ECS
From the ECS State Policy Database
2012 State Policies / Activities

Education Commission of the States • 700 Broadway, Suite 810 • Denver, CO 80203-3442 • 303.299.3600 • fax 303.296.8332 • www.ecs.org

The following summary includes policies enacted in 2012. This database is made possible by your state's fiscal support of the Education Commission of the States (ECS). Most entries are legislative, although rules/regulations and executive orders that make substantive changes are included. Every effort is made to collect the latest available version of policies; in some instances, recent changes might not be reflected. For expediency purposes minimal attention has been paid to style (capitalization, punctuation) and format. To view the documents, click on the blue triangle next to the topic of interest. To view all, press the button located at the top labeled "Expand All."

Please cite use of the database as: Education Commission of the States (ECS) State Policy Database, retrieved [date].

State Status/Date Level Summary
+ 21st Century Skills
+ Accountability
+ Accountability--Accreditation
+ Accountability--Measures/Indicators
+ Accountability--Reporting Results
+ Accountability--Rewards
+ Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions
+ Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions--No Pass No Drive
+ Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions--Takeovers
+ Accountability--School Improvement
+ Adult Basic Education
+ Assessment
+ Assessment--Accommodations
+ Assessment--College Entrance Exams
+ Assessment--Computer Based
+ Assessment--End-of-Course
+ Assessment--High Stakes/Competency
+ At-Risk (incl. Dropout Prevention)
+ At-Risk (incl. Dropout Prevention)--Alternative Education
+ Attendance
+ Attendance--Compulsory
+ Attendance--Statutory Ages (Upper and Lower)
+ Attendance--Truancy
+ Background Checks
+ Bilingual/ESL
+ Career/Technical Education
+ Career/Technical Education--Career Academies/Apprenticeship
+ Cheating
+ Choice of Schools
+ Choice of Schools--Charter Schools
+ Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Closings
+ Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Cyber Charters
+ Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Finance
+ Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Research
+ Choice of Schools--Choice/Open Enrollment
+ Choice of Schools--Magnet or Specialized Schools
+ Choice of Schools--Tax Credits
+ Choice of Schools--Vouchers
+ Civic Education
+ Civic Education--Character Education
+ Civic Education--Curriculum/Standards
+ Civic Education--Pledge of Allegiance
+ Class Size
+ Curriculum
+ Curriculum--Arts Education
+ Curriculum--Drivers Education
+ Curriculum--Excusal
+ Curriculum--Family Living Education
+ Curriculum--Financial Literacy/Economics Ed.
+ Curriculum--Foreign Language/Sign Language
+ Curriculum--Health/Nutrition Education
+ Curriculum--Language Arts
+ Curriculum--Mathematics
+ Curriculum--Multicultural
+ Curriculum--Physical Education
+ Curriculum--Science
+ Curriculum--Sex Education
+ Curriculum--Social Studies/History
+ Data-Driven Improvement
+ Economic/Workforce Development
+ Equity
+ Finance
+ Finance--Adequacy/Core Cost
+ Finance--Bonds
+ Finance--District
+ Finance--Facilities
+ Finance--Federal
+ Finance--Funding Formulas
+ Finance--Local Foundations/Funds
+ Finance--Lotteries
+ Finance--Resource Efficiency
+ Finance--State Budgets/Expenditures
+ Finance--Student Fees
+ Finance--Taxes/Revenues
+ Finance--Taxes/Revenues--Alternative Revenues
+ Governance
+ Governance--Deregulation/Waivers/Home Rule
+ Governance--Ethics/Conflict of Interest
+ Governance--Mandates
+ Governance--Regional Entities
+ Governance--School Boards
+ Governance--School Boards--Training
+ Governance--Site-Based Management
+ Governance--State Boards/Chiefs/Agencies
+ Health
+ Health--Child Abuse
+ Health--Nutrition
+ Health--School Based Clinics or School Nurses
+ Health--Suicide Prevention
+ High School
+ High School--Advanced Placement
+ High School--College Readiness
+ High School--Credit Recovery
+ High School--Dropout Rates/Graduation Rates
+ High School--Dual/Concurrent Enrollment
+ High School--Early Colleges/Middle Colleges
+ High School--Exit Exams
+ High School--GED (General Education Development)
+ High School--Graduation Requirements
+ High School--International Baccalaureate
+ Instructional Approaches
+ Instructional Approaches--Grading Practices
+ Instructional Approaches--Homeschooling
+ Integrated Services/Full-Service Schools
+ Leadership
+ Leadership--District Superintendent
+ Leadership--District Superintendent--Compensation and Diversified Pay
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Certification and Licensure
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Compensation and Diversified Pay
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Evaluation and Effectiveness
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Preparation
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Professional Development
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Tenure
+ Middle School
+ Minority/Diversity Issues
+ Minority/Diversity Issues--American Indian / Alaska Native / Native Hawaiian
+ No Child Left Behind
+ No Child Left Behind--Choice/Transfer
+ No Child Left Behind--Consequences for Schools
+ No Child Left Behind--Reauthorization Issues/Waivers
+ No Child Left Behind--School Support
+ No Child Left Behind--Supplemental Services
+ Online Learning--Digital/Blended Learning
+ Online Learning--Virtual Schools/Courses
+ P-16 or P-20
+ P-3
+ P-3 Child Care
+ P-3 Content Standards and Assessment
+ P-3 Data Systems
+ P-3 Early Intervention (0-3)
+ P-3 Ensuring Quality
+ P-3 Family Involvement
+ P-3 Finance
+ P-3 Governance
+ P-3 Grades 1-3
+ P-3 Health and Mental Health
+ P-3 Kindergarten
+ P-3 Kindergarten--Full-Day Kindergarten
+ P-3 Preschool
+ P-3 Teaching Quality/Professional Development
+ Parent/Family
+ Parent/Family--Parent Rights
+ Partnerships--University/School
+ Postsecondary
+ Postsecondary Accountability
+ Postsecondary Accountability--Accreditation
+ Postsecondary Accountability--Licensing/Program Review and Approval
+ Postsecondary Affordability
+ Postsecondary Affordability--Financial Aid
+ Postsecondary Affordability--Textbooks
+ Postsecondary Affordability--Tuition/Fees
+ Postsecondary Affordability--Tuition/Fees--Prepd/College Savings Plans
+ Postsecondary Affordability--Tuition/Fees--Undocumented Immigrants
+ Postsecondary Faculty
+ Postsecondary Faculty--Compensation
+ Postsecondary Faculty--Tenure
+ Postsecondary Finance
+ Postsecondary Finance--Efficiency/Performance-Based Funding
+ Postsecondary Finance--Facilities
+ Postsecondary Finance--Revenue and Expenditures
+ Postsecondary Governance and Structures
+ Postsecondary Governance and Structures--Administrative/Leadership Issues
+ Postsecondary Governance and Structures--State Executives/State Agencies
+ Postsecondary Institutions
+ Postsecondary Institutions--Community/Technical Colleges
+ Postsecondary Institutions--For-Profit/Proprietary
+ Postsecondary Institutions--Four-Year Baccalaureate
+ Postsecondary Institutions--Private/Independent
+ Postsecondary Online Instruction
+ Postsecondary Participation
+ Postsecondary Participation--Access
+ Postsecondary Participation--Enrollments (Statistics)
+ Postsecondary Participation--Outreach
+ Postsecondary Students
+ Postsecondary Students--Adults
+ Postsecondary Students--Disabled
+ Postsecondary Students--Foster Youth
+ Postsecondary Students--Graduate/Professional
+ Postsecondary Students--Military
+ Postsecondary Success
+ Postsecondary Success--Completion
+ Postsecondary Success--Completion--Completion Rates (Statistics)
+ Postsecondary Success--Developmental/Remediation
+ Postsecondary Success--Retention/Persistence
+ Postsecondary Success--Transfer/Articulation
+ Private Schools
+ Privatization--Education Management Agencies (EMOs)
+ Proficiency-Based Approaches
+ Promotion/Retention
+ Purposes of Public Education
+ Reading/Literacy
+ Religion
+ Religion--Prayer/Meditation
+ Religion--Scientific Creationism (Evolution)
+ Rural
+ Scheduling/School Calendar
+ Scheduling/School Calendar--Day/Class Length
+ Scheduling/School Calendar--Extended Day Programs
+ Scheduling/School Calendar--Summer School
+ Scheduling/School Calendar--Year
+ School Safety
+ School Safety--Bullying Prevention/Conflict Resolution
+ School Safety--Corporal Punishment
+ School Safety--Disaster/Emergency Preparedness
+ School Safety--Expulsion/Suspension
+ School Safety--Sexual Harassment and Assault
+ School Safety--Special Education
+ School Safety--Uniforms/Dress Codes
+ School/District Structure/Operations
+ School/District Structure/Operations--District Consolidation/Deconsolidation
+ School/District Structure/Operations--Facilities
+ School/District Structure/Operations--Food Service
+ School/District Structure/Operations--Org. (K-3/K-8 etc.)
+ School/District Structure/Operations--Personnel (Non-Teaching)
+ School/District Structure/Operations--Shared Services
+ School/District Structure/Operations--Transportation
+ Service-Learning
+ Special Education
+ Special Education--Federal Law/Regulations
+ Special Education--Finance
+ Special Education--Placement
+ Special Education--Transition
+ Special Populations--Corrections Education
+ Special Populations--Foster Care
+ Special Populations--Gifted and Talented
+ Special Populations--Homeless Education
+ Special Populations--Migrant Education
+ Special Populations--Military
+ Standards
+ Standards--Common Core State Standards
+ State Longitudinal Data Systems
+ State Policymaking
+ State Policymaking--Ballot Questions
+ State Policymaking--Constitutional Clauses
+ State Policymaking--Task Forces/Commissions
+ STEM
+ Student Achievement
+ Student Achievement--Closing the Achievement Gap
+ Student Supports--Counseling/Guidance
+ Student Supports--Mentoring/Tutoring
+ Student Supports--Remediation
+ Student Surveys
+ Students--Athletics/Extracurricular Activities
+ Students--K-12 Exchange Students
+ Students--Records/Rights
+ Teaching Quality
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Alternative
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Assignment
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Highly Qualified Teachers
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Natl. Bd. for Prof. Teach. Stds.
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Special Education
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--State Prof. Standards Bds.
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Substitute Teachers
+ Teaching Quality--Compensation and Diversified Pay
+ Teaching Quality--Compensation and Diversified Pay--Pay-for-Performance
+ Teaching Quality--Compensation and Diversified Pay--Retirement/Benefits
+ Teaching Quality--Evaluation and Effectiveness
+ Teaching Quality--Induction Programs and Mentoring
+ Teaching Quality--Paraprofessionals
+ Teaching Quality--Preparation
- Teaching Quality--Professional Development
PASigned into law 07/2012P-12Requires the Legislative Budget and Finance Committee to provide an interim report on the study being conducted on the costs and benefits of the continuing professional development program (study was authoried in Act 24 of 2011 and the study is due on November 30, 2012).
http://www.legis.state.pa.us/CFDOCS/Legis/PN/Public/btCheck.cfm?txtType=PDF&sessYr=2011&sessInd=0&billBody=H&billTyp=B&billNbr=1363&pn=3837
Title: H.B. 1363 - Professional Development Provision
Source: http://www.legis.state.pa.us

LAPassed 06/2012P-12Urges and request the legislative fiscal office to update the report issued in March 2006 pursuant to House Resolution No. 133 of the 2005 Regular Session regarding the means and methods used to provide funding for the operation of laboratory schools around the state, including but not limited to issues concerning equity and fairness in funding methods and amounts, and to report its findings and recommendations in writing to the senate and house education committees by February 1, 2013. http://www.legis.state.la.us/billdata/streamdocument.asp?did=807015
Title: S.C.R. 137
Source: www.legis.state.la.us

CTSigned into law 05/2012P-12(Sec. 5) Requires the Department of Education, by January 1, 2012, to develop and approve reading assessments that districts must use to identify kindergarten through third grade who are below proficiency in reading. Assessments must: 1) Include frequent student screening and progress monitoring; 2) measure phonics, phonemic awareness, fluency, vocabulary, and comprehension; 3) allow for periodic formative assessment during the school year; 4) produce data that is useful for developing individual and classroom instruction; and 5) be compatible with best practices in reading instruction and research.
By February 1, 2013, the commissioner must submit the reading assessment to the Education Committee.

(Sec. 6) Requires all certified employees (i. e. teachers and administrators), beginning July 1, 2014, and each following school year, working in kindergarten through third grade to take a practice version of an SBE-approved reading instruction exam. Each local and regional board of education must annually report the results to the SDE.

(Sec. 7) Requires the education commissioner, by July 1, 2013, to establish a professional development program in reading instruction for teachers. The program must: 1) count towards professional development requirements established under the bill (§ 38), 2) be based on student reading assessment data, 3) provide differentiated and intensified training in teacher reading instruction, 4) be used to identify mentor teachers who will train teachers in reading instruction, 5) outline how model classrooms will be established in schools for reading instruction, and 6) inform principals on how to evaluate classrooms and teacher performance in scientifically-based reading research and instruction, and 7) be job-embedded and local whenever possible. Also, requires the education commissioner to annually review the professional development for teachers holding professional certificates with early childhood nursery through third grade or elementary school endorsements and holding jobs requiring such endorsements. The commissioner must assess whether the professional development meets state goals for student academic achievement through implementation of (1) the State Board of Education (SBE)-adopted common core standards, (2) research based interventions, and (3) the federal special education law.

(Sec. 4) Extends a pilot study under PA-1185 to promote best practices in early literacy and closing academic achievement gaps through July 1, 2013. (Not Codified)

(Sec. 89) Directs the commissioner to create a specified intensive reading instruction program to improve student literacy in grades kindergarten to three, inclusive, and close the achievement gap. Directs the commissioner to select five elementary schools that are either (1) located in an educational reform district, (2) participating in the commissioner's network of schools, or (3) among the lowest 5% of elementary schools SPI for reading and mathematics, to participate in an intensive reading instruction program for the school year beginning July 1, 2012 and permits the commissioner to select up to five such schools to participate in the intensive reading instruction program each year thereafter. A specified intensive reading intervention strategy will be used by each school. Provides that any student of a priority school that is selected for the intensive reading program who is reading below proficiency at the end of the school year must be enrolled in an intensive summer school reading program that includes specified components named in the bill. The components include, among other items, a comprehensive reading intervention and scientifically-based reading research and instruction strategies.

(Sec. 91) Requires the SDE by July 1, 2013, to develop a specified coordinated state-wide reading plan for students in grades K-3 that contains research-driven strategies and frameworks to produce effective reading instruction and improvement in student performance.

(Sec. 92 & 93) Requires certified teachers with the comprehensive special education or remedial reading and language arts endorsements to pass the reading instruction test approved by SBE on April 1, 2009.

(Sec. 94) Requires the education commissioner to establish an incentive program, within available appropriations, for schools that: increase by 10% the number of students who meet reading goals on Connecticut mastery tests and demonstrate the methods and instruction the school used to achieve those results. The incentives can include, at the commissioner's discretion, public recognition, financial rewards, and enhanced autonomy or operational flexibility.

(Sec. 94) Requires the SDE, by July 1, 2013 and in consultation with the Board of Regents for Higher Education, to design and approve a preliteracy course for inclusion in the bachelor's degree program with early childhood education concentration offered by a higher education institution accredited by the Board of Governors of Higher Education. The course must be practice-based and specific to preliteracy and language skills instruction for early childhood education teachers.

(Sec. 96) Requires the SDE to collaborate with the Governor's Early Care and Education Cabinet to develop an information-sharing system between preschool and school readiness programs and kindergarten about children's proficiency in oral language and preliteracy.

http://www.cga.ct.gov/2012/ACT/PA/2012PA-00116-R00SB-00458-PA.htm
Title: S.B. 458
Source: cga.ct.gov

CTSigned into law 05/2012P-12(Sec. 35) Requires teacher preparation programs (Starting July 1, 2015) to require, as part of their curricula, that students have classroom clinical, field, or student teaching experience during four semesters of the program.

(Sec. 36) Connecticut has a three-level certification system for public school teachers and administrators: initial, provisional, and professional. Starting July 1, 2016, the bill raises the qualifications for a professional certificate by requiring applicants to hold a master's degree rather than, as current law requires, to successfully complete (1) before July 1, 2016, 30 hours of graduate or undergraduate credit beyond a bachelor's degree or (2) on or after July 1, 2016, 30 hours of graduate credit. The master's degree must be in a subject appropriate to the person's certification endorsement, as determined by SBE. The bill extends the same master's degree requirement to a certified teacher who has taught in another state, U. S. possession or territory, the District of Columbia, or Puerto Rico and applies for a Connecticut professional certificate.

Eliminates the requirement that a professional certificate holder complete 90 continuing education units (CEUs) in order to renew his or her professional certificate. Instead, it makes the certificate valid for five years and requires that it be continued every five years. Requires all certificate holders. including initial and provisional certificate holders, to participate in professional development activities, which replace the CEU requirements starting July 1, 2013. (Sec. 39) Revises professional development to emphasize improved practice and include 18 hours of individual and small-group coaching sessions. Specifies new design for professional development. Eliminates the following professional development requirements: for those with childhood nursery through grade three or elementary endorsements, at least 15 hours of training in teaching reading, reading readiness, and reading assessment; for those with elementary, middle, or secondary academic endorsements, at least 15 hours in how to use computers in the classroom unless they can demonstrate competency; and for those with bilingual endorsements, training in language arts, reading, or math for elementary school teachers and in the subject they teach, for middle and secondary school teachers. Requires SDE to audit district professional development programs and allows SBE to assess financial penalties against districts it finds out of compliance based on such an audit.

Exempts candidates for provisional educator certificates successfully complete the Teacher Education and Mentoring (TEAM) program in his or her endorsement area who have taught under an appropriate certificate from another U. S. state, territory, or possession, the District of Columbia, or Puerto Rico for at least three of the last 10 years or in an SBE-approved nonpublic school in Connecticut for at least three years in the last 10.

(Sec. 37) Establishes a new distinguished educator designation for a person who: 1) holds a professional educator certificate, 2)has taught successfully for at least five years in a public school or SBE-approved private special education facility, 3) has advanced education in addition to a master's degree from a degree or non-degree-granting institution that can include training in mentorship or coaching teachers, and 4) meets performance requirements established by SDE.
http://www.cga.ct.gov/2012/ACT/PA/2012PA-00116-R00SB-00458-PA.htm
Title: S.B. 458
Source: cga.ct.gov

DEAdopted 05/2012P-12Amends Delaware's professional development standards to include prerequisites for professional learning, and define learning communities, leadership, resources, data, learning designs, implementation and outcomes.
http://regulations.delaware.gov/register/may2012/final/15%20DE%20Reg%201599%2005-01-12.htm
Title: 14 DE ADC 1598
Source: http://regulations.delaware.gov/register/

GASigned into law 05/2012P-12Section 1: Directs the department of education to establish the Professional Learning Rules Task Force to review state board professional learning rules, review current research regarding professional learning and provide suggestions for revisions, and provide suggestions for implementation. Establishes task force membership. By July 1, 2013, directs the task force to provide the state board with recommendations for professional learning rules. Requires recommendations to be included in revisions to state board rules by June 30, 2015. Repeals these provisions effective July 1, 2015. http://www.legis.ga.gov/Legislation/20112012/118157.pdf
Title: S.B. 184 - Professional Learning Rules Task Force
Source: www.legis.ga.gov

GASigned into law 04/2012P-12Directs the state board of education, in consultation with the professional standards commission, to establish category-level expenditure controls to ensure that specified staff development funds are utilized in such a manner as to help align professional learning with results in improved student achievement. Requires that such category-level expenditure controls be established no later than July 1, 2015, and that the controls reflect the revised certification renewal rules established by the professional standards commission regarding the impact of professional learning on student achievement. Amends amount of funding to be allocated to districts for staff and professional development. Requires that, beginning in fiscal year 2014, such amount include funding for school level administrators in the same manner as for other certificated professional personnel. Beginning in Fiscal Year 2015, requires that such amount be at least equivalent to 0.9 percent of salaries of all certificated professional personnel, including school level administrators, used in the development of each respective program weight, subject to legislative appropriation (this bill reduces amount to be at least equivalent to 1.0 of salaries of all certificated professional personnel, down from 1.5).

Directs the state board, subject to appropriation, to provide professional development centered on state-wide strategic initiatives, including training on the new common core curriculum, support for under-performing educators, and mentoring programs in specific subject areas. Requires specified weights to be used in Fiscal Years 2014 and 2015 to determine funding amounts for state-wide strategic initiatives for professional development. http://www.legis.ga.gov/Legislation/20112012/127825.pdf
Title: S.B. 404
Source: www.legis.ga.gov

GASigned into law 04/2012P-12Repeals: (1) Section 20-2-212.3, relating to increasing teachers' salaries in areas of shortage; (2) Section 20-2-212.4, relating to an additional five percent increase in teacher salary based on student performance; (3) Section 20-2-213, relating to career ladder programs; (4) Section 20-2-231, relating to the Georgia Education Leadership Academy; (5) Section 20-2-232, relating to staff development plans by local school systems. Pages 4-5 of 11: http://www.legis.ga.gov/Legislation/20112012/127649.pdf
Title: H.B. 706 - Repealing Various Teacher and Leader Provisions
Source: www.legis.ga.gov

ARAdopted 03/2012P-12Provides guidelines for developing a high quality professional development system for all educators in order to facilitate individual, team, school-wide, and district-wide improvement designed to ensure that all students demonstrate proficiency on the state academic standards. Creates the Arkansas Online Professional Development Initiative and provides guidelines for the Initiative. Requires all school districts, schools and educators develop and implement a professional development plan, and outlines necessary components of this plan. Outlines the approval process for professional development programs as well as guidelines for funding, monitoring and evaluation.

Requires all educators to complete sixty hours of approved professional development each year in the areas of technology, Arkansas history, and parental involvement. Requires training every five years in teen suicide awareness and prevention, upon initial licensure and renewal - training in child maltreatment, managing disclosures regarding child victims and connecting a victim of child maltreatment to appropriate in-school services and other agencies, programs, and services.

Requires administrators to complete sixty hours of approved professional development each year in the areas of data disaggregation, instructional leadership, and fiscal management. Requires superintendents, assistant superintendents and principals, assistant principals and counselors for grades 7-12 to complete to participate in professional development on the availability of, eligibility requirements for, and the process of applying for state-supported student financial assistance.

Requires educators working solely in adult education to complete 30 hours of professional development. Outlines rules around what counts toward the requirement, who must participate, documentation requirements,

Requires all approved professional development to be aligned to standards developed by the National Staff Development Council. Lists approved focus areas for professional development activities and outlines appropriate activities. Allows up to twelve hours of professional development to be planning and preparing curriculum or developing instructional materials.

http://170.94.37.152/REGS/005.16.11-005F-12883.pdf
Title: AR ADC 005.22.7-1.0 to AR ADC 005.22.7-9.00; AR ADC 005.22.1-1.00 to AR ADC 005.22.1-5.00; AR ADC 005.01.11-1.00 to AR ADC 005.01.11-9.00
Source: http://www.sos.arkansas.gov/rules_and_regs/

WASigned into law 03/2012P-12Provides a framework for professional development for implementation of new teacher and principal evaluation systems. http://apps.leg.wa.gov/documents/billdocs/2011-12/Pdf/Bills/Session%20Law%202012/5895-S.SL.pdf
Title: S.B. 5895
Source: apps.leg.wa.gov

WASigned into law 03/2012P-12
Postsec.
Creates the collaborative schools for innovation and success pilot project for colleges of education and school districts to collaborate to improve student and educator success. http://apps.leg.wa.gov/documents/billdocs/2011-12/Pdf/Bills/Session%20Law%202012/2799-S.SL.pdf
Title: H.B. 2799
Source: apps.leg.wa.gov

+ Teaching Quality--Recruitment and Retention
+ Teaching Quality--Recruitment and Retention--At-Risk Schools
+ Teaching Quality--Recruitment and Retention--High-Needs Subjects
+ Teaching Quality--Reduction in Force
+ Teaching Quality--Teacher Contracts (Not Tenure)
+ Teaching Quality--Teacher Rights
+ Teaching Quality--Tenure or Continuing Contract
+ Teaching Quality--Unions/Collective Bargaining
+ Technology
+ Technology--Devices/Software/Hardware
+ Technology--Equitable Access
+ Technology--Funding Issues
+ Technology--Internet Safety
+ Technology--Teacher/Faculty Training
+ Textbooks and Open Source
+ Urban