---

From the ECS State Policy Database 1994-2013

---

Education Commission of the States • 700 Broadway, Suite 810 • Denver, CO 80203-3442 • 303.299.3600 • fax 303.296.8332 • www.ecs.org

The following summary includes policies ECS has tracked in this database since 1994. This database is made possible by your state's fiscal support of the Education Commission of the States (ECS). Most entries are legislative, although rules/regulations and executive orders that make substantive changes are included. Every effort is made to collect the latest available version of policies; in some instances, recent changes might not be reflected. For expediency purposes minimal attention has been paid to style (capitalization, punctuation) and format. To view the documents, click on the blue triangle next to the topic of interest. Please cite use of the database as: Education Commission of the States (ECS) State Policy Database, retrieved [date]. State Status/Date Level Summary 21st Century Skills Accountability Accountability--Accreditation Accountability--Measures/Indicators Accountability--Reporting Results Accountability--Rewards Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions--Learnfare Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions--No Pass No Drive Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions--No Pass No Play Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions--Takeovers Accountability--School Improvement Adult Basic Education Assessment Assessment--Accommodations Assessment--College Entrance Exams Assessment--Computer Based Assessment--End-of-Course Assessment--Formative/Interim Assessment--High Stakes/Competency Assessment--Legal Issues Assessment--NAEP (NAEP Results and NAEP Organization) Assessment--Performance Based/Portfolio Assessment--Value Added At-Risk (incl. Dropout Prevention) At-Risk (incl. Dropout Prevention)--Alternative Education At-Risk (incl. Dropout Prevention)--Drugs/Alcohol Attendance Attendance--Compulsory Attendance--Statutory Ages (Upper and Lower) Attendance--Truancy Background Checks Bilingual/ESL Brain Research Business Involvement Career/Technical Education Career/Technical Education--Career Academies/Apprenticeship Cheating Choice of Schools Choice of Schools--Charter Schools Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Charter Districts Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Closings Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Cyber Charters Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Finance Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Research Choice of Schools--Choice/Open Enrollment Choice of Schools--Choice/Open Enrollment--Research Choice of Schools--Innovation Schools Choice of Schools--Magnet or Specialized Schools Choice of Schools--Tax Credits Choice of Schools--Vouchers Choice of Schools--Vouchers--Privately Funded Civic Education Civic Education--Character Education Civic Education--Civic Knowledge and Literacy Civic Education--Curriculum/Standards Civic Education--Pledge of Allegiance Class Size Curriculum Curriculum--Alignment Curriculum--Arts Education Curriculum--Censorship Curriculum--Core Curriculum Curriculum--Drivers Education Curriculum--Environmental Education Curriculum--Excusal Curriculum--Family Living Education Curriculum--Financial Literacy/Economics Ed. Curriculum--Foreign Language/Sign Language Curriculum--Geography Education Curriculum--Health/Nutrition Education Curriculum--Home Economics Curriculum--International Education Curriculum--Language Arts Curriculum--Language Arts--Writing/Spelling Curriculum--Mathematics Curriculum--Multicultural Curriculum--Physical Education Curriculum--Science Curriculum--Sex Education Curriculum--Social Studies/History Curriculum--Speech Education Data-Driven Improvement Demographics Demographics--Condition of Children/Adults Demographics--Enrollments Desegregation Economic/Workforce Development Education Research Equity Federal Finance Finance--Adequacy/Core Cost Finance--Aid to Private Schools Finance--Bonds Finance--District Finance--Does Money Matter? Finance--Equity Finance--Facilities Finance--Federal Finance--Funding Formulas Finance--Litigation Finance--Local Foundations/Funds Finance--Lotteries Finance--Performance Funding Finance--Private Giving Finance--Resource Efficiency Finance--State Budgets/Expenditures Finance--Student Fees Finance--Taxes/Revenues Finance--Taxes/Revenues--Alternative Revenues CA Vetoed 09/2012 Postsec. California Hope Public Trust A.B. 2442 Primarily from bill summary: Provides that the purpose of the California Hope Public Trust is to increase revenue for higher education by de... More... HI Signed into law 07/2012 P-12 School Facilities Special Fund S.B. 2534 Establishes a school facilities special fund, to be administered by the department of education in consultation with the board of education.... More... OK Signed into law 05/2011 P-12 Public School Classroom Support Revolving Fund H.B. 1852 The measure creates the Public School Classroom Support Revolving Fund to be used for grants to public classroom teachers. The State Board o... More... HI Became law without governor's signature 07/2010 P-12 Department of Education and School Parking Fees S.B. 2256 Authorizes the department of education to make rules governing traffic and parking conditions on roadways and other areas under the jurisdic... More... OH Signed into law 03/2010 P-12 Funds for Simulated Driving Curriculum H.B. 27 Creates the teen driver education license plate fund in the state treasury, from applicants who obtain teen driver education license plates.... More... UT Signed into law 03/2010 P-12 Autism Awareness Funds H.B. 327 Creates an Autism Awareness support special group license plate for programs that create or support autism awareness programs. Requires appl... More... CA Signed into law 10/2009 P-12 District-Sponsored Bingo Games S.B. 126 Deletes a reference to school districts in provisions specifying the organizations that may conduct bingo games. Authorizes charitable organ... More... WA Signed into law 04/2009 P-12 Finance Adequacy H.B. 2261--Section 112, Technical Working Group Section 112 instructs the office of financial management, with assistance and support of the office of the superintendent of public instruct... More... SD Signed into law 03/2009 P-12 Finance S.B. 165 Provides that school district governing boards may authorize one or more private, nonprofit benevolent organizations to, independently of th... More... IL Signed into law 08/2008 P-12 Postsec. Community College Wind Generation Turbine Farms H.B. 4646 Provides that a county, municipality, school district, community college district or other unit of local government may either individually ... More... IL Signed into law 08/2008 Postsec. Community College Police Association License Plates H.B. 5607 Provides for the issuance of Police Association License Plates. Provides that certain amounts of the license plate issuance and renewal fees... More... LA Became law without governor's signature 06/2008 Postsec. Community College Special College and University License Plates H.B. 1240 Relates to special college and university license plates. Amends present law which requires a royalty fee for the use of an institution's de... More... IL Signed into law 08/2007 P-12 Agriculture in the Classroom Fund H.B. 1024 Creates the Agriculture in the Classroom Fund in the State treasury. Provides for the issuance of Agriculture in the Classroom license plate... More... IL Signed into law 08/2007 Postsec. Community College Scholarship Funds from License Plates S.B. 169 Specifies that scholarship awards from moneys deposited into the state college and university trust fund are to support Illinois residents. ... More... TN Signed into law 06/2007 P-12 School Support Organization Financial Accountability Act S.B. 2054 States that the general assembly recognizes the importance of school support organizations in providing financial support to help carry out ... More... ND Signed into law 04/2007 P-12 Postsec. Fee-Based Catering Services S.B. 2344 Allows institutions of higher education and school districts to provide (for fee) catered meal services off-site as long as those functions ... More... ID Signed into law 03/2007 P-12 Public School Permanent Endowment Fund S.B. 1098 Amends existing law to require that property from an estate with no heirs or other claimants be paid to the Public School Permanent Endowmen... More... SD Unofficially approved by Voters. 11/2006 P-12 Revenue for "Education Enhancement" V. 5 (INITIATED MEASURE 2) Increases the tax on cigarettes and tobacco products; dedicates revenue for tobacco prevention and cessation program, ... More... LA Signed into law 06/2005 P-12 Community College Donation of Political Subdivisions' Surplus Computer Equipment S.B. 218 Requires political subdivisions to establish procedures to give first priority for donation of their surplus computer equipment to public el... More... SC Signed into law 05/2005 P-12 Arts Awareness License Plates S.B. 418 Adds a new Section 56-3-5400. Allows the department to issue Arts Awareness special license plates to establish a special fund to be used by... More... AR Signed into law 04/2005 P-12 Seized Motor Vehicles H.B. 2828 Allows motor vehicles seized by law enforcement agencies to be donated to school districts for driver's education courses. http://www.arkleg... More... WY Signed into law 02/2005 P-12 Wyoming Oil and Gas Conservation Commission Penalties S.F. 73 Unless otherwise provided by law, all civil or administrative fines or penalties collected under this article are to be paid over to the sta... More... LA Signed into law 06/2004 Postsec. Motor Vehicle License Plates H.B. 246 Creates the Louisiana State University National Champions and Southern University Black College National Champions prestige license plates. ... More... KS Signed into law 05/2004 P-12 Motor Vehicle License Plates H.B. 2947 Requires a person or organization sponsoring a distinctive license plate to submit to the Division of Vehicles a nonrefundable amount not to... More... KS Signed into law 04/2004 P-12 Motor Vehicle License Plates H.B. 2143 Regulates distinctive license plates; requires an organization sponsoring a distinctive license plate to submit a nonrefundable fee; creates... More... LA Signed into law 06/2003 P-12 Charitable Gambling H.B. 162 Repeals provision allowing only one parent-teacher association or booster club for each school. http://www.legis.state.la.us/bills/byinst.as... More... MD Signed into law 05/2003 P-12 Paper Gaming to Pay for Specified School Costs H.B. 1000 Establishes in Allegany County a licensing procedure for specified for-profit businesses and qualified organizations to sell paper gaming de... More... OK Signed into law 05/2003 P-12 District Funds H.B. 1572 Authorizes school districts which receive gifts, grants, or donations of monies for noncapital expenditures to place the monies in the gene... More... OK Signed into law 05/2003 P-12 Crimes And Punishments S.B. 837 Allows raffles to be conducted by churches, schools and affiliated entities, and certain organizations and states that such raffles are not ... More... OK Signed into law 05/2003 P-12 School Sales Tax Exemption H.B. 1002 Deletes the sales tax exemption for sales of tangible personal property by accredited public and private schools to allow for the sale of ri... More... WV Signed into law 04/2003 P-12 School Property Leases S.B. 522 Relates to county boards of education to lease school property no longer needed.... More... MS Signed into law 03/2003 P-12 Timber Disposal on Highways to Benefit Education Enhancment Fund S.B. 2102 Allows the Mississippi Transportation Commission to enter into an agreement with the state forestry commission for the general supervision a... More... UT Signed into law 03/2003 P-12 Education Support License Plates S.B. 176 Modifies the Motor Vehicles Code by adding a Public Education Support special group license plate to provide financial support to the state ... More... WY Signed into law 02/2003 P-12 Sales Tax School Fundraiser Events H.B. 161 Provides a sales tax exemption for school fundraising activities.... More... CT Signed into law 06/2002 P-12 Postsec. United We Stand Tuition and Fee Waivers S.B. 102 Requires the issuance of United We Stand commemorative number plates, most funds from which are to go to the commemorative account. Establis... More... IA Signed into law 04/2002 P-12 Changes to Statutes Regarding School Raffles H.B. 2109 Relates to the regulation of games of skill or chance and raffles conducted for fundraising by charitable, religious, educational, public, c... More... KY Signed into law 04/2002 P-12 Proceeds of Coal Sale to Educational Organizations H.B. 405 Provides that a mining permit is not required of a landowner if coal extraction is related to construction, and the coal or proceeds of a co... More... ME Signed into law 04/2002 P-12 Postsec. Maine Black Bears Scholarship Fund H.B. 1506 Creates the Maine Black Bears Scholarship Fund for need-based scholarships to attend the University of Maine; authorizes the distribution of... More... IN Signed into law 03/2002 P-12 District Donations to Charitable Foundations H.B. 1201 Allows the governing body of a school corporation to donate specified sources of revenue to a charitable nonprofit community foundation if t... More... KY Signed into law 03/2002 P-12 H.B. 254 Creates a special Parent-Teacher Association license plate.... More... NY Signed into law 09/2001 P-12 License Plates to fund Agriculture in the Classroom S.B. 3077 Authorizes distinctive agriculture license plates to fund Agriculture in the Classroom programs; establishes a fund for deposit of fees asso... More... AK Signed into law 06/2001 P-12 Postsec. The use of tobacco fund to finance school construction H.B. 234 Relates to funding and use of the Tobacco Use Education and Cessation Fund; Relates to finance of construction and major maintenance of publ... More... HI Signed into law 05/2001 P-12 Tax Return Funds Earmarked for Education S.B. 1211 NOTWITHSTANDING ANY LAW TO THE CONTRARY, ANY INDIVIDUAL WHOSE STATE INCOME TAX REFUND FOR ANY TAXABLE YEAR IS $ 2 OR MORE MAY DESIGNATE $ 2 ... More... AR Signed into law 04/2001 P-12 Income Tax Checkoff for Schools of Deaf/Blind H.B. 2267 Establishes an income tax checkoff for the Arkansas School for the Blind and Arkansas School for the Deaf.... More... AR Became law without governor's signature 04/2001 P-12 Alcoholic beverages tax to provide funding for the child care for working families act S.B. 576 Relates to the imposition and collection of an alcoholic beverages tax to provide funding for the child care for working families act and th... More... IN Signed into law 04/2001 P-12 Education license plates H.B. 2126 Continues the division of fees collected from the education license plates as follows: 25% to the School Intervention and Career Counseling ... More... SD Signed into law 02/2001 P-12 Contracts With Soft Drink Vendors H.B. 1070 Allows vendors to sell soft drinks or other concessions on school property; permits a school district to enter into contracts for sale of so... More... VA Signed into law 02/2001 P-12 Tax Refunds as School Contributions H.B. 2583 Permits individuals to designate that a specified amount of their income tax refunds, or additional amounts, be contributed to local school ... More... SD Unofficially approved on the ballot 11/2000 P-12 Investments of School Funds V. 5 CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENT E (SJR-1-2000); permits the investment of the Permanent School Funds in certain stocks, bonds, mutual funds, and ot... More... UT Unofficially approved by voters 11/2000 P-12 Revenues for Deposit to Uniform School Fund V. 2 Ballot Initiative Relates to forfeiture of assets and property; establishes uniform procedures for the forfeiture of property; forbids forfeiture against inno... More... HI Signed into law 06/2000 P-12 Local School Funds H.B. 1905 Establishes a pilot project that requires moneys collected by any public school from rental fees for usage of facilities to be deposited wit... More... NH Signed into law 05/2000 P-12 Use of Education Trust Fund H.B. 1316 Prohibits school districts from using disbursements from the Education Trust Fund as unanticipated revenue.... More... CA Died 03/2000 P-12 Proposition 28 V. 19 PROPOSITION 28 Repeals additional $ .50 per pack tax on cigarettes and equivalent increase in state tax on tobacco products previously enact... More... NE Signed into law 03/2000 P-12 Tobacco Fund Settlement L.B. 1436 Relates to the tobacco fund settlement; creates the Teen Tobacco Education and Prevention Project; creates a committee and a fund; harmonize... More... VA Signed into law 03/2000 P-12 Revenues from License Plates S.B. 413 Authorizes the issuance of special license plates with a design incorporating an apple, representing teachers and education; designates an a... More... WA Signed into law 03/2000 P-12 Student Fund-Raisers H.B. 2332 Declares an intent to allow students to broaden the types of fund-raisers that they may conduct for charitable purposes in their private non... More... MT Died 04/1997 P-12 H.B. 145 Allocation of Money for Technology Purchases Authorizes the issuance of K-12 education license plates; authorizes the collection of donations for educational technology acquisition in a... More... Governance Governance--Deregulation/Waivers/Home Rule Governance--Ethics/Conflict of Interest Governance--Mandates Governance--Regional Entities Governance--School Boards Governance--School Boards--Training Governance--Site-Based Management Governance--State Boards/Chiefs/Agencies Health Health--Child Abuse Health--Mental Health Health--Nutrition Health--School Based Clinics or School Nurses Health--Suicide Prevention Health--Teen Pregnancy High School High School--Advanced Placement High School--College Readiness High School--Credit Recovery High School--Dropout Rates/Graduation Rates High School--Dual/Concurrent Enrollment High School--Early Colleges/Middle Colleges High School--Exit Exams High School--GED (General Education Development) High School--Graduation Requirements High School--International Baccalaureate Instructional Approaches Instructional Approaches--Constructivism Instructional Approaches--Grading Practices Instructional Approaches--Homeschooling Instructional Approaches--Homework/Study Skills Instructional Approaches--Official English Instructional Approaches--Problem Based Learning Instructional Approaches--Single-Sex Education Instructional Approaches--Time/Time on Task Instructional Approaches--Tracking/Ability Grouping Integrated Services/Full-Service Schools International Benchmarking Leadership Leadership--District Superintendent Leadership--District Superintendent--Compensation and Diversified Pay Leadership--Principal/School Leadership Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Certification and Licensure Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Compensation and Diversified Pay Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Evaluation and Effectiveness Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Induction Programs and Mentoring Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Preparation Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Preparation--Alternative Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Professional Development Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Recruitment and Retention Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Tenure Middle School Minority/Diversity Issues Minority/Diversity Issues--African American Minority/Diversity Issues--American Indian / Alaska Native / Native Hawaiian Minority/Diversity Issues--Hispanic No Child Left Behind No Child Left Behind--Adequate Yearly Progress No Child Left Behind--Assessment No Child Left Behind--Choice/Transfer No Child Left Behind--Consequences for Schools No Child Left Behind--Finance No Child Left Behind--Parent Involvement No Child Left Behind--Reauthorization Issues/Waivers No Child Left Behind--Report Cards No Child Left Behind--School Support No Child Left Behind--Special Populations No Child Left Behind--Supplemental Services Online Learning--Digital/Blended Learning Online Learning--Virtual Schools/Courses P-16 or P-20 P-3 P-3 Brain Development P-3 Child Care P-3 Content Standards and Assessment P-3 Data Systems P-3 Early Intervention (0-3) P-3 Ensuring Quality P-3 Evaluation/Economic Benefits P-3 Family Involvement P-3 Finance P-3 Governance P-3 Grades 1-3 P-3 Health and Mental Health P-3 Kindergarten P-3 Kindergarten--Full-Day Kindergarten P-3 Kindergarten--Full Day Kindergarten P-3 Preschool P-3 Public/Private Partnerships P-3 Special Ed./Inclusion P-3 Teaching Quality/Professional Development Parent/Family Parent/Family--Parent Rights Parent/Family--Research Partnerships--University/School Postsecondary Postsecondary Accountability Postsecondary Accountability--Accreditation Postsecondary Accountability--Diploma Mills Postsecondary Accountability--Licensing/Program Review and Approval Postsecondary Accountability--Student Learning Postsecondary Affordability Postsecondary Affordability--Financial Aid Postsecondary Affordability--Textbooks Postsecondary Affordability--Tuition/Fees Postsecondary Affordability--Tuition/Fees--Prepd/College Savings Plans Postsecondary Affordability--Tuition/Fees--Undocumented Immigrants Postsecondary Faculty Postsecondary Faculty--Compensation Postsecondary Faculty--Intellectual Property Postsecondary Faculty--Teaching Assistants Postsecondary Faculty--Tenure Postsecondary Finance Postsecondary Finance--Efficiency/Performance-Based Funding Postsecondary Finance--Facilities Postsecondary Finance--Revenue and Expenditures Postsecondary Governance and Structures Postsecondary Governance and Structures--Administrative/Leadership Issues Postsecondary Governance and Structures--State Executives/State Agencies Postsecondary Institutions Postsecondary Institutions--Community/Technical Colleges Postsecondary Institutions--For-Profit/Proprietary Postsecondary Institutions--Four-Year Baccalaureate Postsecondary Institutions--HBCUs/Minority-Serving Institutions Postsecondary Institutions--Private/Independent Postsecondary Online Instruction Postsecondary Participation Postsecondary Participation--Access Postsecondary Participation--Admissions Requirements Postsecondary Participation--Affirmative Action Postsecondary Participation--Enrollments (Statistics) Postsecondary Participation--Outreach Postsecondary Students Postsecondary Students--Adults Postsecondary Students--Disabled Postsecondary Students--Foster Youth Postsecondary Students--Graduate/Professional Postsecondary Students--International Postsecondary Students--Low-Income Postsecondary Students--Military Postsecondary Students--Minority Postsecondary Success Postsecondary Success--Completion Postsecondary Success--Completion--Completion Rates (Statistics) Postsecondary Success--Developmental/Remediation Postsecondary Success--Retention/Persistence Postsecondary Success--Transfer/Articulation Private Schools Privatization Privatization--Education Management Agencies (EMOs) Proficiency-Based Approaches Promising Practices Promotion/Retention Public Involvement Purposes of Public Education Reading/Literacy Reading/Literacy--Adult Literacy Religion Religion--Prayer/Meditation Religion--Scientific Creationism (Evolution) Rural Scheduling/School Calendar Scheduling/School Calendar--Day/Class Length Scheduling/School Calendar--Extended Day Programs Scheduling/School Calendar--Summer School Scheduling/School Calendar--Week Scheduling/School Calendar--Year Scheduling/School Calendar--Year Round School Climate/Culture School Safety School Safety--Bullying Prevention/Conflict Resolution School Safety--Code of Conduct School Safety--Corporal Punishment School Safety--Disaster/Emergency Preparedness School Safety--Expulsion/Suspension School Safety--No Child Left Behind--Safe Schools School Safety--Sexual Harassment and Assault School Safety--Special Education School Safety--Uniforms/Dress Codes School/District Structure/Operations School/District Structure/Operations--District Consolidation/Deconsolidation School/District Structure/Operations--District Size School/District Structure/Operations--Facilities School/District Structure/Operations--Food Service School/District Structure/Operations--Libraries School/District Structure/Operations--Org. (K-3/K-8 etc.) School/District Structure/Operations--Personnel (Non-Teaching) School/District Structure/Operations--School Size School/District Structure/Operations--Shared Services School/District Structure/Operations--Staffing Ratios School/District Structure/Operations--Transportation Service-Learning Special Education Special Education--Federal Law/Regulations Special Education--Finance Special Education--Inclusion (Mainstreaming) Special Education--Placement Special Education--Transition Special Populations--Corrections Education Special Populations--Foster Care Special Populations--Gifted and Talented Special Populations--Homeless Education Special Populations--Immigrant Education Special Populations--Migrant Education Special Populations--Military Standards Standards--Common Core State Standards Standards--Implementation State Comparisons/Statistics State Longitudinal Data Systems State Policymaking State Policymaking--Ballot Questions State Policymaking--Constitutional Clauses State Policymaking--Politics State Policymaking--Task Forces/Commissions STEM Student Achievement Student Achievement--Closing the Achievement Gap Student Achievement--State Trends Student Supports--Counseling/Guidance Student Supports--Mentoring/Tutoring Student Supports--Remediation Student Surveys Students Students--Athletics/Extracurricular Activities Students--Employment Students--Incentives Students--K-12 Exchange Students Students--Mobility Students--Records/Rights Teaching Quality Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Alternative Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Assignment Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Highly Qualified Teachers Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Natl. Bd. for Prof. Teach. Stds. Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Special Education Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--State Prof. Standards Bds. Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Substitute Teachers Teaching Quality--Compensation and Diversified Pay Teaching Quality--Compensation and Diversified Pay--Pay-for-Performance Teaching Quality--Compensation and Diversified Pay--Retirement/Benefits Teaching Quality--Evaluation and Effectiveness Teaching Quality--Induction Programs and Mentoring Teaching Quality--Paraprofessionals Teaching Quality--Preparation Teaching Quality--Professional Development Teaching Quality--Recruitment and Retention Teaching Quality--Recruitment and Retention--At-Risk Schools Teaching Quality--Recruitment and Retention--High-Needs Subjects Teaching Quality--Reduction in Force Teaching Quality--Teacher Attitudes Teaching Quality--Teacher Contracts (Not Tenure) Teaching Quality--Teacher Rights Teaching Quality--Tenure or Continuing Contract Teaching Quality--Unions/Collective Bargaining Teaching Quality--Unions/Collective Bargaining--Strikes Teaching Quality--Working Conditions Technology Technology--Computer Skills Technology--Devices/Software/Hardware Technology--Equitable Access Technology--Funding Issues Technology--Internet Safety Technology--Research/Evaluation Technology--Teacher/Faculty Training Textbooks and Open Source Urban Urban--Change/Improvements Urban--Governance Whole-School Reform Models Whole Child