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From the ECS State Policy Database 1994-2013

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Education Commission of the States • 700 Broadway, Suite 810 • Denver, CO 80203-3442 • 303.299.3600 • fax 303.296.8332 • www.ecs.org

The following summary includes policies ECS has tracked in this database since 1994. This database is made possible by your state's fiscal support of the Education Commission of the States (ECS). Most entries are legislative, although rules/regulations and executive orders that make substantive changes are included. Every effort is made to collect the latest available version of policies; in some instances, recent changes might not be reflected. For expediency purposes minimal attention has been paid to style (capitalization, punctuation) and format. To view the documents, click on the blue triangle next to the topic of interest. Please cite use of the database as: Education Commission of the States (ECS) State Policy Database, retrieved [date]. State Status/Date Level Summary 21st Century Skills Accountability Accountability--Accreditation Accountability--Measures/Indicators Accountability--Reporting Results Accountability--Rewards Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions--Learnfare Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions--No Pass No Drive Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions--No Pass No Play Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions--Takeovers Accountability--School Improvement Adult Basic Education Assessment Assessment--Accommodations Assessment--College Entrance Exams Assessment--Common Core/National Tests Assessment--Computer Based Assessment--End-of-Course Assessment--Formative/Interim Assessment--High Stakes/Competency Assessment--NAEP (NAEP Results and NAEP Organization) Assessment--Performance Based/Portfolio Assessment--Value Added At-Risk (incl. Dropout Prevention) At-Risk (incl. Dropout Prevention)--Alternative Education At-Risk (incl. Dropout Prevention)--Drugs/Alcohol Attendance Attendance--Compulsory Attendance--Statutory Ages (Upper and Lower) Attendance--Truancy Background Checks Bilingual/ESL Brain Research Business Involvement Career/Technical Education Career/Technical Education--Career Academies/Apprenticeship Cheating Choice of Schools Choice of Schools--Charter Schools Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Charter Districts Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Closings Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Cyber Charters Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Finance Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Research Choice of Schools--Choice/Open Enrollment Choice of Schools--Innovation Schools Choice of Schools--Magnet or Specialized Schools Choice of Schools--Tax Credits Choice of Schools--Vouchers Choice of Schools--Vouchers--Privately Funded Civic Education Civic Education--Character Education Civic Education--Civic Knowledge and Literacy Civic Education--Curriculum/Standards Civic Education--Pledge of Allegiance Class Size Counseling/Guidance Curriculum Curriculum--Alignment Curriculum--Arts Education Curriculum--Censorship Curriculum--Computer Science Curriculum--Core Curriculum Curriculum--Drivers Education Curriculum--Environmental Education Curriculum--Excusal Curriculum--Family Living Education Curriculum--Financial Literacy/Economics Ed. Curriculum--Foreign Language/Sign Language Curriculum--Geography Education Curriculum--Health/Nutrition Education Curriculum--Home Economics Curriculum--International Education Curriculum--Language Arts Curriculum--Language Arts--Writing/Spelling Curriculum--Mathematics Curriculum--Multicultural Curriculum--Physical Education Curriculum--Science Curriculum--Sex Education Curriculum--Social Studies/History Data-Driven Improvement Demographics Demographics--Condition of Children/Adults Demographics--Enrollments Desegregation Economic/Workforce Development Economic/Workforce Development--Value of an Education Education Research Equity Federal Finance Finance--Adequacy/Core Cost Finance--Aid to Private Schools Finance--Bonds Finance--District Finance--Does Money Matter? Finance--Equity Finance--Facilities Finance--Federal Finance--Funding Formulas Finance--Litigation Finance--Local Foundations/Funds Finance--Lotteries Finance--Performance Funding Finance--Private Giving Finance--Resource Efficiency Finance--State Budgets/Expenditures Finance--Student Fees Finance--Taxes/Revenues Finance--Taxes/Revenues--Alternative Revenues Governance Governance--Deregulation/Waivers/Home Rule Governance--Ethics/Conflict of Interest Governance--Mandates Governance--Regional Entities Governance--School Boards Governance--School Boards--Training Governance--Site-Based Management Governance--State Boards/Chiefs/Agencies Health Health--Child Abuse Health--Mental Health Health--Nutrition Health--School Based Clinics or School Nurses Health--Suicide Prevention TX Signed into law 06/2013 P-12 Students with Mental or Emotional Disorders S.B. 460 Requires that minimum academic qualifications for a teaching certificate require that a person receive instruction in detection of students with mental or emotional disorders. Requires that instruction be developed by experts in the diagnosis and treatment of ... More... TX Signed into law 06/2013 P-12 Mental Health, Substance Abuse, and Suicide Prevention S.B. 831 Previous legislation required the department of state health services, in coordination with the Texas Education Agency (TEA), to provide and annually update a list of recommended best practice-based early mental health intervention and suicide prevention progr... More... ME Signed into law 04/2013 P-12 An Act To Increase Suicide Awareness and Prevention in Maine Public Schools H.P. 428 Requires the Department of Education to adopt rules on standards for schools and school administrative units for suicide prevention education and training. The training and education will include suicide prevention awareness education for all personnel and mor... More... ND Signed into law 04/2013 P-12 Youth Suicide Prevention. S.B. 2306 SB 2306 creates an Act relating to youth suicide that permits, but does not require, school districts to provide two hours of professional development relating to youth suicide. Requires the Department of Public Instruction to collaborate with the Department o... More... NM Passed 03/2013 P-12 American Indian Suicide Prevention S.B. 447 Creates the Native American suicide prevention advisory council to provide culturally appropriate suicide prevention, intervention and post-event assistance statewide to Native American individuals, families and tribes, nations and pueblos living with suicide,... More... UT Signed into law 03/2013 P-12 Parent Seminar on Youth Protection H.B. 298 Directs a district to offer a parent seminar each year, using either a locally-developed curriculum or a curriculum developed by the state board, that includes information on substance abuse; bullying; mental health, depression, and suicide awareness; and Inte... More... AK Signed into law 05/2012 P-12 Youth Suicide Awareness and Prevention Program S.B. 137 Requires the department of education to annually provide youth suicide awareness and prevention training to each teacher, administrator, counselor, and specialist to provide services to students in grades seven through 12 in a public school in the state at no ... More... SC Signed into law 05/2012 P-12 Suicide Prevention H.B. 4690 Requires two hours of training in youth suicide awareness and prevention as a requirement for the renewal of credentials of individuals employed in a middle school or high school. The required training counts toward the one hundred twenty renewal credits speci... More... UT Signed into law 03/2012 P-12 Suicide Prevention H.B. 501 Requires districts and charter schools to require each licensed employee to complete two hours of professional development on youth suicide prevention within their license cycle. Directs the state board to develop or adopt sample materials for districts or cha... More... WA Signed into law 03/2012 P-12 Requiring Certain Health Professionals to Complete Education in Suicide Assessment, Treatment, and Management. H.B. 2366 Requires certain health professionals to complete training in suicide assessment, treatment, and management as part of their continuing education, continuing competency, or recertification requirements. Requires the secretary of the department of health to con... More... TX Signed into law 06/2011 P-12 Early Mental Health Intervention and Prevention of Youth Suicide H.B. 1386 - Early Mental Health Intervention and Prevention of Youth Suicide Directs the department of public health, in coordination with the Texas Education Agency, to provide and annually update a list of best practice-based early mental health intervention and suicide prevention programs for implementation in public K-12 schools. P... More... FL Signed into law 05/2011 P-12 Suicide Prevention Educational Resources S.B. 2104 Eliminates language requiring the approval role of the Office of Drug Control for materials provided to school districts relating to suicide prevention educational resources. http://laws.flrules.org/files/Ch_2011-051.pdf/files/Ch_2011-051.pdf... More... IN Signed into law 05/2011 P-12 Suicide Prevention S.B. 4 Allows a governing body to adjourn its schools to allow teachers to participate in a basic or inservice course of education and training on suicide prevention and the recognition of signs that a student may be considering suicide. Requires the division of ment... More... WA Signed into law 04/2011 P-12 Relating to Harassment, Intimidation, Bullying and Suicide Prevention H.B. 1163 Requires the offices of the education ombudsman and the superintendent of public instruction to convene a work group on school bullying and harassment preventionto develop, recommend, and implement strategies to improve school climate and create respectful lea... More... AR Signed into law 03/2011 P-12 Suicide Prevention H.B. 1778 Requires two hours of mandatory in-service professional development once every five years for licensed personnel in teen suicide awareness and prevention. http://www.arkleg.state.ar.us/assembly/2011/2011R/Acts/Act770.pdf... More... PA Adopted 10/2010 P-12 Suicide Prevention Education H.R. 980 A Resolution promoting youth suicide prevention education for all administrative, teaching and counseling personnel in all public and private high schools in Pennsylvania. http://www.legis.state.pa.us/CFDOCS/Legis/PN/Public/btCheck.cfm?txtType=PDF&sessYr=2009&... More... FL Signed into law 06/2010 P-12 Suicide Prevention Professional Development S.B. 434 Requires that district school boards provide access to suicide prevention educational resources, as approved by the Statewide Office of Suicide Prevention, to all instructional and administrative personnel as part of the school district professional developmen... More... IL Signed into law 06/2010 P-12 Suicide Prevention H.B. 4672 Adds school social workers who work with students in grades 7-12 to the list of persons who must be trained to identify the warning signs of suicidal behavior in adolescents and teens and be taught intervention techniques. Adds participating in or presenting a... More... KY Signed into law 04/2010 P-12 Suicide Prevention in Secondary Schools S.B. 65 Requires all high school and middle school principals, guidance counselors and teachers each school year to complete a minimum of two hours of self-study review of suicide prevention materials. Provides that if a local board offers suicide prevention training,... More... KY Signed into law 03/2010 P-12 Suicide Prevention H.B. 51 Requires the cabinet for health and family services to post suicide prevention awareness and training information on its Web page by August 1, 2010; requires every public middle and high school administrator to disseminate suicide prevention awareness informat... More... AL Signed into law 05/2009 P-12 Student Harassment (Bullying) and Suicide Prevention H.B. 216 Effective October 1, 2009. Establishes the Student Harassment Prevention Act. Requires local boards to adopt policies by July 2010 to prevent student harassment and suicide. Includes written and electronic acts motivated by a student characteristic in the defi... More... MS Signed into law 03/2009 P-12 Suicide Prevention S.B. 2770 Directs the State Department of Education to require annual in-service training for presently employed teachers and principals to include suicide prevention education, with such training to be developed by the State Department of Mental Health; requires such t... More... CA Signed into law 07/2008 P-12 Suicide prevention S.B. 1378 Authorizes a school district that receives a professional development block grant to offer to each of its teachers staff development in the prevention of youth suicide. Chapter 143 http://www.senate.ca.gov/... More... LA Signed into law 06/2008 P-12 Suicide Prevention Training H.B. 719 Requires in-service training for teachers, school counselors, principals, and other school administrators in suicide prevention; provides that the State Board of Elementary and Secondary Education shall adopt guidelines and rules for such training. http://www.... More... WI Signed into law 04/2008 P-12 Suicide Prevention for Public and Private School Professional Staff S.B. 493 Bill directs the local school boards and governing bodies of private schools to inform their professional staffs of the resources available from the department of public instruction. The department must provide annually a model notice, describing the suicide p... More... IL Signed into law 08/2007 P-12 Postsec. Community College Illinois Suicide Prevention Alliance H.B. 1643 Deletes references to the Illinois Suicide Prevention Strategic Planning Committee and the Committee and replaces them with references to the Illinois Suicide Prevention Alliance. http://www.ilga.gov/legislation/95/HB/PDF/09500HB1643lv.pdf... More... HI Signed into law 06/2007 P-12 Postsec. Youth Suicide Early Intervention and Prevention Program H.B. 55 Authorizes the department of health to establish a statewide youth suicide early intervention and prevention program that focused on young people ages 10-24 to: (1)  Create public awareness for issues relating to youth suicide prevention; (2)  Build community... More... FL Signed into law 05/2007 P-12 Postsec. Community College Office for Suicide Prevention H.B. 139 Creates the statewide Office for Suicide Prevention as a unit of the drug control office in the office of the governor. Directs the office to: (1) Develop a network of community-based programs to improve suicide prevention initiatives and work to eliminate ba... More... TN Signed into law 04/2007 P-12 Professional Development on Suicide Prevention S.B. 57, H.B. 101 Creates the Jason Flatt Act of 2007 to require that in-service training for teachers and principals include at least two hours of instruction in suicide prevention each school year. http://www.legislature.state.tn.us/bills/currentga/BILL/SB0057.pdf... More... ID Signed into law 03/2007 P-12 Teen Early Intervention Mental Health and Substance Abuse Specialist Program S.B. 1147 Defines "teens at risk" as public school students in grades 7-12 who have been identified as expressing or exhibiting indications of depression, suicidal inclination, emotional trauma, substance abuse or other behaviors or symptoms that indicate the existenc... More... VA Signed into law 03/2007 Postsec. Community College Suicide Prevention Policies H.B. 3064 Directs the governing boards of each public institution of higher education to develop and implement policies that advise students, faculty, and staff, including residence hall staff, of the proper procedures for identifying and addressing the needs of student... More... MI Signed into law 07/2006 P-12 Suicide Prevention & Education Programs H.B. 4375 Encourages schools to provide age-appropriate instruction programs regarding warning signs and risk factors of suicide and depression and the protective factors that help prevent suicide; provides professional development for school personnel; provides that fa... More... CO To governor 05/2006 Postsec. Suicide Prevention Procedures for Higher Education S.B. 67 Concerns suicidal behavior among students in higher education; authorizes selected state institutions of higher education to notify a designated contact person in the event that a person who has been designated by the state institution has a reasonable belief ... More... VT Signed into law 05/2006 P-12 Hazing, Harassment, Bullying, Suicide, or Substance Abuse Prevention Training H.B. 867 - Section 27 Requires schools to annually submit the names of organizations and individuals who have provided effective hazing, harassment, bullying, suicide, or substance abuse prevention training for staff or students, or both.  Directs the commissioner to consult with t... More... CO Signed into law 04/2006 P-12 Teacher Professional Development on Student Mental Health H.B. 1098 Allows public school teachers to receive professional development credit by attending an in-service program on juvenile mental health issues, including awareness and prevention of youth suicide. http://www.leg.state.co.us/clics2006a/csl.nsf/fsbillcont3/07205A4... More... VT Signed into law 04/2006 P-12 Suicide Prevention Education H.B. 630 Provides that teaching about signs of and responses to depression and risk of suicide is critical to promoting a safe and healthy school environment for all children. Requires the comprehensive health curriculum to promote an understanding of depression and t... More... ID Issued 03/2006 P-12 Idaho Council on Suicide Prevention Executive Order 2006-08 Establishes the Idaho Council on Suicide Prevention. Provides that the council's responsibilities are: A. To oversee the implementation of the Idaho Suicide Prevention Plan; B. To ensure the continued relevance of the plan by evaluating implementation pr... More... NJ Signed into law 02/2006 P-12 Suicide Prevention Professional Development A.B. 3931 Requires State Board of Education to include two hours of instruction in suicide prevention as part of professional development for public school teaching staff members; revises the Core Curriculum Standards in Comprehensive Health and Physical Education to in... More... CO Signed into law 06/2005 P-12 Child Fatality Prevention Act H.B. 1280 Defines "unexpected and unexplained death" as a death that, prior to investigation, appears to have been caused by trauma, suspicious or obscure circumstances, or child abuse or neglect. Includes death from vehicular trauma, fire, drowning, abuse, suicide and ... More... AZ Vetoed 04/2005 P-12 Privacy in Schools S.B. 1270 Bars a teacher, principal, counselor or other district or charter school employee, unless the parent is notified in writing and provides written consent to the disclosure of the information requested, from: (1) Undertaking or contracting to undertake any behav... More... MD (S) THIRD READING PASSED WITH AMENDMENTS (47-0) 04/2005 P-12 Youth Suicide Prevention School Program - Mental Health Programs H.B. 930 Authorizing the Youth Suicide Prevention School Program to include specified mental health programs; requiring the Youth Suicide Prevention School Program to develop and implement specified mental health programs; authorizing the State Department of Education ... More... ME Issued 02/2005 P-12 Postsec. Community College An Order to Strengthen Maine's Youth Suicide Prevention Efforts Executive Order Orders the governor's children's cabinet to assign staff to participate in a strategic planning process to update and revise the Maine Youth Suicide Prevention Program (MYSPP), outline strategies to improve the quality and accessibility of suicide and self-inj... More... NH Signed into law 04/2004 P-12 Youth Suicide Prevention H.B. 1397 Expands the duties of the health education review committee to include specific consideration of youth suicide prevention initiatives.... More... CT Signed into law 06/2003 P-12 Funding to Promote Children's Well-being S.B. 886 Requires the State Prevention Council to determine long-term goals, strategies and outcome measures to promote the health and well being of children and families including; early intervention strategies, an increase in healthy pregnant women and newborns, a de... More... NV Signed into law 05/2003 P-12 Training Programs for Teachers S.B. 36 The governing body of a regional training program may facilitate and coordinate access to information by teachers and administrators concerning issues related to suicide among pupils. Such information must be offered for educational purposes only. Receipt of o... More... LA Signed into law 06/2001 P-12 Suicide Prevention Program S.B. 792 Establishes a program of suicide prevention in public schools.... More... VA Signed into law 03/1999 P-12 Requires Parental Notification of Suicide Risk S.B. 1250 Requires licensed school personnel who have reason to believe that a student is considering suicide to immediately contact at least one of the student's parents to ask whether the parent is aware of the student's mental state and whether the parent wishes to o... More... Health--Teen Pregnancy High School High School--Advanced Placement High School--College Readiness High School--Credit Recovery High School--Dropout Rates/Graduation Rates High School--Dual/Concurrent Enrollment High School--Early Colleges/Middle Colleges High School--Exit Exams High School--GED (General Education Development) High School--Graduation Requirements Instructional Approaches Instructional Approaches--Constructivism Instructional Approaches--Grading Practices Instructional Approaches--Homeschooling Instructional Approaches--Homework/Study Skills Instructional Approaches--Official English Instructional Approaches--Problem Based Learning Instructional Approaches--Single-Sex Education Instructional Approaches--Teaching Across Disciplines Instructional Approaches--Time/Time on Task Instructional Approaches--Tracking/Ability Grouping Integrated Services/Full-Service Schools International Baccalaureate International Benchmarking Leadership Leadership--District Superintendent Leadership--District Superintendent--Compensation and Diversified Pay Leadership--Principal/School Leadership Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Certification and Licensure Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Compensation and Diversified Pay Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Evaluation and Effectiveness Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Induction Programs and Mentoring Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Preparation Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Preparation--Alternative Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Professional Development Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Recruitment and Retention Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Tenure Mentoring/Tutoring Middle School Minority/Diversity Issues Minority/Diversity Issues--African American Minority/Diversity Issues--American Indian / Alaska Native / Native Hawaiian Minority/Diversity Issues--Hispanic No Child Left Behind No Child Left Behind--Adequate Yearly Progress No Child Left Behind--Assessment No Child Left Behind--Choice/Transfer No Child Left Behind--Consequences for Schools No Child Left Behind--Finance No Child Left Behind--Parent Involvement No Child Left Behind--Reauthorization Issues/Waivers No Child Left Behind--Report Cards No Child Left Behind--School Support No Child Left Behind--Special Populations No Child Left Behind--Supplemental Services Online Learning--Digital/Blended Learning Online Learning--Virtual Schools/Courses P-16 or P-20 P-3 P-3 Brain Development P-3 Child Care P-3 Content Standards and Assessment P-3 Data Systems P-3 Early Intervention (0-3) P-3 English Language Learners (ELL) P-3 Ensuring Quality P-3 Evaluation/Economic Benefits P-3 Family Involvement P-3 Finance P-3 Governance P-3 Grades 1-3 P-3 Health and Mental Health P-3 Kindergarten P-3 Kindergarten--Full-Day Kindergarten P-3 Kindergarten--Full Day Kindergarten P-3 Preschool P-3 Public/Private Partnerships P-3 Special Ed./Inclusion P-3 Teaching Quality/Professional Development P-3 Technology Parent/Family Parent/Family--Parent Rights Parent/Family--Research Partnerships--University/School Postsecondary Postsecondary Accountability Postsecondary Accountability--Accreditation Postsecondary Accountability--Diploma Mills Postsecondary Accountability--Licensing/Program Review and Approval Postsecondary Accountability--Student Learning Postsecondary Affordability Postsecondary Affordability--Financial Aid Postsecondary Affordability--Textbooks Postsecondary Affordability--Tuition/Fees Postsecondary Affordability--Tuition/Fees--Prepd/College Savings Plans Postsecondary Affordability--Tuition/Fees--Undocumented Immigrants Postsecondary Faculty Postsecondary Faculty--Compensation Postsecondary Faculty--Intellectual Property Postsecondary Faculty--Teaching Assistants Postsecondary Faculty--Tenure Postsecondary Finance Postsecondary Finance--Efficiency/Performance-Based Funding Postsecondary Finance--Facilities Postsecondary Finance--Revenue and Expenditures Postsecondary Governance and Structures Postsecondary Governance and Structures--Administrative/Leadership Issues Postsecondary Governance and Structures--State Executives/State Agencies Postsecondary Institutions Postsecondary Institutions--Community/Technical Colleges Postsecondary Institutions--For-Profit/Proprietary Postsecondary Institutions--Four-Year Baccalaureate Postsecondary Institutions--HBCUs/Minority-Serving Institutions Postsecondary Institutions--Private/Independent Postsecondary Online Instruction Postsecondary Participation Postsecondary Participation--Access Postsecondary Participation--Admissions Requirements Postsecondary Participation--Affirmative Action Postsecondary Participation--Enrollments (Statistics) Postsecondary Participation--Outreach Postsecondary Students Postsecondary Students--Adults Postsecondary Students--Disabled Postsecondary Students--Foster Youth Postsecondary Students--Graduate/Professional Postsecondary Students--International Postsecondary Students--Low-Income Postsecondary Students--Military Postsecondary Students--Minority Postsecondary Success Postsecondary Success--Completion Postsecondary Success--Developmental/Remediation Postsecondary Success--Retention/Persistence Postsecondary Success--Transfer/Articulation Private Schools Privatization Privatization--Education Management Agencies (EMOs) Proficiency-Based Approaches Promising Practices Promotion/Retention Public Involvement Purposes of Public Education Reading/Literacy Reading/Literacy--Adult Literacy Religion Religion--Prayer/Meditation Religion--Scientific Creationism (Evolution) Remediation (K-12) Rural Scale-Up/Replication Scheduling/School Calendar Scheduling/School Calendar--Day/Class Length Scheduling/School Calendar--Extended Day Programs Scheduling/School Calendar--Summer School Scheduling/School Calendar--Week Scheduling/School Calendar--Year Scheduling/School Calendar--Year Round School Climate/Culture School Safety School Safety--Bullying Prevention/Conflict Resolution School Safety--Code of Conduct School Safety--Corporal Punishment School Safety--Disaster/Emergency Preparedness School Safety--Expulsion/Suspension School Safety--No Child Left Behind--Safe Schools School Safety--Sexual Harassment and Assault School Safety--Special Education School Safety--Uniforms/Dress Codes School/District Structure/Operations School/District Structure/Operations--District Consolidation/Deconsolidation School/District Structure/Operations--District Size School/District Structure/Operations--Facilities School/District Structure/Operations--Food Service School/District Structure/Operations--Libraries School/District Structure/Operations--Org. (K-3/K-8 etc.) School/District Structure/Operations--Personnel (Non-Teaching) School/District Structure/Operations--School Size School/District Structure/Operations--Shared Services School/District Structure/Operations--Staffing Ratios School/District Structure/Operations--Transportation Service-Learning Social/Emotional Learning and Non-Cognitive Skills Special Education Special Education--Federal Law/Regulations Special Education--Finance Special Education--Inclusion (Mainstreaming) Special Education--Placement Special Education--Transition Special Populations--Corrections Education Special Populations--Foster Care Special Populations--Gifted and Talented Special Populations--Homeless Education Special Populations--Immigrant Education Special Populations--Migrant Education Special Populations--Military Standards Standards--Common Core State Standards Standards--Implementation State Comparisons/Statistics State Longitudinal Data Systems State Policymaking State Policymaking--Ballot Questions State Policymaking--Constitutional Clauses State Policymaking--Politics State Policymaking--Task Forces/Commissions STEM Student Achievement Student Achievement--Closing the Achievement Gap Student Surveys Students Students--Athletics/Extracurricular Activities Students--Employment Students--Incentives Students--K-12 Exchange Students Students--Mobility Students--Records/Rights Teaching Quality Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Alternative Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Assignment Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Highly Qualified Teachers Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Natl. Bd. for Prof. Teach. Stds. Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Special Education Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--State Prof. Standards Bds. Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Substitute Teachers Teaching Quality--Compensation and Diversified Pay Teaching Quality--Compensation and Diversified Pay--Pay-for-Performance Teaching Quality--Compensation and Diversified Pay--Retirement/Benefits Teaching Quality--Evaluation and Effectiveness Teaching Quality--Induction Programs and Mentoring Teaching Quality--Paraprofessionals Teaching Quality--Preparation Teaching Quality--Professional Development Teaching Quality--Recruitment and Retention Teaching Quality--Recruitment and Retention--At-Risk Schools Teaching Quality--Recruitment and Retention--High-Needs Subjects Teaching Quality--Reduction in Force Teaching Quality--Teacher Attitudes Teaching Quality--Teacher Contracts (Not Tenure) Teaching Quality--Teacher Rights Teaching Quality--Tenure or Continuing Contract Teaching Quality--Unions/Collective Bargaining Teaching Quality--Unions/Collective Bargaining--Strikes Teaching Quality--Working Conditions Technology Technology--Computer Skills Technology--Devices/Software/Hardware Technology--Equitable Access Technology--Funding Issues Technology--Internet Safety Technology--Research/Evaluation Technology--Teacher/Faculty Training Textbooks and Open Source Urban Urban--Change/Improvements Urban--Governance Whole-School Reform Models