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From the ECS State Policy Database 1994-2013

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Education Commission of the States • 700 Broadway, Suite 810 • Denver, CO 80203-3442 • 303.299.3600 • fax 303.296.8332 • www.ecs.org

The following summary includes policies ECS has tracked in this database since 1994. This database is made possible by your state's fiscal support of the Education Commission of the States (ECS). Most entries are legislative, although rules/regulations and executive orders that make substantive changes are included. Every effort is made to collect the latest available version of policies; in some instances, recent changes might not be reflected. For expediency purposes minimal attention has been paid to style (capitalization, punctuation) and format. To view the documents, click on the blue triangle next to the topic of interest. Please cite use of the database as: Education Commission of the States (ECS) State Policy Database, retrieved [date]. State Status/Date Level Summary 21st Century Skills Accountability Accountability--Accreditation Accountability--Measures/Indicators Accountability--Reporting Results Accountability--Rewards Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions--Learnfare Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions--No Pass No Drive Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions--No Pass No Play Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions--Takeovers Accountability--School Improvement Adult Basic Education Assessment Assessment--Accommodations Assessment--College Entrance Exams Assessment--Computer Based Assessment--End-of-Course Assessment--Formative/Interim Assessment--High Stakes/Competency Assessment--Legal Issues Assessment--NAEP (NAEP Results and NAEP Organization) Assessment--Performance Based/Portfolio Assessment--Value Added At-Risk (incl. Dropout Prevention) At-Risk (incl. Dropout Prevention)--Alternative Education At-Risk (incl. Dropout Prevention)--Drugs/Alcohol Attendance Attendance--Compulsory Attendance--Statutory Ages (Upper and Lower) Attendance--Truancy Background Checks Bilingual/ESL Brain Research Business Involvement Career/Technical Education Career/Technical Education--Career Academies/Apprenticeship Cheating Choice of Schools Choice of Schools--Charter Schools Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Charter Districts Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Closings Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Cyber Charters Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Finance Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Research Choice of Schools--Choice/Open Enrollment Choice of Schools--Choice/Open Enrollment--Research Choice of Schools--Innovation Schools Choice of Schools--Magnet or Specialized Schools Choice of Schools--Tax Credits Choice of Schools--Vouchers Choice of Schools--Vouchers--Privately Funded Civic Education Civic Education--Character Education Civic Education--Civic Knowledge and Literacy Civic Education--Curriculum/Standards Civic Education--Pledge of Allegiance Class Size Curriculum Curriculum--Alignment Curriculum--Arts Education Curriculum--Censorship Curriculum--Core Curriculum Curriculum--Drivers Education Curriculum--Environmental Education Curriculum--Excusal Curriculum--Family Living Education Curriculum--Financial Literacy/Economics Ed. Curriculum--Foreign Language/Sign Language Curriculum--Geography Education Curriculum--Health/Nutrition Education Curriculum--Home Economics Curriculum--International Education Curriculum--Language Arts Curriculum--Language Arts--Writing/Spelling Curriculum--Mathematics Curriculum--Multicultural Curriculum--Physical Education Curriculum--Science Curriculum--Sex Education Curriculum--Social Studies/History Curriculum--Speech Education Data-Driven Improvement Demographics Demographics--Condition of Children/Adults Demographics--Enrollments Desegregation Economic/Workforce Development Education Research Equity Federal Finance Finance--Adequacy/Core Cost Finance--Aid to Private Schools Finance--Bonds Finance--District Finance--Does Money Matter? Finance--Equity Finance--Facilities Finance--Federal Finance--Funding Formulas Finance--Litigation Finance--Local Foundations/Funds Finance--Lotteries CA Signed into law 09/2012 Community College Lottery Funds for Classes for Adults and Regional Occupational Centers A.B. 2662 - Lottery Funds From final bill analysis: Extends to 2014-15 provisions in which payments from the California State Lottery Education Fund include the same ... More... OR Signed into law 07/2011 P-12 Finance H.B. 5035 Maintains and reserves lottery revenues available to benefit public purposes during biennium beginning July 1, 2011, in Administrative Servi... More... OH Signed into law 06/2011 P-12 Lottery Funds for Education H.B. 153 - Lottery Funds for Education Directs the state lottery commission to promulgate rules on the type of notices that must appear on lottery tickets, including one that must... More... TN Signed into law 06/2010 Postsec. Lottery Scholarships S.B. 2899 As enacted, redefines "eligible independent postsecondary institution" to include institutions that are members of an accrediting agency tha... More... TN Signed into law 04/2010 P-12 Lottery-Funded Grants and Technical Assistance - Evaluation S.B. 980 From the Fiscal Note: Requires the Commissioner of Education to report annually any findings and recommendations concerning the system of co... More... WA Signed into law 04/2010 Postsec. Community College Opportunity Pathways Accounts S.B. 6409 Creates the Opportunity Pathways Account; requires funds in the account to stabilize and increase existing resources for the recruitment of ... More... AR Adopted 12/2009 Postsec. Community College Arkansas Academic Challenges Scholarship Program H.B. 1163/S.B. 126 Defines terms used in the Arkansas Acedemic Challengs Scholarship Program and requirements for student participation. Requires Director of D... More... OH Signed into law 07/2009 P-12 Lottery Profits Education Reserve Fund H.B. 1 - Section 265.40.60 Creates a special fund that will allow for excess lottery profits to be transferred to be made available by the Controlling Board in FY 2010... More... ID Signed into law 05/2009 P-12 Lottery Funds H.B. 275 Relates to the lottery; provides for transfers of net income from the lottery; provides for adjustments; provides for the consideration of l... More... NE Signed into law 05/2009 P-12 Amends Tax Equity and Educational Opportunities Support Act L.B. 545 Changes the Tax Equity and Educational Opportunities Support Act pursuant to the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009; amends prov... More... GA Signed into law 04/2009 P-12 Postsec. Lottery Shortfall Reserve Subaccounts H.B. 157 Defines "highest year-end balance" as the highest total amount of unexpended and uncommitted funds in the Lottery for Education Account, as ... More... MD Approved by voters 11/2008 P-12 Lottery Funds for Education Question 2 Proposes an amendment to the Constitution to authorize video lottery terminal gaming in the State for the primary purpose of providing funds... More... CA On June 8 10/2008 P-12 Finance V. 24; (NEW BILL) 2010 Ballot., (PROPOSITION TBA; SCA 12, CHAPTER 143, 2008) Proposes an amendment to the State constitution to provide that an additional pur... More... CA Signed into law 09/2008 P-12 Lottery funds A.B. 1654 Amends the State Lottery Act of 1984. Provides that the purpose of the act is preservation of the rights, liberties, and welfare of the peop... More... OR Rejected by voters 08/2008 P-12 Lottery Funds to Early Childhood Ballot Measure 62 Proposes and amendment to the Constitution to provide a percentage of the net proceeds from the State Lottery shall be deposited in a publi... More... TN Signed into law 06/2008 P-12 Lottery for Education After School Programs (LEAP) Grant Fund S.B. 2809 Creates a "lottery for education after school programs (LEAP) grant fund." This bill specifies that in any year that the lottery-funded scho... More... AR On 11/04/2008 Ballot. 04/2008 Postsec. Community College Lottery Funds for College Scholarships Amendment 3 Proposes an amendment to the State Constitution; authorizes the General Assembly to establish, operate, and regulate State lotteries to fund... More... MD Enacted 11/2007 P-12 Video Lottery Funding for Education H.B. 4A Adds a new article to the State Constitution to authorize video lottery terminal gaming in the State for the primary purpose of providing fu... More... IN Issued 12/2006 Postsec. Community College Scholarships E.O. 06-18 Designates the Indiana Finance Authority as the entity to oversee and execute financial transactions in connection with the governor's 2007 ... More... TN Signed into law 05/2006 P-12 Postsec. At-Risk Student After School Programs S.B. 3113; H.B. 3249 Concerns Lottery, Scholarships and Programs; creates pilot after school program for at-risk students to prepare for ACT and SAT examinations... More... TN Signed into law 05/2006 P-12 Postsec. Lottery Funds for Teacher Scholarships S.B. 2724; H.B. 3720 Concerns Lottery, Scholarships and Programs; establishes lottery scholarship program to enable tenured public school teachers to obtain adva... More... TN Signed into law 05/2006 P-12 Lottery Revenues for Education H.B. 2812; S.B.2682 Concerns Lottery, Scholarships and Programs; redistributes unclaimed lottery prize money from 50 percent future prize pool and 50 percent af... More... NM Signed into law 03/2006 Postsec. Community College Lottery Tuition Fund S.B. 155 From fiscal impact statement: This bill does not contain an appropriation; however, enactment of this legislation is likely to have a signif... More... FL Signed into law 05/2005 P-12 Postsec. Use of Lottery Money H.B. 841 States that eighty percent of all unclaimed lottery prize money must be deposited in the Educational Enhancement Trust Fund. Allows these fu... More... WV Signed into law 06/2004 P-12 Supplementary Appropriations S.B. 2007 Makes supplementary appropriation to department of education from net lottery proceeds.... More... FL Became law without governor's signature 05/2004 P-12 Postsec. Community College Education Funding H.B. 1867 Relates to education funding; requires school districts to establish certain policies and procedures regarding lottery fund enhancements; pr... More... TN Signed into law 05/2004 P-12 Lottery Corporation Committee S.B. 2115 Adds the Select Committee on the Tennessee Education Lottery Corporation to education committees as committees reviewing governor's proposed... More... FL Signed into law 11/2003 P-12 Postsec. Community College Unclaimed Lottery Prize Money H.B. 43 Requires specified unclaimed lottery prize money be transferred to the Educational Enhancement Trust Fund; provides an appropriation from th... More... LA Approved by voters 10/2003 P-12 Lottery Proceeds Fund to Education Foundation Program Ballot Measure 9 (HB 583) To require that monies in the Lottery Proceeds Fund be annually appropriated by the legislature for the minimum foundation program of educat... More... FL Signed into law 06/2003 P-12 Educational Enhancement Trust Fund S.B. 28 - A Increases amounts to be deposited into the Educational Enhancement Trust Fund; provides for construction of act in pari materia with laws en... More... MO Signed into law 06/2003 P-12 Postsec. Distribution of the Gaming Commission Fund H.B. 444 Alters the distribution of Gaming Commission Fund; provides funds for veterans facilities, the National Guard College Trust, early childhood... More... OK Signed into law 06/2003 P-12 Oklahoma Education Lottery Act H.B. 1278 Creates the Oklahoma Education Lottery Act to be submitted to the voters for their approval at the November 2004 General Election. If appro... More... TN Signed into law 06/2003 P-12 Postsec. State Lottery S.B. 437 SECTION 1. Tennessee Code Annotated, Title 49, Chapter 4, is amended by adding the following as a new part: § 49-4-901. Net proceeds of the ... More... OK Signed into law 05/2003 P-12 Crimes And Punishments S.B. 837 Allows raffles to be conducted by churches, schools and affiliated entities, and certain organizations and states that such raffles are not ... More... OK To governor 04/2003 P-12 Postsec. Constitutional Amendment S.J.R. 22 Proposes an amendment to the Constitution creating the Education Lottery Trust Fund consisting of funds transferred from the Education Lotte... More... TN Approved by voters 11/2002 P-12 Postsec. State Lottery for Education Constitutional Amendment 1 Amendment to the Constitution (Article XI, Section 5) permitting the legislature to authorize a state lottery if the net proceeds of the lot... More... FL Signed into law 05/2002 P-12 Lottery Revenues for Public Education H.B. 2011 Authorizes the Department of the Lottery to determine a variable percentage of revenue from instant lottery tickets, including on-line, that... More... VA Signed into law 03/2002 P-12 Lottery Funds for Education H.B. 438 Permits the State Lottery board to expend funds to inform the public that net proceeds from the Lottery are used entirely and solely for the... More... VA Signed into law 03/2002 P-12 Lottery Proceeds Fund S.B. 50 Establishes the Lottery Proceeds Fund that is authorized as of July 1, 2001, in Section 7-A of Article X of the Constitution of Virginia. Th... More... SC Signed into law 06/2001 P-12 Education Lottery Act S.B. 496 Enacts the State Education Lottery Act; provides for a state lottery; creates the State Education Lottery Corporation to conduct the state l... More... TN 2002 November Ballot 06/2001 Postsec. Lottery Ballot Initiative V. 1 LOTTERY AND GAMING (TNSJR1-2001) Proposes an amendment to article XI, Section 5, of the Constitution of Tennessee, relating to lotteries; pr... More... NE Signed into law 05/2001 P-12 Distance Education Funding L.B. 833 Changes the allocation of the Education Innovation Fund in 2001-02 and 2002-03. The bill provides that up to 20% of the Education Innovation... More... NM Vetoed 04/2001 P-12 Lottery Success Fund H.B. 22 Amends the New Mexico Lottery Act to increase the distribution of net lottery revenue allocated to the Lottery Tuition Fund, changes the dis... More... NM Signed into law 04/2001 Postsec. Lottery Funds S.B. 59 The "lottery tuition fund" is created in the state treasury. The fund shall be administered by the commission on higher education. Earnings ... More... AL Approved by voters 11/2000 P-12 BINGO for Education V. 13 PROPOSED AMENDMENT NUMBER 11 (ACT NO. 2000-401) Amends the State Constitution; legalizes the operation of bingo games for prizes or money fo... More... AR Unofficially rejected by Voters 11/2000 P-12 State Lottery for Education V. 5 CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENT NO. 5 (Opinion 99-245) Amends the State Constitution. Establishes a State Lottery; permits charitable bingo games a... More... CO Approved by Voters 11/2000 P-12 Expanding the State Lottery V. 1 REFERENDUM E (SB 84, 2000) Asks whether the Colorado Lottery Commission should be authorized to enter into multistate agreements allowing Co... More... SC Approved by voters 11/2000 P-12 Lottery V. 2 CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENT NO. 1 Amends the State Constitution; deletes prohibitions on lotteries, their advertising and ticket sales; provide... More... CA Vetoed 09/2000 Postsec. Lottery Money for Higher Ed. A.B. 2565 Relates to public postsecondary education. Increases the percentage of lottery moneys that may be pledged under the program to the equivalen... More... WA Approved by voters 06/2000 P-12 Ballot Initiative - Student Achievement Fund Initiative 728 INITIATIVE 728: Shall school districts reduce class sizes, extend learning programs, expand teacher training, and construct facilities, fund... More... FL Signed into law 04/2000 P-12 Lottery Capital Outlay and Debt Service Fund H.B. 627 Creates Lottery Capital Outlay and Debt Service Trust Fund within the Education Department; provides for sources of funds; provides purposes... More... NM Signed into law 03/2000 P-12 Postsec. Lottery Distributions S.B. 114 Relates to equal lottery revenue distributions.... More... VA Signed into law 02/2000 P-12 Lottery Proceeds Fund H.B. 749 Provides for a referendum at the November 7, 2000, election to approve or reject an amendment requiring the General Assembly to establish a ... More... VA Signed into law 02/2000 P-12 Referendum to Establish Lottery S.B. 546 Provides for a referendum at the election to approve or reject an amendment requiring the General Assembly to establish a Lottery Proceeds F... More... AL Died 10/1999 P-12 Postsec. Community College Lottery Initiative V. 1 (ACT No. 99-08 CA) Amends the Constitution of Alabama. Establishes an Alabama Education Lottery, an Alabama Education Lottery Corporation, a... More... AL Signed into law 06/1999 P-12 Establishes Office of Information Technology H.B. 586/S.B. 385 Establishes the Office of Information Technology; provides for director appointed by governor; provides for distribution of lottery funds to... More... AL Signed into law 03/1999 Postsec. Education Lottery H.B. 73 Relates to the Education Lottery Corporation and Lottery Trust Fund; provides for the distribution of revenues; provides for a constitutiona... More... GA Signed into law 04/1998 P-12 S.R. 529 Education Appropriation NOTE: NOT PASSED BY VOTERS AS OF 9/98 Relates to Education Appropriation: proposes and amendment to the Constitution so as to specify the ed... More... NM Died 02/1997 P-12 S.B. 483 State Lottery Revenues Relates to state lottery revenues; changes the disposition of net lottery revenues to earmark sixty percent for public school, middle school... More... NC Died 07/1996 P-12 H.B. 60 & S.B. 28 State Lottery to Provide Funds for Educational Purposes Establishes a State Lottery to provide funds for educational purposes, subject to statewide referendum; creates State Lottery Commisssiom; p... More... GA Signed into law 04/1996 P-12 S.B. 46 Finance Lotteries Relates to definitions applicable to the "Georgia Lottery for Education Act"; changes the definition of the term "educational purposes and p... More... Finance--Performance Funding Finance--Private Giving Finance--Resource Efficiency Finance--State Budgets/Expenditures Finance--Student Fees Finance--Taxes/Revenues Finance--Taxes/Revenues--Alternative Revenues Governance Governance--Deregulation/Waivers/Home Rule Governance--Ethics/Conflict of Interest Governance--Mandates Governance--Regional Entities Governance--School Boards Governance--School Boards--Training Governance--Site-Based Management Governance--State Boards/Chiefs/Agencies Health Health--Child Abuse Health--Mental Health Health--Nutrition Health--School Based Clinics or School Nurses Health--Suicide Prevention Health--Teen Pregnancy High School High School--Advanced Placement High School--College Readiness High School--Credit Recovery High School--Dropout Rates/Graduation Rates High School--Dual/Concurrent Enrollment High School--Early Colleges/Middle Colleges High School--Exit Exams High School--GED (General Education Development) High School--Graduation Requirements High School--International Baccalaureate Instructional Approaches Instructional Approaches--Constructivism Instructional Approaches--Grading Practices Instructional Approaches--Homeschooling Instructional Approaches--Homework/Study Skills Instructional Approaches--Official English Instructional Approaches--Problem Based Learning Instructional Approaches--Single-Sex Education Instructional Approaches--Time/Time on Task Instructional Approaches--Tracking/Ability Grouping Integrated Services/Full-Service Schools International Benchmarking Leadership Leadership--District Superintendent Leadership--District Superintendent--Compensation and Diversified Pay Leadership--Principal/School Leadership Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Certification and Licensure Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Compensation and Diversified Pay Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Evaluation and Effectiveness Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Induction Programs and Mentoring Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Preparation Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Preparation--Alternative Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Professional Development Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Recruitment and Retention Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Tenure Middle School Minority/Diversity Issues Minority/Diversity Issues--African American Minority/Diversity Issues--American Indian / Alaska Native / Native Hawaiian Minority/Diversity Issues--Hispanic No Child Left Behind No Child Left Behind--Adequate Yearly Progress No Child Left Behind--Assessment No Child Left Behind--Choice/Transfer No Child Left Behind--Consequences for Schools No Child Left Behind--Finance No Child Left Behind--Parent Involvement No Child Left Behind--Reauthorization Issues/Waivers No Child Left Behind--Report Cards No Child Left Behind--School Support No Child Left Behind--Special Populations No Child Left Behind--Supplemental Services Online Learning--Digital/Blended Learning Online Learning--Virtual Schools/Courses P-16 or P-20 P-3 P-3 Brain Development P-3 Child Care P-3 Content Standards and Assessment P-3 Data Systems P-3 Early Intervention (0-3) P-3 Ensuring Quality P-3 Evaluation/Economic Benefits P-3 Family Involvement P-3 Finance P-3 Governance P-3 Grades 1-3 P-3 Health and Mental Health P-3 Kindergarten P-3 Kindergarten--Full-Day Kindergarten P-3 Kindergarten--Full Day Kindergarten P-3 Preschool P-3 Public/Private Partnerships P-3 Special Ed./Inclusion P-3 Teaching Quality/Professional Development Parent/Family Parent/Family--Parent Rights Parent/Family--Research Partnerships--University/School Postsecondary Postsecondary Accountability Postsecondary Accountability--Accreditation Postsecondary Accountability--Diploma Mills Postsecondary Accountability--Licensing/Program Review and Approval Postsecondary Accountability--Student Learning Postsecondary Affordability Postsecondary Affordability--Financial Aid Postsecondary Affordability--Textbooks Postsecondary Affordability--Tuition/Fees Postsecondary Affordability--Tuition/Fees--Prepd/College Savings Plans Postsecondary Affordability--Tuition/Fees--Undocumented Immigrants Postsecondary Faculty Postsecondary Faculty--Compensation Postsecondary Faculty--Intellectual Property Postsecondary Faculty--Teaching Assistants Postsecondary Faculty--Tenure Postsecondary Finance Postsecondary Finance--Efficiency/Performance-Based Funding Postsecondary Finance--Facilities Postsecondary Finance--Revenue and Expenditures Postsecondary Governance and Structures Postsecondary Governance and Structures--Administrative/Leadership Issues Postsecondary Governance and Structures--State Executives/State Agencies Postsecondary Institutions Postsecondary Institutions--Community/Technical Colleges Postsecondary Institutions--For-Profit/Proprietary Postsecondary Institutions--Four-Year Baccalaureate Postsecondary Institutions--HBCUs/Minority-Serving Institutions Postsecondary Institutions--Private/Independent Postsecondary Online Instruction Postsecondary Participation Postsecondary Participation--Access Postsecondary Participation--Admissions Requirements Postsecondary Participation--Affirmative Action Postsecondary Participation--Enrollments (Statistics) Postsecondary Participation--Outreach Postsecondary Students Postsecondary Students--Adults Postsecondary Students--Disabled Postsecondary Students--Foster Youth Postsecondary Students--Graduate/Professional Postsecondary Students--International Postsecondary Students--Low-Income Postsecondary Students--Military Postsecondary Students--Minority Postsecondary Success Postsecondary Success--Completion Postsecondary Success--Completion--Completion Rates (Statistics) Postsecondary Success--Developmental/Remediation Postsecondary Success--Retention/Persistence Postsecondary Success--Transfer/Articulation Private Schools Privatization Privatization--Education Management Agencies (EMOs) Proficiency-Based Approaches Promising Practices Promotion/Retention Public Involvement Purposes of Public Education Reading/Literacy Reading/Literacy--Adult Literacy Religion Religion--Prayer/Meditation Religion--Scientific Creationism (Evolution) Rural Scheduling/School Calendar Scheduling/School Calendar--Day/Class Length Scheduling/School Calendar--Extended Day Programs Scheduling/School Calendar--Summer School Scheduling/School Calendar--Week Scheduling/School Calendar--Year Scheduling/School Calendar--Year Round School Climate/Culture School Safety School Safety--Bullying Prevention/Conflict Resolution School Safety--Code of Conduct School Safety--Corporal Punishment School Safety--Disaster/Emergency Preparedness School Safety--Expulsion/Suspension School Safety--No Child Left Behind--Safe Schools School Safety--Sexual Harassment and Assault School Safety--Special Education School Safety--Uniforms/Dress Codes School/District Structure/Operations School/District Structure/Operations--District Consolidation/Deconsolidation School/District Structure/Operations--District Size School/District Structure/Operations--Facilities School/District Structure/Operations--Food Service School/District Structure/Operations--Libraries School/District Structure/Operations--Org. (K-3/K-8 etc.) School/District Structure/Operations--Personnel (Non-Teaching) School/District Structure/Operations--School Size School/District Structure/Operations--Shared Services School/District Structure/Operations--Staffing Ratios School/District Structure/Operations--Transportation Service-Learning Special Education Special Education--Federal Law/Regulations Special Education--Finance Special Education--Inclusion (Mainstreaming) Special Education--Placement Special Education--Transition Special Populations--Corrections Education Special Populations--Foster Care Special Populations--Gifted and Talented Special Populations--Homeless Education Special Populations--Immigrant Education Special Populations--Migrant Education Special Populations--Military Standards Standards--Common Core State Standards Standards--Implementation State Comparisons/Statistics State Longitudinal Data Systems State Policymaking State Policymaking--Ballot Questions State Policymaking--Constitutional Clauses State Policymaking--Politics State Policymaking--Task Forces/Commissions STEM Student Achievement Student Achievement--Closing the Achievement Gap Student Achievement--State Trends Student Supports--Counseling/Guidance Student Supports--Mentoring/Tutoring Student Supports--Remediation Student Surveys Students Students--Athletics/Extracurricular Activities Students--Employment Students--Incentives Students--K-12 Exchange Students Students--Mobility Students--Records/Rights Teaching Quality Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Alternative Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Assignment Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Highly Qualified Teachers Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Natl. Bd. for Prof. Teach. Stds. Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Special Education Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--State Prof. Standards Bds. Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Substitute Teachers Teaching Quality--Compensation and Diversified Pay Teaching Quality--Compensation and Diversified Pay--Pay-for-Performance Teaching Quality--Compensation and Diversified Pay--Retirement/Benefits Teaching Quality--Evaluation and Effectiveness Teaching Quality--Induction Programs and Mentoring Teaching Quality--Paraprofessionals Teaching Quality--Preparation Teaching Quality--Professional Development Teaching Quality--Recruitment and Retention Teaching Quality--Recruitment and Retention--At-Risk Schools Teaching Quality--Recruitment and Retention--High-Needs Subjects Teaching Quality--Reduction in Force Teaching Quality--Teacher Attitudes Teaching Quality--Teacher Contracts (Not Tenure) Teaching Quality--Teacher Rights Teaching Quality--Tenure or Continuing Contract Teaching Quality--Unions/Collective Bargaining Teaching Quality--Unions/Collective Bargaining--Strikes Teaching Quality--Working Conditions Technology Technology--Computer Skills Technology--Devices/Software/Hardware Technology--Equitable Access Technology--Funding Issues Technology--Internet Safety Technology--Research/Evaluation Technology--Teacher/Faculty Training Textbooks and Open Source Urban Urban--Change/Improvements Urban--Governance Whole-School Reform Models Whole Child