ECS
From the ECS State Policy Database
1994-2012

Education Commission of the States • 700 Broadway, Suite 810 • Denver, CO 80203-3442 • 303.299.3600 • fax 303.296.8332 • www.ecs.org

The following summary includes policies ECS has tracked in this database since 1994. This database is made possible by your state's fiscal support of the Education Commission of the States (ECS). Most entries are legislative, although rules/regulations and executive orders that make substantive changes are included. Every effort is made to collect the latest available version of policies; in some instances, recent changes might not be reflected. For expediency purposes minimal attention has been paid to style (capitalization, punctuation) and format. To view the documents, click on the blue triangle next to the topic of interest.

Please cite use of the database as: Education Commission of the States (ECS) State Policy Database, retrieved [date].

State Status/Date Level Summary
+ 21st Century Skills
+ Accountability
+ Accountability--Accreditation
+ Accountability--Measures/Indicators
+ Accountability--Reporting Results
+ Accountability--Rewards
+ Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions
+ Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions--Learnfare
+ Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions--No Pass No Drive
+ Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions--No Pass No Play
+ Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions--Takeovers
+ Accountability--School Improvement
+ Adult Basic Education
+ Assessment
+ Assessment--Accommodations
+ Assessment--College Entrance Exams
+ Assessment--Computer Based
+ Assessment--End-of-Course
+ Assessment--Formative/Interim
+ Assessment--High Stakes/Competency
+ Assessment--Legal Issues
+ Assessment--NAEP (NAEP Results and NAEP Organization)
+ Assessment--Performance Based/Portfolio
+ Assessment--Value Added
+ At-Risk (incl. Dropout Prevention)
+ At-Risk (incl. Dropout Prevention)--Alternative Education
+ At-Risk (incl. Dropout Prevention)--Drugs/Alcohol
+ Attendance
+ Attendance--Compulsory
+ Attendance--Statutory Ages (Upper and Lower)
+ Attendance--Truancy
+ Background Checks
+ Bilingual/ESL
+ Brain Research
+ Business Involvement
+ Career/Technical Education
+ Career/Technical Education--Career Academies/Apprenticeship
+ Cheating
+ Choice of Schools
+ Choice of Schools--Charter Schools
+ Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Charter Districts
+ Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Closings
+ Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Cyber Charters
+ Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Finance
+ Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Research
+ Choice of Schools--Choice/Open Enrollment
+ Choice of Schools--Choice/Open Enrollment--Research
+ Choice of Schools--Innovation Schools
+ Choice of Schools--Magnet or Specialized Schools
+ Choice of Schools--Tax Credits
+ Choice of Schools--Vouchers
+ Choice of Schools--Vouchers--Privately Funded
+ Civic Education
+ Civic Education--Character Education
+ Civic Education--Civic Knowledge and Literacy
+ Civic Education--Curriculum/Standards
+ Civic Education--Pledge of Allegiance
+ Class Size
+ Curriculum
+ Curriculum--Alignment
+ Curriculum--Arts Education
+ Curriculum--Censorship
+ Curriculum--Core Curriculum
+ Curriculum--Drivers Education
+ Curriculum--Environmental Education
+ Curriculum--Excusal
+ Curriculum--Family Living Education
+ Curriculum--Financial Literacy/Economics Ed.
+ Curriculum--Foreign Language/Sign Language
+ Curriculum--Geography Education
+ Curriculum--Health/Nutrition Education
+ Curriculum--Home Economics
+ Curriculum--International Education
+ Curriculum--Language Arts
+ Curriculum--Language Arts--Writing/Spelling
+ Curriculum--Mathematics
+ Curriculum--Multicultural
+ Curriculum--Physical Education
+ Curriculum--Science
+ Curriculum--Sex Education
+ Curriculum--Social Studies/History
+ Curriculum--Speech Education
+ Data-Driven Improvement
+ Demographics
+ Demographics--Condition of Children/Adults
+ Demographics--Enrollments
+ Desegregation
+ Economic/Workforce Development
+ Education Research
+ Equity
+ Federal
+ Finance
+ Finance--Adequacy/Core Cost
+ Finance--Aid to Private Schools
+ Finance--Bonds
+ Finance--District
+ Finance--Does Money Matter?
+ Finance--Equity
+ Finance--Facilities
+ Finance--Federal
+ Finance--Funding Formulas
+ Finance--Litigation
- Finance--Local Foundations/Funds
HIAdopted 06/2012P-12Requests the board of education and department of education to establish a statewide resource development program. Resolves that that the statewide resource development program utilize the expertise of established programs of specified high schools to assist the complex areas with the development of similar programs and organizations, with the goal of creating $500,000 in endowments within each complex area
in the state. Requests the Hilo High Foundation, Farrington Foundation, and Ko'olauloa Educational Alliance Corporation to report on the board of education and department of education's progress in establishing a
statewide resource development program to the house and senate education committee chairs no later than 20 days prior to the convening of the regular sessions of 2013 through 2018. http://www.capitol.hawaii.gov/session2012/bills/SCR77_SD1_.pdf
Title: S.C.R. 77
Source: www.capitol.hawaii.gov

UTSigned into law 03/2011P-12Modifies the Public-Private Partnership for Education Excellence Act by authorizing the Utah Schools for the Deaf and Blind to establish a non-profit foundation. http://le.utah.gov/~2011/bills/hbillenr/hb0415.pdf
Title: H.B. 415
Source: le.utah.gov

GASigned into law 05/2010P-12Establishes the Georgia Foundation for Public Education. Provides for its membership, duties, powers and purposes, including (among other purposes) to solicit and accept money and in-kind contributions of services and property to support educational excellence in the state, including at the Georgia Academy for the Blind, Georgia School for the Deaf and Atlanta Area School for the Deaf.
http://www.legis.state.ga.us/legis/2009_10/pdf/sb427.pdf
Title: S.B. 427
Source: www.legis.state.ga.us

KSSigned into law 03/2009P-12The board of education of any school district may transfer moneys
to a community foundation. Moneys transferred to a foundation pursuant
to this section shall be deposited into a restricted fund by the foundation
and shall remain subject to any restrictions imposed by the original donor
of such moneys. Any distribution from the fund shall be made: (1)
To, or for the benefit of, the school district; or (2) for a specific purpose
as directed by the original donor, or the successors or agents of such
donor, and agreed to by the school district. Chapter 2009-68
http://www.kslegislature.org/bills/2010/175.pdf
Title: S.B. 175
Source: http://www.kslegislature.org

INSigned into law 03/2008P-12Allows for the transfer of congressional township school funds held by counties to the treasurer of state. The transfers may take place over a number of years.
http://www.in.gov/legislative/bills/2008/PDF/HE/HE1244.1.pdf
Title: H.B. 1244
Source: http://www.in.gov/legislative

UTSigned into law 03/2008P-12Modifies provisions of the State System of Public Education relating to the financial accountability of school district foundations. Requires school district foundations to report certain financial information to schools. Prohibits a school district foundation from engaging in lobbying activities, attempting to influence legislation, or participating in any campaign for or against a political candidate or initiative, referendum, proposed constitutional amendment, bond or any other ballot proposition submitted to the voters. Requires a local school board that establishes a foundation to require the foundation to follow certain accounting, purchasing, and check issuance policies. http://le.utah.gov/~2008/bills/hbillenr/hb0112.pdf
Title: H.B. 112
Source: le.utah.gov

WVSigned into law 03/2008Postsec.Creates the Higher Education Energy and Water Savings Revolving Loan Fund proposed by the Governor. Through an initial investment of $7 million, it is anticipated that the higher education institutions will propose, and if approved for a loan, initiate projects that will result in significantly greater savings over time through reductions in energy and water usage. Projects will be considered for loans on a competitive basis and those offering the highest savings and quickest payback will be funded. Institutions would repay the loan with the dollars saved from reduced energy and water costs. Once the payback point is reached, subsequent savings would accrue to the benefit of the institution. (From legislative fiscal analysis: http://www.legis.state.wv.us/Fiscalnotes/FN(2)/fnsubmit_recordview1.cfm?RecordID=20052871)
Copy of bill: http://www.legis.state.wv.us/Bill_Text_HTML/2008_SESSIONS/RS/BILLS/HB4434%20enr.htm
Title: H.B. 4434
Source: http://www.legis.state.wv.us

UTPassed 02/2007P-12
Postsec.
Community College
This concurrent resolution of the legislature encourages the development of natural resources on lands administered by the School and
Institutional Trust Lands Administration as a critical source to build the permanent State School Fund to provide greater future education funding. http://le.utah.gov/~2007/bills/hbillenr/hcr004.htm
Title: H.C.R. 4
Source: http://www.le.state.ut.us/

OKSigned into law 05/2005P-12Deleted "No public funds shall be deposited in any account owned or controlled by a local foundation" and replaced with: "A public school district shall not directly or indirectly transfer any funds to any local foundation or render services or provide any thing of value to any local foundation without receiving documented adequate payment or reimbursement therefor according to written contract; provided, nothing herein shall be construed as prohibiting payment by the district of claims for expenses of fund-raising for the benefit of the district if such fund-raising activities are approved in advance by the district board of education and made a part of the minutes of the meeting of the board.schools." http://www2.lsb.state.ok.us/2005-06SB/sb326_enr.rtf
Title: S.B. 326
Source: http://www2.lsb.state.ok.us

MESigned into law 05/2004P-12The bill provides that by fiscal year 2009-10 the state share of kindergarten to grade 12 education funding, as described by essential programs and services, must be 55%. It also establishes a local cost share expectation for property tax years beginning on or after April 1, 2005. The Commissioner of Education shall annually notify each school administrative unit of its expectation. This expectation must decline over the period from fiscal year 2005-06 to fiscal year 2009-10. The expectation may not exceed 9.0 mills in fiscal year 2005-06. It may not exceed 8.0 mills in fiscal year 2009-10. The legislative body of a school administrative unit may not adopt a property tax rate that exceeds its mill expectation unless, in a vote separate from its adoption of the school budget, it votes to increase the property tax rate.

The bill also places transportation operating costs into the essential programs and services funding formula. It also states that special education costs will be included in essential programs and services starting in fiscal year 2005-06. Beginning in fiscal year 2004-05, the Department of Education will provide training in state-approved guidelines for identification of special education students. The bill also places early childhood education program costs and vocational education program costs into essential programs and services no later than fiscal year 2007-08.

Note Sec. 16:
Basis for funding costs of education from kindergarten to grade 12. Notwithstanding any other provision of law, beginning in fiscal year 2005-06, funding of the costs of education from kindergarten to grade 12 must be based on the cost of providing essential programs and services as described in the Maine Revised Statutes, Title 20-A, chapter 606-B.

http://www.mainelegislature.org/legis/bills/ld_title.asp?ld=1924
Title: S.P. 761
Source: StateNet

CASigned into law 08/2003P-12Decreases, for the fiscal adjustment period, the amount of ad valorem property tax revenue allocated to a county's Educational Revenue Augmentation Fund. Requires this amount to be allocated to each county's Sales and Use Tax Compensation Fund, created by this act. Requires the county auditor to allocate moneys from the new fund to cities and counties to reimburse them for local tax revenue losses. http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/pub/bill/asm/ab_1751-1800/ab_1766_bill_20030802_chaptered.html
Title: A.B. 1766
Source: California Legislative Web site

OKRejected by voters 11/2002P-12Amendment to Oklahoma Constitution (Article 10, Section 10). Property taxes are levied for school districts' building funds. Generally these funds are used to construct school buildings. This measure would allow building funds to be used for payment of certain costs related to the inspection of property by the county assessor as part of the property tax system. The use of building funds for this purpose could be prescribed by law. (http://www.elections.state.ok.us/sq_gen02.pdf)
Title: State Question 704 / Legislative Referendum 329
Source: Oklahoma State Election Board

IASigned into law 02/2001P-12Provides for the establishment of the state percent growth for purposes of the state school foundation program. The state budget is set to grow 4 % in the 2001-02 fiscal year and 4% in the 2002-03.
Title: H.B. 191
Source: Lexis-Nexis/StateNet

SDSigned into law 02/2001P-12Amends Chapter 5-10 by adding a new section that sets inflation adjustment period, states that the rate rate of inflation is based on the consumer price index prepared by the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the United States Department of Labor; that the principal balance in each permanent school and other educational and charitable fund is the principal balance to be increased by the rate of inflation; and that the inflation adjustment requirement shall be met using realized net capital gains. If these are not sufficient, the interest, dividends, and other income shall be used. Any excess realized net capital gains are to be carried forward for the following year's inflation adjustment.
Title: S.B. 93
Source: South Dakota State Legislature (Web site)

WYSigned into law 02/2001P-12Annual appropriations from the general fund are made to the common school permanent fund reserve account. This bill clarifies calculation of funds appropriated to and from the common school permanent
fund reserve account and makes technical corrections. Amends Section 1. W.S. 9-4-713(g) re: the spending policy for investment earnings of permanent funds. For earnings from the common school account within the permanent land fund, earnings transferred to the common school account are not to be included when determining spending policy.
Title: H.B. 31
Source: http://legisweb.state.wy.us/2001

COUnofficially approved by Voters 11/2000P-12AMENDMENT 23 Amends the State Constitution; concerns increased funding for preschool through 12th-grade public education; requires the statewide base per-pupil funding for public education and funding for specifically defined categorical programs to grow annually by at least the rate of inflation plus one percentage point for fiscal years 2001-02 through 2010-11, and annually by at least the rate of inflation for fiscal years thereafter.
Title: V. 10
Source: Lexis-Nexis/StateNet

UTSigned into law 03/2000P-12Provides for state and local funding of the Minimum School Program Act; provides a ceiling for the state contribution of the maintenance and operations portion of the act; provides appropriations for school building aid; provides additional funding for pupil transportation, text books, educational supplies, and teacher training as well as other programs.
Title: S.B. 3
Source: Lexis-Nexis/StateNet

IASigned into law 02/2000P-12Relates to the establishment of the state percent of growth for purposes of the state school foundation program; provides an applicability date.
Title: S.B. 2082
Source: Lexis-Nexis/StateNet

UTSigned into law 03/1999P-12Relates to education foundations; expanding the powers of public education foundations; allows public education foundations to participate in risk management fund upon approval by the state risk manager and the respective board of education.
Title: H.B. 232
Source: Lexis-Nexis/StateNet

VASigned into law 03/1999P-12Expands current authority of local school boards to establish, by themselves or with other parties or as regional efforts with other school boards, educational technology foundations to include public school foundations, nonstock, nonprofit corporations created to implement public school improvement projects, defined to include any project designed achieve an educational purpose that may be identified in Title 22.1.
Title: H.B. 2176
Source: Lexis-Nexis/StateNet

IASigned into law 02/1999P-12Establishes a state percent of growth of 4 percent for purposes of the state school foundation program for the school budget year beginning July 1, 2000; makes the bill applicable for state aid computation under the school foundation program for the school budget year beginning July 1, 2000.
Title: H.B. 146
Source: Lexis-Nexis/StateNet

+ Finance--Lotteries
+ Finance--Performance Funding
+ Finance--Private Giving
+ Finance--Resource Efficiency
+ Finance--State Budgets/Expenditures
+ Finance--Student Fees
+ Finance--Taxes/Revenues
+ Finance--Taxes/Revenues--Alternative Revenues
+ Governance
+ Governance--Deregulation/Waivers/Home Rule
+ Governance--Ethics/Conflict of Interest
+ Governance--Mandates
+ Governance--Regional Entities
+ Governance--School Boards
+ Governance--School Boards--Training
+ Governance--Site-Based Management
+ Governance--State Boards/Chiefs/Agencies
+ Health
+ Health--Child Abuse
+ Health--Mental Health
+ Health--Nutrition
+ Health--School Based Clinics or School Nurses
+ Health--Suicide Prevention
+ Health--Teen Pregnancy
+ High School
+ High School--Advanced Placement
+ High School--College Readiness
+ High School--Credit Recovery
+ High School--Dropout Rates/Graduation Rates
+ High School--Dual/Concurrent Enrollment
+ High School--Early Colleges/Middle Colleges
+ High School--Exit Exams
+ High School--GED (General Education Development)
+ High School--Graduation Requirements
+ High School--International Baccalaureate
+ Instructional Approaches
+ Instructional Approaches--Constructivism
+ Instructional Approaches--Grading Practices
+ Instructional Approaches--Homeschooling
+ Instructional Approaches--Homework/Study Skills
+ Instructional Approaches--Official English
+ Instructional Approaches--Problem Based Learning
+ Instructional Approaches--Single-Sex Education
+ Instructional Approaches--Time/Time on Task
+ Instructional Approaches--Tracking/Ability Grouping
+ Integrated Services/Full-Service Schools
+ International Benchmarking
+ Leadership
+ Leadership--District Superintendent
+ Leadership--District Superintendent--Compensation and Diversified Pay
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Certification and Licensure
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Compensation and Diversified Pay
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Evaluation and Effectiveness
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Induction Programs and Mentoring
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Preparation
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Preparation--Alternative
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Professional Development
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Recruitment and Retention
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Tenure
+ Middle School
+ Minority/Diversity Issues
+ Minority/Diversity Issues--African American
+ Minority/Diversity Issues--American Indian / Alaska Native / Native Hawaiian
+ Minority/Diversity Issues--Hispanic
+ No Child Left Behind
+ No Child Left Behind--Adequate Yearly Progress
+ No Child Left Behind--Assessment
+ No Child Left Behind--Choice/Transfer
+ No Child Left Behind--Consequences for Schools
+ No Child Left Behind--Finance
+ No Child Left Behind--Parent Involvement
+ No Child Left Behind--Reauthorization Issues/Waivers
+ No Child Left Behind--Report Cards
+ No Child Left Behind--School Support
+ No Child Left Behind--Special Populations
+ No Child Left Behind--Supplemental Services
+ Online Learning--Digital/Blended Learning
+ Online Learning--Virtual Schools/Courses
+ P-16 or P-20
+ P-3
+ P-3 Brain Development
+ P-3 Child Care
+ P-3 Content Standards and Assessment
+ P-3 Data Systems
+ P-3 Early Intervention (0-3)
+ P-3 Ensuring Quality
+ P-3 Evaluation/Economic Benefits
+ P-3 Family Involvement
+ P-3 Finance
+ P-3 Governance
+ P-3 Grades 1-3
+ P-3 Health and Mental Health
+ P-3 Kindergarten
+ P-3 Kindergarten--Full-Day Kindergarten
+ P-3 Kindergarten--Full Day Kindergarten
+ P-3 Preschool
+ P-3 Public/Private Partnerships
+ P-3 Special Ed./Inclusion
+ P-3 Teaching Quality/Professional Development
+ Parent/Family
+ Parent/Family--Parent Rights
+ Parent/Family--Research
+ Partnerships--University/School
+ Postsecondary
+ Postsecondary Accountability
+ Postsecondary Accountability--Accreditation
+ Postsecondary Accountability--Diploma Mills
+ Postsecondary Accountability--Licensing/Program Review and Approval
+ Postsecondary Accountability--Student Learning
+ Postsecondary Affordability
+ Postsecondary Affordability--Financial Aid
+ Postsecondary Affordability--Textbooks
+ Postsecondary Affordability--Tuition/Fees
+ Postsecondary Affordability--Tuition/Fees--Prepd/College Savings Plans
+ Postsecondary Affordability--Tuition/Fees--Undocumented Immigrants
+ Postsecondary Faculty
+ Postsecondary Faculty--Compensation
+ Postsecondary Faculty--Intellectual Property
+ Postsecondary Faculty--Teaching Assistants
+ Postsecondary Faculty--Tenure
+ Postsecondary Finance
+ Postsecondary Finance--Efficiency/Performance-Based Funding
+ Postsecondary Finance--Facilities
+ Postsecondary Finance--Revenue and Expenditures
+ Postsecondary Governance and Structures
+ Postsecondary Governance and Structures--Administrative/Leadership Issues
+ Postsecondary Governance and Structures--State Executives/State Agencies
+ Postsecondary Institutions
+ Postsecondary Institutions--Community/Technical Colleges
+ Postsecondary Institutions--For-Profit/Proprietary
+ Postsecondary Institutions--Four-Year Baccalaureate
+ Postsecondary Institutions--HBCUs/Minority-Serving Institutions
+ Postsecondary Institutions--Private/Independent
+ Postsecondary Online Instruction
+ Postsecondary Participation
+ Postsecondary Participation--Access
+ Postsecondary Participation--Admissions Requirements
+ Postsecondary Participation--Affirmative Action
+ Postsecondary Participation--Enrollments (Statistics)
+ Postsecondary Participation--Outreach
+ Postsecondary Students
+ Postsecondary Students--Adults
+ Postsecondary Students--Disabled
+ Postsecondary Students--Foster Youth
+ Postsecondary Students--Graduate/Professional
+ Postsecondary Students--International
+ Postsecondary Students--Low-Income
+ Postsecondary Students--Military
+ Postsecondary Students--Minority
+ Postsecondary Success
+ Postsecondary Success--Completion
+ Postsecondary Success--Completion--Completion Rates (Statistics)
+ Postsecondary Success--Developmental/Remediation
+ Postsecondary Success--Retention/Persistence
+ Postsecondary Success--Transfer/Articulation
+ Private Schools
+ Privatization
+ Privatization--Education Management Agencies (EMOs)
+ Proficiency-Based Approaches
+ Promising Practices
+ Promotion/Retention
+ Public Attitudes
+ Public Involvement
+ Purposes of Public Education
+ Reading/Literacy
+ Reading/Literacy--Adult Literacy
+ Religion
+ Religion--Prayer/Meditation
+ Religion--Scientific Creationism (Evolution)
+ Rural
+ Scheduling/School Calendar
+ Scheduling/School Calendar--Day/Class Length
+ Scheduling/School Calendar--Extended Day Programs
+ Scheduling/School Calendar--Summer School
+ Scheduling/School Calendar--Week
+ Scheduling/School Calendar--Year
+ Scheduling/School Calendar--Year Round
+ School Climate/Culture
+ School Safety
+ School Safety--Bullying Prevention/Conflict Resolution
+ School Safety--Code of Conduct
+ School Safety--Corporal Punishment
+ School Safety--Disaster/Emergency Preparedness
+ School Safety--Expulsion/Suspension
+ School Safety--No Child Left Behind--Safe Schools
+ School Safety--Sexual Harassment and Assault
+ School Safety--Special Education
+ School Safety--Uniforms/Dress Codes
+ School/District Structure/Operations
+ School/District Structure/Operations--District Consolidation/Deconsolidation
+ School/District Structure/Operations--District Size
+ School/District Structure/Operations--Facilities
+ School/District Structure/Operations--Food Service
+ School/District Structure/Operations--Libraries
+ School/District Structure/Operations--Org. (K-3/K-8 etc.)
+ School/District Structure/Operations--Personnel (Non-Teaching)
+ School/District Structure/Operations--School Size
+ School/District Structure/Operations--Shared Services
+ School/District Structure/Operations--Staffing Ratios
+ School/District Structure/Operations--Transportation
+ Service-Learning
+ Special Education
+ Special Education--Federal Law/Regulations
+ Special Education--Finance
+ Special Education--Inclusion (Mainstreaming)
+ Special Education--Placement
+ Special Education--Transition
+ Special Populations--Corrections Education
+ Special Populations--Foster Care
+ Special Populations--Gifted and Talented
+ Special Populations--Homeless Education
+ Special Populations--Immigrant Education
+ Special Populations--Migrant Education
+ Special Populations--Military
+ Standards
+ Standards--Common Core State Standards
+ Standards--Implementation
+ State Comparisons/Statistics
+ State Longitudinal Data Systems
+ State Policymaking
+ State Policymaking--Ballot Questions
+ State Policymaking--Constitutional Clauses
+ State Policymaking--Politics
+ State Policymaking--Task Forces/Commissions
+ STEM
+ Student Achievement
+ Student Achievement--Closing the Achievement Gap
+ Student Achievement--State Trends
+ Student Supports
+ Student Supports--Counseling/Guidance
+ Student Supports--Mentoring/Tutoring
+ Student Supports--Remediation
+ Student Surveys
+ Students
+ Students--Athletics/Extracurricular Activities
+ Students--Employment
+ Students--Incentives
+ Students--K-12 Exchange Students
+ Students--Mobility
+ Students--Records/Rights
+ Teaching Quality
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Alternative
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Assignment
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Highly Qualified Teachers
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Natl. Bd. for Prof. Teach. Stds.
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Special Education
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--State Prof. Standards Bds.
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Substitute Teachers
+ Teaching Quality--Compensation and Diversified Pay
+ Teaching Quality--Compensation and Diversified Pay--Pay-for-Performance
+ Teaching Quality--Compensation and Diversified Pay--Retirement/Benefits
+ Teaching Quality--Evaluation and Effectiveness
+ Teaching Quality--Induction Programs and Mentoring
+ Teaching Quality--Paraprofessionals
+ Teaching Quality--Preparation
+ Teaching Quality--Professional Development
+ Teaching Quality--Recruitment and Retention
+ Teaching Quality--Recruitment and Retention--At-Risk Schools
+ Teaching Quality--Recruitment and Retention--High-Needs Subjects
+ Teaching Quality--Reduction in Force
+ Teaching Quality--Teacher Attitudes
+ Teaching Quality--Teacher Contracts (Not Tenure)
+ Teaching Quality--Teacher Rights
+ Teaching Quality--Tenure or Continuing Contract
+ Teaching Quality--Unions/Collective Bargaining
+ Teaching Quality--Unions/Collective Bargaining--Strikes
+ Teaching Quality--Working Conditions
+ Technology
+ Technology--Computer Skills
+ Technology--Devices/Software/Hardware
+ Technology--Equitable Access
+ Technology--Funding Issues
+ Technology--Internet Safety
+ Technology--Research/Evaluation
+ Technology--Teacher/Faculty Training
+ Textbooks and Open Source
+ Urban
+ Urban--Change/Improvements
+ Urban--Governance
+ Whole-School Reform Models
+ Whole Child