---

From the ECS State Policy Database 1994-2013

---

Education Commission of the States • 700 Broadway, Suite 810 • Denver, CO 80203-3442 • 303.299.3600 • fax 303.296.8332 • www.ecs.org

The following summary includes policies ECS has tracked in this database since 1994. This database is made possible by your state's fiscal support of the Education Commission of the States (ECS). Most entries are legislative, although rules/regulations and executive orders that make substantive changes are included. Every effort is made to collect the latest available version of policies; in some instances, recent changes might not be reflected. For expediency purposes minimal attention has been paid to style (capitalization, punctuation) and format. To view the documents, click on the blue triangle next to the topic of interest. Please cite use of the database as: Education Commission of the States (ECS) State Policy Database, retrieved [date]. State Status/Date Level Summary 21st Century Skills Accountability Accountability--Accreditation Accountability--Measures/Indicators Accountability--Reporting Results Accountability--Rewards Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions--Learnfare Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions--No Pass No Drive Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions--No Pass No Play Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions--Takeovers Accountability--School Improvement Adult Basic Education Assessment Assessment--Accommodations Assessment--College Entrance Exams Assessment--Computer Based Assessment--End-of-Course Assessment--Formative/Interim Assessment--High Stakes/Competency Assessment--Legal Issues Assessment--NAEP (NAEP Results and NAEP Organization) Assessment--Performance Based/Portfolio Assessment--Value Added At-Risk (incl. Dropout Prevention) At-Risk (incl. Dropout Prevention)--Alternative Education At-Risk (incl. Dropout Prevention)--Drugs/Alcohol Attendance Attendance--Compulsory Attendance--Statutory Ages (Upper and Lower) Attendance--Truancy Background Checks Bilingual/ESL Brain Research Business Involvement Career/Technical Education Career/Technical Education--Career Academies/Apprenticeship Cheating Choice of Schools Choice of Schools--Charter Schools Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Charter Districts Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Closings Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Cyber Charters Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Finance Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Research Choice of Schools--Choice/Open Enrollment Choice of Schools--Choice/Open Enrollment--Research Choice of Schools--Innovation Schools Choice of Schools--Magnet or Specialized Schools Choice of Schools--Tax Credits Choice of Schools--Vouchers Choice of Schools--Vouchers--Privately Funded Civic Education Civic Education--Character Education Civic Education--Civic Knowledge and Literacy Civic Education--Curriculum/Standards Civic Education--Pledge of Allegiance Class Size Curriculum Curriculum--Alignment Curriculum--Arts Education Curriculum--Censorship Curriculum--Core Curriculum Curriculum--Drivers Education Curriculum--Environmental Education Curriculum--Excusal Curriculum--Family Living Education Curriculum--Financial Literacy/Economics Ed. Curriculum--Foreign Language/Sign Language Curriculum--Geography Education Curriculum--Health/Nutrition Education Curriculum--Home Economics Curriculum--International Education Curriculum--Language Arts Curriculum--Language Arts--Writing/Spelling Curriculum--Mathematics Curriculum--Multicultural Curriculum--Physical Education Curriculum--Science Curriculum--Sex Education Curriculum--Social Studies/History Curriculum--Speech Education Data-Driven Improvement Demographics Demographics--Condition of Children/Adults Demographics--Enrollments Desegregation Economic/Workforce Development Education Research Equity Federal Finance Finance--Adequacy/Core Cost Finance--Aid to Private Schools Finance--Bonds Finance--District Finance--Does Money Matter? Finance--Equity Finance--Facilities Finance--Federal Finance--Funding Formulas Finance--Litigation Finance--Local Foundations/Funds Finance--Lotteries Finance--Performance Funding Finance--Private Giving Finance--Resource Efficiency Finance--State Budgets/Expenditures Finance--Student Fees Finance--Taxes/Revenues Finance--Taxes/Revenues--Alternative Revenues Governance Governance--Deregulation/Waivers/Home Rule Governance--Ethics/Conflict of Interest Governance--Mandates Governance--Regional Entities Governance--School Boards Governance--School Boards--Training Governance--Site-Based Management Governance--State Boards/Chiefs/Agencies Health Health--Child Abuse Health--Mental Health Health--Nutrition Health--School Based Clinics or School Nurses Health--Suicide Prevention Health--Teen Pregnancy High School High School--Advanced Placement High School--College Readiness High School--Credit Recovery High School--Dropout Rates/Graduation Rates CA Signed into law 09/2012 P-12 Accountability, Dropout Recovery High Schools A.B. 1668 From bill summary: Changes the definition of a dropout recovery high school to mean a school offering instruction in any of grades 9-12 in w... More... CA Vetoed 09/2012 P-12 Inclusion of Pupil Only Once in Dropout Data S.B. 1497 From bill summary: Prohibits California Longitudinal Pupil Achievement Data System (CALPADS) from including an individual pupil in dropout r... More... CA Signed into law 09/2012 P-12 Revising Academic Performance Index (API) S.B. 1458 From bill summary: Authorizes the superintendent of public instruction to develop and implement a specified program of school quality review... More... LA Adopted 06/2012 P-12 Graduation Rate Calculations and Goal LAC 28:LXXXIII.601, 613, and 2403 Clarifies that graduation index provisions only apply to schools with 10 or more students in a cohort. Makes methodology for calculating the... More... OH Adopted 02/2012 P-12 Graduation Rate Changes to the State Accountability System S.C.R. 11 Approves the Ohio Department of Education's proposed changes to the state accountability system to incorporate four-year and five-year adjus... More... NC Signed into law 06/2011 P-12 Dropout Recovery Pilot Program H.B. 822 Requires the State Board of Education (SBE) to implement a three-year Dropout Recovery Pilot Program in New Hanover County Schools and three... More... OH Signed into law 06/2011 P-12 Permission to Take GED H.B. 153 - Permission to Take GED Requires a person who is at least 16 but under the age of 19 who is applying to the department to take the tests of general education develo... More... SC Signed into law 06/2011 P-12 Postsec. Extends the Implementation Date of Personal Pathways to Success H.B. 3748 Extends the date by which the Education and Economic Development Act, now called Personal Pathways to Success, must be implemented fully (th... More... FL Signed into law 05/2011 Postsec. Postsecondary Education Funding S.B. 2150 From Legislative Budget Committee Summary: Coenrollment in Public Schools and Adult Education Programs Prohibits funding for coenrollment... More... IN Signed into law 05/2011 P-12 Graduation Rate Study Committee S.B. 85 Creates the education issues study committee to study the causes of low graduation rates in Indiana high schools and to identify and highlig... More... MD Signed into law 05/2011 P-12 Task Force to Study High School Dropout Rates of Persons in the Criminal Justice System S.B. 755 Establishes the Task Force to Study High School Dropout Rates of Persons in the Criminal Justice System. Requires the task force to study hi... More... OK Signed into law 05/2011 P-12 Graduation Rates S.B. 2 Instructs the state board to adopt a four-year adjusted cohort graduation rate and extended-year adjusted cohort graduation rate to establis... More... WA Signed into law 05/2011 P-12 Establishing the Pay for Actual Student Success Dropout Prevention Program. H.B. 1599 Creates the pay for actual student success program to invest in proven dropout prevention and intervention programs and to provide a financi... More... WV Signed into law 05/2011 P-12 Local Solution Dropout Prevention and Recovery Innovation Zone Act S.B. 228 Local Solution Dropout Prevention and Recovery Innovation Zone Act: Creates the Local Solution Dropout Prevention and Recovery Innovation Zo... More... LA Adopted 03/2011 P-12 Dropout Prevention and Recovery LAC 28:CXV.1118 Revisions to Bulletin 741 changes the percent of cohort graduation rate from 70 to 80%. Additionally, the policy requires districts to 'post... More... AK Adopted 01/2011 P-12 Assessment/Academic Indicators, Report Card to the Public and Definitions 4 AAC 06.825, 895, 899 Revises various provisions regarding the other academic indicator, including graduation rate, for school, district and state accountability.... More... PA Veto overridden: legislature has overridden governor's veto 11/2010 P-12 Section on Collection of Dropout Data H.B. 101 Requires the state department to publish dropout and graduation rate data on its website by December 1st of each year and to provide the rep... More... CA Vetoed 08/2010 P-12 Determining Graduation Rates in Lowest-Achieving Schools A.B. 2083 Existing law provides that persistently lowest-achieving schools include a high school with a graduation rate below 60% in each of the last ... More... NC Signed into law 07/2010 P-12 Improving Four-Year Cohort Graduation Rate S.B. 1246 - Improving Four-Year Cohort Graduation Rate Prior to the 2010-11 school year, directs the state board to: (1) Develop a growth model establishing annual improvement goals in the four-y... More... CT Signed into law 05/2010 P-12 On-line Credit Recovery Program S.B. 438 - Sec. 28 Requires schools with a dropout rate of 8% or higher to establish an on-line credit recovery program to help students earn needed credits. S... More... ME Signed into law 04/2010 P-12 Establishes Statewide Graduation Rate Goal S.B. 623 Establishes the state goal of achieving an average statewide secondary school graduation rate of 90% by the end of the 2015-2016 school year... More... NM Signed into law 03/2010 P-12 High School Graduation Data H.B. 69 Requires the Public Education Department, school districts and charter schools to report cohort graduation data; relates to a cohort group o... More... TN Signed into law 03/2010 P-12 Counting Dropouts H.B. 3148 From the fiscal note: Requires local education agencies (LEAs) to document student withdrawals and transfers to another school, system, or s... More... RI Signed into law 11/2009 P-12 Formula for Calculating On-Time Graduation S.B. 728 Requires adoption and implementation of a formula to calculate information about on-time graduation from students in public high schools in ... More... CA Signed into law 10/2009 P-12 Five- and Six-Year Graduation Rates S.B. 509 - Five- and Six-Year Graduation Rates Includes 5- and 6-year graduation rates in the indicators reported to the department for purposes of calculating a school's Academic Perform... More... TN Signed into law 05/2009 P-12 Determination of Who is a Dropout S.B. 2030 Requires the department of education to explore with the Tennessee congressional delegation and the United States department of education mo... More... MA Signed into law 08/2008 P-12 Dropout Prevention S.B. 2766 Improves dropout prevention and reporting of graduation rates; requires providing public school districts with a standardized format for the... More... VA Signed into law 03/2008 P-12 Documentation of Enrollment or Other Status H.B. 259 Requires a local school division to obtain written or electronic documentation, to the extent practicable, before making any status classifi... More... LA Adopted 12/2007 P-12 School, District and State Accountability System LAC 28:LXXXIII.301, 517, 613, 707, 709, 903, 1301, 1601-1609, 1901,2101, 2301, 2401, 2501-2505, 2701- 2721, 3301-3303, 3503, 3507, 3701, and 3905. Amends rules concerning Bulletin 111 - The Louisiana School, District, and State Accountability System. Sets the target graduation rate for ... More... TN Signed into law 06/2007 P-12 Information on High School Graduation Rates H.B. 1531 Amends Section 49-1-211(a). Provides that the Commissioner of Education shall include in his annual report information pertaining to overall... More... IN Signed into law 05/2007 P-12 Postsec. 21st Century Scholars Program Expansion, Graduation H.B. 1647 Expands eligibility for the 21st Century Scholars program to grade 7 students, and beginning with the 2008-09 school year, to grade 6 studen... More... MS Adopted 05/2007 P-12 Annual Report on Graduation and Dropout Counts Board Policy Revises rules concerning the calculation of graduation, completion and dropout counts and rates in annual reports on grades 7 through 12. ht... More... MS Adopted 02/2007 P-12 Dropout Prevention Program Uncodified Amends rules concerning the dropout prevention program. Implements a plan to increase the graduation rate to 85% by 2018-19, reduce the drop... More... VA Passed 02/2007 P-12 High School Dropout & Graduation Rates Study S.J. 329 This joint resolution of the legislature requests the Board of Education to study high school dropout and graduation rates in the Commonweal... More... CA Signed into law 09/2006 P-12 Calculation of Graduation Rates A.B. 2167 Establishes the specific calculation for graduation rates to be included within the Academic Performance Index. Requires the Superintendent ... More... LA Adopted 08/2006 P-12 School, District and State Accountability System LAC 28:LXXXIII.Chapter 45 Designed to address the impact of natural disasters on schools/districts ability to meet the objectives of the accountability system. Create... More... IA Signed into law 06/2006 P-12 High School S.B. 2272 - Section 1-4 Directs school districts and nonpublic accredited schools to report graduation rates using the definition of graduation rate specified by th... More... IA Signed into law 06/2006 P-12 Community College Reporting GED Students S.B. 2272 - Section 8 Requires board of directors of each community college to request that a student pursuing or receiving a high school equivalency diploma prov... More... LA Adopted 06/2006 P-12 Accountability System LAC 28:LXXXIII.Chapters 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 14, 15, 17, 21, 24, 35, 41,43, and 45 Full text of language on pages 8-20 of 62: http://www.doa.louisiana.gov/osr/reg/0606/0606RUL.pdf Changes define/outline/clarify the followi... More... FL Signed into law 05/2006 P-12 School Report Cards- High School Data H.B. 7087 (Section 11) School districts and boards must provide information regarding performance of students and educational programs as required pursuant to ss. ... More... MD Signed into law 04/2006 P-12 High School Graduation Rate Data H.B. 71; S.B. 59 Requires county boards of education to collect, maintain, and analyze certain graduation rates using certain formulas by certain dates; requ... More... IN Signed into law 03/2006 P-12 Pupil Counts S.B. 173 Requires each school corporation (district) to conduct an informational count on May 1, 2007, May 1, 2008, and May 1, 2009 -- in the same ma... More... MS Signed into law 03/2006 P-12 Education Reform Act of 2006 S.B. 2602 Enacts the Education Reform Act of 2006. Section 6 creates the office of dropout prevention within the state department of education. Requir... More... VA Signed into law 03/2006 P-12 Collecting, Analyzing and Reporting Graduation, Dropout Data H.B. 19 Directs the Board of Education to collect, analyze, and report high school graduation and drop out data using a formula prescribed by the Bo... More... IL Adopted 11/2005 P-12 23 IAC 1.10, thru .70, .75, .80, .85, .90, .95, Makes changes in the accountability system for public schools. Changes the requirement for adequate yearly progress and the indicators that ... More... CA Signed into law 10/2005 P-12 High School Attrition Data H.B. 1496 An act to add Section 33318.5 to the Education Code, relating to pupils. - High school attrition rates. This bill would require the departme... More... NC Signed into law 08/2005 P-12 Study Ways to Reduce Dropout Rate S.B. 408 Directs the State Board of Education to identify research-based methods to reduce the dropout rate, especially in high-poverty schools with ... More... CO Signed into law 06/2005 P-12 Accreditation Indicators and Dropout/Graduation Rates S.B. 91 Standardizes the calculation of graduation rates and dropout rates that are required to be reported by school districts for accreditation. S... More... SC Signed into law 05/2005 P-12 Postsec. Community College South Carolina Education and Economic Development Act H.B. 3155 Adds a new chapter (59) establishing the South Carolina Education and Economic Development Act. Provides for the development of a curriculum... More... WA Rule Adoption 05/2005 P-12 Graduation Rate Performance Improvement Goals WAC 3-20-390 Amends rules to require school districts and schools to set high school graduation rate improvement goals and to align these goals with requ... More... AR Signed into law 04/2005 P-12 Procedures for Conducting the School Enrollment Census S.B. 1044 (section 18) Modifies procedures for conducting the school enrollment census. Requires school census to reflect students transferring into or out of the... More... CO Signed into law 04/2005 P-12 High School Dropout Parental Notice S.B. 164 Requires districts to provide written notification to parents of a high school dropout who is not subject to compulsory education laws. Stat... More... TX Signed into law 06/1999 P-12 Accreditation and Accountability H.B. 3 - Section 59 - Part I Makes former Section 39.071 new Section 39.051, and repeals portions of existing 39.051, "Academic Excellence Indicators." Provides that in ... More... High School--Dual/Concurrent Enrollment High School--Early Colleges/Middle Colleges High School--Exit Exams High School--GED (General Education Development) High School--Graduation Requirements High School--International Baccalaureate Instructional Approaches Instructional Approaches--Constructivism Instructional Approaches--Grading Practices Instructional Approaches--Homeschooling Instructional Approaches--Homework/Study Skills Instructional Approaches--Official English Instructional Approaches--Problem Based Learning Instructional Approaches--Single-Sex Education Instructional Approaches--Time/Time on Task Instructional Approaches--Tracking/Ability Grouping Integrated Services/Full-Service Schools International Benchmarking Leadership Leadership--District Superintendent Leadership--District Superintendent--Compensation and Diversified Pay Leadership--Principal/School Leadership Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Certification and Licensure Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Compensation and Diversified Pay Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Evaluation and Effectiveness Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Induction Programs and Mentoring Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Preparation Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Preparation--Alternative Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Professional Development Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Recruitment and Retention Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Tenure Middle School Minority/Diversity Issues Minority/Diversity Issues--African American Minority/Diversity Issues--American Indian / Alaska Native / Native Hawaiian Minority/Diversity Issues--Hispanic No Child Left Behind No Child Left Behind--Adequate Yearly Progress No Child Left Behind--Assessment No Child Left Behind--Choice/Transfer No Child Left Behind--Consequences for Schools No Child Left Behind--Finance No Child Left Behind--Parent Involvement No Child Left Behind--Reauthorization Issues/Waivers No Child Left Behind--Report Cards No Child Left Behind--School Support No Child Left Behind--Special Populations No Child Left Behind--Supplemental Services Online Learning--Digital/Blended Learning Online Learning--Virtual Schools/Courses P-16 or P-20 P-3 P-3 Brain Development P-3 Child Care P-3 Content Standards and Assessment P-3 Data Systems P-3 Early Intervention (0-3) P-3 Ensuring Quality P-3 Evaluation/Economic Benefits P-3 Family Involvement P-3 Finance P-3 Governance P-3 Grades 1-3 P-3 Health and Mental Health P-3 Kindergarten P-3 Kindergarten--Full-Day Kindergarten P-3 Kindergarten--Full Day Kindergarten P-3 Preschool P-3 Public/Private Partnerships P-3 Special Ed./Inclusion P-3 Teaching Quality/Professional Development Parent/Family Parent/Family--Parent Rights Parent/Family--Research Partnerships--University/School Postsecondary Postsecondary Accountability Postsecondary Accountability--Accreditation Postsecondary Accountability--Diploma Mills Postsecondary Accountability--Licensing/Program Review and Approval Postsecondary Accountability--Student Learning Postsecondary Affordability Postsecondary Affordability--Financial Aid Postsecondary Affordability--Textbooks Postsecondary Affordability--Tuition/Fees Postsecondary Affordability--Tuition/Fees--Prepd/College Savings Plans Postsecondary Affordability--Tuition/Fees--Undocumented Immigrants Postsecondary Faculty Postsecondary Faculty--Compensation Postsecondary Faculty--Intellectual Property Postsecondary Faculty--Teaching Assistants Postsecondary Faculty--Tenure Postsecondary Finance Postsecondary Finance--Efficiency/Performance-Based Funding Postsecondary Finance--Facilities Postsecondary Finance--Revenue and Expenditures Postsecondary Governance and Structures Postsecondary Governance and Structures--Administrative/Leadership Issues Postsecondary Governance and Structures--State Executives/State Agencies Postsecondary Institutions Postsecondary Institutions--Community/Technical Colleges Postsecondary Institutions--For-Profit/Proprietary Postsecondary Institutions--Four-Year Baccalaureate Postsecondary Institutions--HBCUs/Minority-Serving Institutions Postsecondary Institutions--Private/Independent Postsecondary Online Instruction Postsecondary Participation Postsecondary Participation--Access Postsecondary Participation--Admissions Requirements Postsecondary Participation--Affirmative Action Postsecondary Participation--Enrollments (Statistics) Postsecondary Participation--Outreach Postsecondary Students Postsecondary Students--Adults Postsecondary Students--Disabled Postsecondary Students--Foster Youth Postsecondary Students--Graduate/Professional Postsecondary Students--International Postsecondary Students--Low-Income Postsecondary Students--Military Postsecondary Students--Minority Postsecondary Success Postsecondary Success--Completion Postsecondary Success--Completion--Completion Rates (Statistics) Postsecondary Success--Developmental/Remediation Postsecondary Success--Retention/Persistence Postsecondary Success--Transfer/Articulation Private Schools Privatization Privatization--Education Management Agencies (EMOs) Proficiency-Based Approaches Promising Practices Promotion/Retention Public Involvement Purposes of Public Education Reading/Literacy Reading/Literacy--Adult Literacy Religion Religion--Prayer/Meditation Religion--Scientific Creationism (Evolution) Rural Scheduling/School Calendar Scheduling/School Calendar--Day/Class Length Scheduling/School Calendar--Extended Day Programs Scheduling/School Calendar--Summer School Scheduling/School Calendar--Week Scheduling/School Calendar--Year Scheduling/School Calendar--Year Round School Climate/Culture School Safety School Safety--Bullying Prevention/Conflict Resolution School Safety--Code of Conduct School Safety--Corporal Punishment School Safety--Disaster/Emergency Preparedness School Safety--Expulsion/Suspension School Safety--No Child Left Behind--Safe Schools School Safety--Sexual Harassment and Assault School Safety--Special Education School Safety--Uniforms/Dress Codes School/District Structure/Operations School/District Structure/Operations--District Consolidation/Deconsolidation School/District Structure/Operations--District Size School/District Structure/Operations--Facilities School/District Structure/Operations--Food Service School/District Structure/Operations--Libraries School/District Structure/Operations--Org. (K-3/K-8 etc.) School/District Structure/Operations--Personnel (Non-Teaching) School/District Structure/Operations--School Size School/District Structure/Operations--Shared Services School/District Structure/Operations--Staffing Ratios School/District Structure/Operations--Transportation Service-Learning Special Education Special Education--Federal Law/Regulations Special Education--Finance Special Education--Inclusion (Mainstreaming) Special Education--Placement Special Education--Transition Special Populations--Corrections Education Special Populations--Foster Care Special Populations--Gifted and Talented Special Populations--Homeless Education Special Populations--Immigrant Education Special Populations--Migrant Education Special Populations--Military Standards Standards--Common Core State Standards Standards--Implementation State Comparisons/Statistics State Longitudinal Data Systems State Policymaking State Policymaking--Ballot Questions State Policymaking--Constitutional Clauses State Policymaking--Politics State Policymaking--Task Forces/Commissions STEM Student Achievement Student Achievement--Closing the Achievement Gap Student Achievement--State Trends Student Supports--Counseling/Guidance Student Supports--Mentoring/Tutoring Student Supports--Remediation Student Surveys Students Students--Athletics/Extracurricular Activities Students--Employment Students--Incentives Students--K-12 Exchange Students Students--Mobility Students--Records/Rights Teaching Quality Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Alternative Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Assignment Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Highly Qualified Teachers Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Natl. Bd. for Prof. Teach. Stds. Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Special Education Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--State Prof. Standards Bds. Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Substitute Teachers Teaching Quality--Compensation and Diversified Pay Teaching Quality--Compensation and Diversified Pay--Pay-for-Performance Teaching Quality--Compensation and Diversified Pay--Retirement/Benefits Teaching Quality--Evaluation and Effectiveness Teaching Quality--Induction Programs and Mentoring Teaching Quality--Paraprofessionals Teaching Quality--Preparation Teaching Quality--Professional Development Teaching Quality--Recruitment and Retention Teaching Quality--Recruitment and Retention--At-Risk Schools Teaching Quality--Recruitment and Retention--High-Needs Subjects Teaching Quality--Reduction in Force Teaching Quality--Teacher Attitudes Teaching Quality--Teacher Contracts (Not Tenure) Teaching Quality--Teacher Rights Teaching Quality--Tenure or Continuing Contract Teaching Quality--Unions/Collective Bargaining Teaching Quality--Unions/Collective Bargaining--Strikes Teaching Quality--Working Conditions Technology Technology--Computer Skills Technology--Devices/Software/Hardware Technology--Equitable Access Technology--Funding Issues Technology--Internet Safety Technology--Research/Evaluation Technology--Teacher/Faculty Training Textbooks and Open Source Urban Urban--Change/Improvements Urban--Governance Whole-School Reform Models Whole Child