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From the ECS State Policy Database 1994-2013

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Education Commission of the States • 700 Broadway, Suite 810 • Denver, CO 80203-3442 • 303.299.3600 • fax 303.296.8332 • www.ecs.org

The following summary includes policies ECS has tracked in this database since 1994. This database is made possible by your state's fiscal support of the Education Commission of the States (ECS). Most entries are legislative, although rules/regulations and executive orders that make substantive changes are included. Every effort is made to collect the latest available version of policies; in some instances, recent changes might not be reflected. For expediency purposes minimal attention has been paid to style (capitalization, punctuation) and format. To view the documents, click on the blue triangle next to the topic of interest. Please cite use of the database as: Education Commission of the States (ECS) State Policy Database, retrieved [date]. State Status/Date Level Summary 21st Century Skills Accountability Accountability--Accreditation Accountability--Measures/Indicators Accountability--Reporting Results Accountability--Rewards Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions--Learnfare Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions--No Pass No Drive Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions--No Pass No Play Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions--Takeovers Accountability--School Improvement Adult Basic Education Assessment Assessment--Accommodations Assessment--College Entrance Exams Assessment--Computer Based Assessment--End-of-Course Assessment--Formative/Interim Assessment--High Stakes/Competency Assessment--Legal Issues Assessment--NAEP (NAEP Results and NAEP Organization) Assessment--Performance Based/Portfolio Assessment--Value Added At-Risk (incl. Dropout Prevention) At-Risk (incl. Dropout Prevention)--Alternative Education At-Risk (incl. Dropout Prevention)--Drugs/Alcohol Attendance Attendance--Compulsory Attendance--Statutory Ages (Upper and Lower) Attendance--Truancy Background Checks Bilingual/ESL Brain Research Business Involvement Career/Technical Education Career/Technical Education--Career Academies/Apprenticeship Cheating Choice of Schools Choice of Schools--Charter Schools Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Charter Districts Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Closings Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Cyber Charters Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Finance Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Research Choice of Schools--Choice/Open Enrollment Choice of Schools--Choice/Open Enrollment--Research Choice of Schools--Innovation Schools Choice of Schools--Magnet or Specialized Schools Choice of Schools--Tax Credits Choice of Schools--Vouchers Choice of Schools--Vouchers--Privately Funded Civic Education Civic Education--Character Education Civic Education--Civic Knowledge and Literacy Civic Education--Curriculum/Standards Civic Education--Pledge of Allegiance Class Size Curriculum Curriculum--Alignment Curriculum--Arts Education Curriculum--Censorship Curriculum--Core Curriculum Curriculum--Drivers Education Curriculum--Environmental Education Curriculum--Excusal Curriculum--Family Living Education Curriculum--Financial Literacy/Economics Ed. Curriculum--Foreign Language/Sign Language Curriculum--Geography Education Curriculum--Health/Nutrition Education Curriculum--Home Economics Curriculum--International Education Curriculum--Language Arts Curriculum--Language Arts--Writing/Spelling Curriculum--Mathematics Curriculum--Multicultural Curriculum--Physical Education Curriculum--Science Curriculum--Sex Education Curriculum--Social Studies/History Curriculum--Speech Education Data-Driven Improvement Demographics Demographics--Condition of Children/Adults Demographics--Enrollments Desegregation Economic/Workforce Development Education Research Equity Federal Finance Finance--Adequacy/Core Cost Finance--Aid to Private Schools Finance--Bonds Finance--District Finance--Does Money Matter? Finance--Equity Finance--Facilities Finance--Federal Finance--Funding Formulas Finance--Litigation Finance--Local Foundations/Funds Finance--Lotteries Finance--Performance Funding Finance--Private Giving Finance--Resource Efficiency AL Signed into law 05/2012 P-12 School Start Dates S.B. 318 - School Start Dates From K-12 appropriations bill: Establishes legislative intent that local school systems be permitted to develop flexible school terms extend... More... FL Signed into law 04/2012 P-12 School District Consortium to Increase Purchasing Power H.B. 5101 - School District Consortium to Increase Purchasing Power Requires each local board to enter into an interlocal agreement to establish the School District Consortium to maximize the purchasing power... More... NY Issued 04/2012 P-12 Establishing the New NY Education Reform Commission E.O. No. 44 Establishes the New NY Education Reform Commission to provide guidance and advice to the governor on education policy, performance, and inno... More... VA Signed into law 03/2012 P-12 Expenditures and Reports on Instructional Spending H.B. 250 Requires each local school board to report annually to the Board of Education the percentage of its annual operating budget allocated to ins... More... TX Adopted 10/2011 P-12 Financial Accountability Ratings 19 TAC 109.1002 The Texas Education Agency (TEA) proposes an amendment to s.109.1002, concerning the financial accountability rating system. The section est... More... ME Signed into law 06/2011 P-12 Process for Energy Service Companies Contracting with Maine Schools H.P. 583 Removes provisions of law that allow school administrative units to use a process other than a competitive bid process in selecting energy s... More... MI Signed into law 06/2011 P-12 Eliminates Certains Programs/Changes Pupil Count Day/District Transparency H.B. 4325 - K-12 Provisions From Legislative Staff Summary: Eliminates middle college grants and funding that provides districts additional funds for educating students... More... NC Signed into law 06/2011 P-12 School and Teacher Paperwork Reduction Act H.B. 720 Directs the state board of education (SBE) to streamline the paperwork process and to alleviate unnecessary, duplicative paperwork. Requires... More... NC Veto overridden: legislature has overridden governor's veto 06/2011 P-12 School Calendar Pilot Program H.B. 200 - School Calendar Pilot Program Directs the state board to establish a school calendar pilot program in the Wilkes County Schools, the Montgomery County Schools, and the St... More... OH Signed into law 06/2011 P-12 Highly Efficient and Highly Effective Schools H.B. 153 - Highly Efficient and Highly Effective Schools Directs the department to develop standards for determining, from existing data, the amount of annual operating expenditures for classroom i... More... OH Signed into law 06/2011 P-12 More Efficiency and Effectiveness H.B. 153 - More Efficiency and Effectiveness Directs the department of education to develop a system to rank all districts, community schools and STEM schools according to: (1) performa... More... TN Signed into law 06/2011 P-12 Collaboration, City and District Operations S.B. 1602 Permits a city and a special school district with coterminous boundaries to specify by contract that city funding for the district shall be ... More... OK Signed into law 05/2011 P-12 Cap on District Expenditures on Administration S.B. 664 Changes the cap on school district expenditures. School districts with more than 1,500 average daily attendance must not spend more than 5% ... More... OK Signed into law 05/2011 P-12 Task Force on Creating Administrative Efficiencies S.B. 536 Creates the Task Force on Creating Administrative Efficiencies until November 30, 2011. The seven-member task force must examine ways to red... More... NY Signed into law 03/2011 P-12 District Management Efficiency Awards Program S.B. 2808 - Part B, Sec. 1 Creates the district management efficiency awards program. Directs the commissioner of education to develop a plan, in consultation with the... More... NC Signed into law 08/2010 Postsec. Higher Education Energy Conservation Measures H.B. 1292 Provides that any energy savings realized by constituent institutions of the University of North Carolina must remain available to the insti... More... RI 07/2010 P-12 Cooperative Service Among School Districts Act of 2010 H.B. 7668, S.B. 2266 Establishes the Cooperative Service Among School Districts Act of 2010 to maximize both educational effectiveness and business services, to ... More... RI Signed into law 06/2010 P-12 Statewide Purchasing System and Programs H.B. 7397, Article 13, Section 5 Authorizes the department of elementary and secondary education, with the department of administration, to implement a statewide purchasing ... More... SC Signed into law 05/2010 P-12 Report Cards H.J.R. 4823 - Sec. 1 and 2 Suspends the requirement that the department of education provide printed copies of 2010 district and school report cards; Requires schools ... More... WA Signed into law 03/2010 P-12 Interdistrict Cooperative Programs H.B. 2913 Authorizes creation of innovative interdistrict cooperative high school programs designed to provide interdisciplinary curriculum and instru... More... TX Signed into law 06/2009 P-12 Financial Accountability H.B. 3 - Section 59 - Part III Former law called for the creation of a single financial accountability rating system. New enactment directs the commissioner, in consultati... More... OK Signed into law 05/2009 P-12 Performance Review for Districts with High Poverty S.B. 473 Authorizes the Office of Accountability to conduct a performance review program to determine the effectiveness and efficiency of the budget ... More... IA Signed into law 04/2009 P-12 Postsec. Community College Tax Credits for Small Wind Innovation H.B. 810 Provides for the establishment of small wind innovation zones; provides for the applicability of tax credits; relates to a political subdivi... More... SC Signed into law 04/2009 P-12 School District Staffing Flexibility H.B. 3352 Allows local school districts and special schools to transfer funds among appropriated revenues in order to ensure the delivery of academic ... More... WA Signed into law 04/2009 P-12 Finance H.B. 2343 Relates to achieving savings in education programs by revising provisions relating to diagnostic assessments, classified staff training, con... More... FL Removed from Ballot 04/2008 P-12 65% Solution -- Money to Classrooms Amend. 9 (BALLOT MEASURE 9.) Requires at least sixty-five percent of school funding received by school districts be spent on classroom instruction, r... More... ME Signed into law 06/2007 P-12 School District Consolidation H.B. 685; LD 216 Allows a school administrative unit that is a municipality or school administrative district to combine with another school administrative d... More... ME Signed into law 06/2007 P-12 School District Consolidation H.B. 685 Allows a school administrative unit that is a municipality or school administrative district to combine with another school administrative d... More... IN Signed into law 05/2007 P-12 Allocation of Expenditures to Student Instruction S.B. 526 (omnibus) - Article 42.5 Creates new article in the education code, "Allocation of Expenditures to Student Instruction." Chapter 1. Purposes and General Provisions ... More... ME Signed into law 04/2007 P-12 School District Reorganization H.B. 35 (Resolve) Provides for legislative review of portions of Chapter 28: Closing a School in the Unorganized Territory, a major substantive rule... More... CO Rejected by voters 11/2006 P-12 District Budget Requirements (65%) as Statute Referendum J (REFERENDUM J; HB 06-1283) Creates the State Public School Expenditures Accountability Act. If approved, would amend state statutes to requi... More... RI Signed into law 07/2006 P-12 Statewide Purchasing System for Education Services and Products H.B. 6853; S.B. 2531 Directs the Department of Elementary and Secondary Education, working with the Department of Administration, to establish a statewide purcha... More... CO Rejected by voters 06/2006 P-12 65% of School Budgets for Instruction Amendment 39 (H.B. 1283) Proposes a constitutional amendment to require that in each state fiscal year a school district spend at least 65% of its operational expend... More... FL Signed into law 05/2006 P-12 Paperwork Reduction and Data Collection and Reporting Requirements H.B. 7087 (Section 11) Beginning with the 2006-2007 school year: (a) Each district school board must designate a classroom teacher to serve as the teacher represen... More... IL Adopted 05/2006 P-12 Education Purchasing Program 44 IAC 1110.10 thru .60 Authorizes the Education Purchasing Program. Designates the state board as the state education purchasing entity. States criteria on which c... More... TX Signed into law 05/2006 P-12 Financial Accountability H.B. 1 C (Sections 2.05; 2.09) Requires the commissioner, in consultation with the comptroller, to develop and implement a financial accountability rating system for schoo... More... VT Signed into law 05/2006 P-12 School Finance H.B. 867 - Section 20 (a) through (f) Directs the commissioner of education to work with education administrators to study the actual costs of providing services to elementary an... More... IN Signed into law 03/2006 P-12 Resource Efficiency H.B. 1006 - Section 3 Section 3: Authorizes school corporations (districts) individually, in collaboration with other school corporations, and through the educati... More... TX Issued 08/2005 P-12 Comprehensive financial accountability and reporting system Executive Order RP47 Directs the commissioner of education to create and implement a comprehensive financial accountability and reporting system to ensure transp... More... OK Signed into law 05/2005 P-12 Task Force on School District Administrative Efficiency H.B. 1021(multiple provisions) Establishes the Task Force on School District Administrative Efficiency. The purpose of the Task Force (which expires December 31, 2006) is ... More... WV Signed into law 05/2005 P-12 Staffing Ratios H.B. 2578 House Bill 2578 increases the ratios of professional and service personnel to students in net enrollment. The increases in the ratios of pro... More... KY Signed into law 03/2005 P-12 School District Efficiency and Effectiveness Review H.B. 267 Provision of budget bill. Directs the Office of Education Accountability to conduct an inventory and assessment of indicators that may be us... More... VA Signed into law 03/2005 P-12 School Efficiency Review Program H.B. 1967 The bill requires school divisions to pay 25 percent of the cost of the school efficiency review in the fiscal year immediately following th... More... CO Signed into law 06/2004 P-12 School District Pilot Efficiency Reviews S.B. 144 Concerns reviews of school districts, and, in connection therewith, requiring pilot efficiency reviews of a limited number of school distric... More... AZ Signed into law 04/2004 P-12 School District or Charter School Procurement H.B. 2105 Concerns school district and charter school procurement; concerns contracts for materials and services the governing board may authorize for... More... ID Signed into law 03/2004 P-12 Contract Competitive Bids S.B. 1345 Amends existing law relating to school property to provide that certain contracts shall not be executed unless in cooperation with a coopera... More... WV to governor 03/2004 P-12 Indicators of Efficiency H.B. 4001 - Multiple Sections Part of H.B. 4001 requires the state board to adopt and periodically review and update indicators of efficiency for use by the appropriate d... More... AR Signed into law 01/2004 P-12 State Department of Education Staffing Audit H.B. 1108 Requires an audit of staffing needs of the Department of Education. http://www.arkleg.state.ar.us/ftproot/bills/2003s2/public/HB1108.pdf... More... AR Signed into law 01/2004 P-12 Public School Funding Act of 2003 S.B. 42 Relates to the Public School Funding Act of 2003; provides equitable funding to public schools; provides a system for monitoring public scho... More... AR Signed into law 01/2004 P-12 Student Assessment and Educational Accountability Act of 2004 - Finance S.B. 33 § 9 Adds Ark. Code 6-15-2001. The state department of education and the Division of Legislative Audit of the Legislative Joint Auditing Committe... More... AR Vetoed 04/2003 Postsec. State Agency Paper Law S.B. 420 Relates to the State Agency Paper Reduction Law; exempts information, brochures, and catalogs distributed by an institution of higher educat... More... AR Signed into law 03/2003 P-12 State Board of Education and Paperwork H.B. 1040 Requires the State Board of Education to identify reports required from local school districts and to eliminate unnecessary reports and pape... More... CA Signed into law 09/2002 P-12 Auditing Local Education Agencies A.B. 2834 Requires the Comptroller to review and monitor audits of local education agencies by independent auditors. Requires local education agencies... More... FL Signed into law 05/2002 P-12 Postsec. Community College Education Code Re-Write: Office of Inspector General Established S.B. 20E According to a legislative summary, "The bill establishes the Office of Inspector General within the State Board of Education to be responsi... More... IN Signed into law 03/2002 P-12 Guaranteed Energy Savings Contracts Law H.B. 1158 Makes certain changes in the guaranteed energy savings contracts law used by school corporations and political subdivisions; provides that a... More... OR Vetoed 03/2002 P-12 Use of Grant Funds H.B. 4036B Allows school districts and programs that receive grant funds to use funds for any educational purpose.... More... CA Signed by Governor 09/2001 P-12 Pupil Support Personnel A.B. 722 Chapter No.250, Requires the State Department of Education to conduct a study of pupil support, defined to include school counselors, school... More... FL Signed into law 06/2001 P-12 Florida Education Finance Program H.B. 1545 2001-157., Requires the designation and publication of district performance grades; revises minimum requirements of the Florida Education Fi... More... ME Signed into law 06/2001 P-12 Cost-Sharing Agreements Between Districts H.B. 977 Public Law No. 373., (LD 1301) Provides an option for municipal members of a school district to design a cost-sharing formula; requires a co... More... AZ Signed into law 04/2001 P-12 School Energy Conservation Programs S.B. 1178 Specifies that school districts are ineligible to adjust budget limit for energy reduction purposes if the school district did not participa... More... AR Signed into law 03/2001 P-12 School Fund Management H.B. 1529 Allows the County Treasurer to receive and disburse school district funds from 1 account if the school district is using a proper computeriz... More... CO Signed into law 03/2001 P-12 State Audits of Educational Institutions H.B. 1009 Directs the State Auditor or the auditor's designee to conduct records management audits in all departments, institutions, and agencies of s... More... IA Signed into law 02/2001 P-12 H.B. 191 Provides for the establishment of the state percent growth for purposes of the state school foundation program. The state budget is set to ... More... IL Signed into law 06/2000 P-12 Postsec. State Board's Ability to Adjust Payments H.B. 2917 Amends the School Code; prohibits the State Board of Education from making audit adjustments to general state aid claims paid in fiscal year... More... CO Signed into law 05/2000 P-12 Charter School Changes, Capital Reserve Usage H.B. 1124 Concerns public schools; authorizes charter schools to impose fees for excess transportation costs and to engage in the building, planning a... More... NH Signed into law 05/2000 Postsec. Resource Allocation S.B. 453 Relates to the expending of legacies or gifts and the transfer of funds by the regional community-technical colleges; allows the regional co... More... NH Signed into law 05/2000 P-12 Use of Education Trust Fund H.B. 1316 Prohibits school districts from using disbursements from the Education Trust Fund as unanticipated revenue.... More... GA Signed into law 03/2000 P-12 Omnibus Bill - Financial Reports to School Boards H.B. 1187 Requires local school superintendents to make reports to their local boards and to the public in response to financial deficits or budget ir... More... GA Signed into law 03/2000 P-12 Omnibus Bill - Resource Allocation Component H.B. 1187 Allotment sheets will be issued for each school rather than for each system. Each school shall spend a minimum of 90 percent of funds design... More... UT Signed into law 03/1999 P-12 Appropriates Funding for Classroom Materials H.B. 9 Provides an appropriation for teacher classroom supplies and materials.... More... CA Died 07/1998 P-12 V 7 Prohibits school districts from spending more than 5% of funds from all sources for costs of general administration, instructional resources... More... VT Signed into law 06/1997 P-12 H.B. 527 Major Additional Studies and Reports Legislative Oversight Committee on Restructuring Education, to be composed of ten members of the General Assembly, to oversee the implementa... More... IN Signed into law 05/1997 P-12 S.B. 6 Budget Bill Increases state contribution for adult education programs; creates a state-level alternative education grant program; increases assessment f... More... FL Became law without governor's signature 06/1996 P-12 Performance and Management Review S.B. 1044 State Accountability Requires the Office of Program Policy Analysis and Government Accountability to contract with private firms to conduct performance and manag... More... MS Passed 04/1996 P-12 Requiring School Districts to Spend No Less Than 80% on Annual Title 1 Budgets (Effective: 05/03/96) Requires school districts to spend no less than 80% on annual Title 1 budgets at participating school sites, in order ... More... KY Passed 03/1996 P-12 702 KAR 3:246 School Council Allocation Formula: KETS District Administrative System Chart of Accounts (Effective: 02/12/96) Relates to the school council allocation formula: KETS district administrative system chart of accounts; mandates that... More... HI Died 06/1995 P-12 S.B. 396 Minimum Staffing Requirement Requires the Department of Education to maintain a minimum staffing level of one full-time equivalent teacher position per grade level per s... More... GA Signed into law 04/1995 P-12 H.B. 129 Quality Basic Education Formula (Effective: 04/18/95) Relates to the Quality Basic Education Formula, so as to change provisions relating to educational funding; provides f... More... Finance--State Budgets/Expenditures Finance--Student Fees Finance--Taxes/Revenues Finance--Taxes/Revenues--Alternative Revenues Governance Governance--Deregulation/Waivers/Home Rule Governance--Ethics/Conflict of Interest Governance--Mandates Governance--Regional Entities Governance--School Boards Governance--School Boards--Training Governance--Site-Based Management Governance--State Boards/Chiefs/Agencies Health Health--Child Abuse Health--Mental Health Health--Nutrition Health--School Based Clinics or School Nurses Health--Suicide Prevention Health--Teen Pregnancy High School High School--Advanced Placement High School--College Readiness High School--Credit Recovery High School--Dropout Rates/Graduation Rates High School--Dual/Concurrent Enrollment High School--Early Colleges/Middle Colleges High School--Exit Exams High School--GED (General Education Development) High School--Graduation Requirements High School--International Baccalaureate Instructional Approaches Instructional Approaches--Constructivism Instructional Approaches--Grading Practices Instructional Approaches--Homeschooling Instructional Approaches--Homework/Study Skills Instructional Approaches--Official English Instructional Approaches--Problem Based Learning Instructional Approaches--Single-Sex Education Instructional Approaches--Time/Time on Task Instructional Approaches--Tracking/Ability Grouping Integrated Services/Full-Service Schools International Benchmarking Leadership Leadership--District Superintendent Leadership--District Superintendent--Compensation and Diversified Pay Leadership--Principal/School Leadership Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Certification and Licensure Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Compensation and Diversified Pay Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Evaluation and Effectiveness Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Induction Programs and Mentoring Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Preparation Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Preparation--Alternative Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Professional Development Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Recruitment and Retention Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Tenure Middle School Minority/Diversity Issues Minority/Diversity Issues--African American Minority/Diversity Issues--American Indian / Alaska Native / Native Hawaiian Minority/Diversity Issues--Hispanic No Child Left Behind No Child Left Behind--Adequate Yearly Progress No Child Left Behind--Assessment No Child Left Behind--Choice/Transfer No Child Left Behind--Consequences for Schools No Child Left Behind--Finance No Child Left Behind--Parent Involvement No Child Left Behind--Reauthorization Issues/Waivers No Child Left Behind--Report Cards No Child Left Behind--School Support No Child Left Behind--Special Populations No Child Left Behind--Supplemental Services Online Learning--Digital/Blended Learning Online Learning--Virtual Schools/Courses P-16 or P-20 P-3 P-3 Brain Development P-3 Child Care P-3 Content Standards and Assessment P-3 Data Systems P-3 Early Intervention (0-3) P-3 Ensuring Quality P-3 Evaluation/Economic Benefits P-3 Family Involvement P-3 Finance P-3 Governance P-3 Grades 1-3 P-3 Health and Mental Health P-3 Kindergarten P-3 Kindergarten--Full-Day Kindergarten P-3 Kindergarten--Full Day Kindergarten P-3 Preschool P-3 Public/Private Partnerships P-3 Special Ed./Inclusion P-3 Teaching Quality/Professional Development Parent/Family Parent/Family--Parent Rights Parent/Family--Research Partnerships--University/School Postsecondary Postsecondary Accountability Postsecondary Accountability--Accreditation Postsecondary Accountability--Diploma Mills Postsecondary Accountability--Licensing/Program Review and Approval Postsecondary Accountability--Student Learning Postsecondary Affordability Postsecondary Affordability--Financial Aid Postsecondary Affordability--Textbooks Postsecondary Affordability--Tuition/Fees Postsecondary Affordability--Tuition/Fees--Prepd/College Savings Plans Postsecondary Affordability--Tuition/Fees--Undocumented Immigrants Postsecondary Faculty Postsecondary Faculty--Compensation Postsecondary Faculty--Intellectual Property Postsecondary Faculty--Teaching Assistants Postsecondary Faculty--Tenure Postsecondary Finance Postsecondary Finance--Efficiency/Performance-Based Funding Postsecondary Finance--Facilities Postsecondary Finance--Revenue and Expenditures Postsecondary Governance and Structures Postsecondary Governance and Structures--Administrative/Leadership Issues Postsecondary Governance and Structures--State Executives/State Agencies Postsecondary Institutions Postsecondary Institutions--Community/Technical Colleges Postsecondary Institutions--For-Profit/Proprietary Postsecondary Institutions--Four-Year Baccalaureate Postsecondary Institutions--HBCUs/Minority-Serving Institutions Postsecondary Institutions--Private/Independent Postsecondary Online Instruction Postsecondary Participation Postsecondary Participation--Access Postsecondary Participation--Admissions Requirements Postsecondary Participation--Affirmative Action Postsecondary Participation--Enrollments (Statistics) Postsecondary Participation--Outreach Postsecondary Students Postsecondary Students--Adults Postsecondary Students--Disabled Postsecondary Students--Foster Youth Postsecondary Students--Graduate/Professional Postsecondary Students--International Postsecondary Students--Low-Income Postsecondary Students--Military Postsecondary Students--Minority Postsecondary Success Postsecondary Success--Completion Postsecondary Success--Completion--Completion Rates (Statistics) Postsecondary Success--Developmental/Remediation Postsecondary Success--Retention/Persistence Postsecondary Success--Transfer/Articulation Private Schools Privatization Privatization--Education Management Agencies (EMOs) Proficiency-Based Approaches Promising Practices Promotion/Retention Public Involvement Purposes of Public Education Reading/Literacy Reading/Literacy--Adult Literacy Religion Religion--Prayer/Meditation Religion--Scientific Creationism (Evolution) Rural Scheduling/School Calendar Scheduling/School Calendar--Day/Class Length Scheduling/School Calendar--Extended Day Programs Scheduling/School Calendar--Summer School Scheduling/School Calendar--Week Scheduling/School Calendar--Year Scheduling/School Calendar--Year Round School Climate/Culture School Safety School Safety--Bullying Prevention/Conflict Resolution School Safety--Code of Conduct School Safety--Corporal Punishment School Safety--Disaster/Emergency Preparedness School Safety--Expulsion/Suspension School Safety--No Child Left Behind--Safe Schools School Safety--Sexual Harassment and Assault School Safety--Special Education School Safety--Uniforms/Dress Codes School/District Structure/Operations School/District Structure/Operations--District Consolidation/Deconsolidation School/District Structure/Operations--District Size School/District Structure/Operations--Facilities School/District Structure/Operations--Food Service School/District Structure/Operations--Libraries School/District Structure/Operations--Org. (K-3/K-8 etc.) School/District Structure/Operations--Personnel (Non-Teaching) School/District Structure/Operations--School Size School/District Structure/Operations--Shared Services School/District Structure/Operations--Staffing Ratios School/District Structure/Operations--Transportation Service-Learning Special Education Special Education--Federal Law/Regulations Special Education--Finance Special Education--Inclusion (Mainstreaming) Special Education--Placement Special Education--Transition Special Populations--Corrections Education Special Populations--Foster Care Special Populations--Gifted and Talented Special Populations--Homeless Education Special Populations--Immigrant Education Special Populations--Migrant Education Special Populations--Military Standards Standards--Common Core State Standards Standards--Implementation State Comparisons/Statistics State Longitudinal Data Systems State Policymaking State Policymaking--Ballot Questions State Policymaking--Constitutional Clauses State Policymaking--Politics State Policymaking--Task Forces/Commissions STEM Student Achievement Student Achievement--Closing the Achievement Gap Student Achievement--State Trends Student Supports--Counseling/Guidance Student Supports--Mentoring/Tutoring Student Supports--Remediation Student Surveys Students Students--Athletics/Extracurricular Activities Students--Employment Students--Incentives Students--K-12 Exchange Students Students--Mobility Students--Records/Rights Teaching Quality Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Alternative Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Assignment Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Highly Qualified Teachers Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Natl. Bd. for Prof. Teach. Stds. Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Special Education Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--State Prof. Standards Bds. Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Substitute Teachers Teaching Quality--Compensation and Diversified Pay Teaching Quality--Compensation and Diversified Pay--Pay-for-Performance Teaching Quality--Compensation and Diversified Pay--Retirement/Benefits Teaching Quality--Evaluation and Effectiveness Teaching Quality--Induction Programs and Mentoring Teaching Quality--Paraprofessionals Teaching Quality--Preparation Teaching Quality--Professional Development Teaching Quality--Recruitment and Retention Teaching Quality--Recruitment and Retention--At-Risk Schools Teaching Quality--Recruitment and Retention--High-Needs Subjects Teaching Quality--Reduction in Force Teaching Quality--Teacher Attitudes Teaching Quality--Teacher Contracts (Not Tenure) Teaching Quality--Teacher Rights Teaching Quality--Tenure or Continuing Contract Teaching Quality--Unions/Collective Bargaining Teaching Quality--Unions/Collective Bargaining--Strikes Teaching Quality--Working Conditions Technology Technology--Computer Skills Technology--Devices/Software/Hardware Technology--Equitable Access Technology--Funding Issues Technology--Internet Safety Technology--Research/Evaluation Technology--Teacher/Faculty Training Textbooks and Open Source Urban Urban--Change/Improvements Urban--Governance Whole-School Reform Models Whole Child