Education--Placement
+ Special Education--Transition
+ Special Populations--Corrections Education
+ Special Populations--Foster Care
+ Special Populations--Gifted and Talented
+ Special Populations--Homeless Education
+ Special Populations--Migrant Education
+ Special Populations--Military
+ Standards
+ Standards--Common Core State Standards
+ State Longitudinal Data Systems
+ State Policymaking
+ State Policymaking--Ballot Questions
+ State Policymaking--Constitutional Clauses
+ State Policymaking--Task Forces/Commissions
+ STEM
+ Student Achievement
+ Student Achievement--Closing the Achievement Gap
+ Student Surveys
+ Students--Athletics/Extracurricular Activities
+ Students--Employment
+ Students--K-12 Exchange Students
+ Students--Records/Rights
+ Teaching Quality
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Alternative
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Assignment
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Highly Qualified Teachers
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Natl. Bd. for Prof. Teach. Stds.
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Special Education
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--State Prof. Standards Bds.
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Substitute Teachers
+ Teaching Quality--Compensation and Diversified Pay
+ Teaching Quality--Compensation and Diversified Pay--Pay-for-Performance
+ Teaching Quality--Compensation and Diversified Pay--Retirement/Benefits
+ Teaching Quality--Evaluation and Effectiveness
+ Teaching Quality--Induction Programs and Mentoring
+ Teaching Quality--Paraprofessionals
+ Teaching Quality--Preparation
+ Teaching Quality--Professional Development
+ Teaching Quality--Recruitment and Retention
+ Teaching Quality--Recruitment and Retention--At-Risk Schools
+ Teaching Quality--Recruitment and Retention--High-Needs Subjects
+ Teaching Quality--Reduction in Force
+ Teaching Quality--Teacher Contracts (Not Tenure)
+ Teaching Quality--Teacher Rights
+ Teaching Quality--Tenure or Continuing Contract
+ Teaching Quality--Unions/Collective Bargaining
+ Technology
+ Technology--Devices/Software/Hardware
+ Technology--Equitable Access
+ Technology--Funding Issues
+ Technology--Internet Safety
+ Technology--Teacher/Faculty Training
+ Textbooks and Open Source
+ Urban