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From the ECS State Policy Database 1994-2013

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Education Commission of the States • 700 Broadway, Suite 810 • Denver, CO 80203-3442 • 303.299.3600 • fax 303.296.8332 • www.ecs.org

The following summary includes policies ECS has tracked in this database since 1994. This database is made possible by your state's fiscal support of the Education Commission of the States (ECS). Most entries are legislative, although rules/regulations and executive orders that make substantive changes are included. Every effort is made to collect the latest available version of policies; in some instances, recent changes might not be reflected. For expediency purposes minimal attention has been paid to style (capitalization, punctuation) and format. To view the documents, click on the blue triangle next to the topic of interest. Please cite use of the database as: Education Commission of the States (ECS) State Policy Database, retrieved [date]. State Status/Date Level Summary 21st Century Skills Accountability Accountability--Accreditation Accountability--Measures/Indicators Accountability--Reporting Results Accountability--Rewards Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions--Learnfare Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions--No Pass No Drive Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions--No Pass No Play Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions--Takeovers Accountability--School Improvement Adult Basic Education Assessment Assessment--Accommodations Assessment--College Entrance Exams Assessment--Computer Based Assessment--End-of-Course Assessment--Formative/Interim Assessment--High Stakes/Competency Assessment--Legal Issues Assessment--NAEP (NAEP Results and NAEP Organization) Assessment--Performance Based/Portfolio Assessment--Value Added At-Risk (incl. Dropout Prevention) At-Risk (incl. Dropout Prevention)--Alternative Education At-Risk (incl. Dropout Prevention)--Drugs/Alcohol Attendance Attendance--Compulsory Attendance--Statutory Ages (Upper and Lower) Attendance--Truancy Background Checks Bilingual/ESL Brain Research Business Involvement Career/Technical Education Career/Technical Education--Career Academies/Apprenticeship Cheating Choice of Schools Choice of Schools--Charter Schools Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Charter Districts Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Closings Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Cyber Charters Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Finance Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Research Choice of Schools--Choice/Open Enrollment Choice of Schools--Choice/Open Enrollment--Research Choice of Schools--Innovation Schools Choice of Schools--Magnet or Specialized Schools Choice of Schools--Tax Credits Choice of Schools--Vouchers Choice of Schools--Vouchers--Privately Funded Civic Education Civic Education--Character Education Civic Education--Civic Knowledge and Literacy Civic Education--Curriculum/Standards Civic Education--Pledge of Allegiance Class Size Curriculum Curriculum--Alignment Curriculum--Arts Education Curriculum--Censorship Curriculum--Core Curriculum Curriculum--Drivers Education Curriculum--Environmental Education Curriculum--Excusal Curriculum--Family Living Education Curriculum--Financial Literacy/Economics Ed. Curriculum--Foreign Language/Sign Language Curriculum--Geography Education Curriculum--Health/Nutrition Education Curriculum--Home Economics Curriculum--International Education Curriculum--Language Arts Curriculum--Language Arts--Writing/Spelling Curriculum--Mathematics Curriculum--Multicultural Curriculum--Physical Education Curriculum--Science Curriculum--Sex Education Curriculum--Social Studies/History Curriculum--Speech Education Data-Driven Improvement Demographics Demographics--Condition of Children/Adults Demographics--Enrollments Desegregation Economic/Workforce Development Education Research Equity Federal Finance Finance--Adequacy/Core Cost Finance--Aid to Private Schools Finance--Bonds Finance--District Finance--Does Money Matter? Finance--Equity Finance--Facilities Finance--Federal Finance--Funding Formulas Finance--Litigation Finance--Local Foundations/Funds Finance--Lotteries Finance--Performance Funding Finance--Private Giving Finance--Resource Efficiency Finance--State Budgets/Expenditures Finance--Student Fees Finance--Taxes/Revenues Finance--Taxes/Revenues--Alternative Revenues Governance Governance--Deregulation/Waivers/Home Rule Governance--Ethics/Conflict of Interest Governance--Mandates Governance--Regional Entities Governance--School Boards Governance--School Boards--Training Governance--Site-Based Management Governance--State Boards/Chiefs/Agencies Health Health--Child Abuse Health--Mental Health Health--Nutrition Health--School Based Clinics or School Nurses Health--Suicide Prevention Health--Teen Pregnancy High School High School--Advanced Placement High School--College Readiness High School--Credit Recovery High School--Dropout Rates/Graduation Rates High School--Dual/Concurrent Enrollment High School--Early Colleges/Middle Colleges High School--Exit Exams High School--GED (General Education Development) High School--Graduation Requirements High School--International Baccalaureate Instructional Approaches Instructional Approaches--Constructivism Instructional Approaches--Grading Practices Instructional Approaches--Homeschooling Instructional Approaches--Homework/Study Skills Instructional Approaches--Official English Instructional Approaches--Problem Based Learning Instructional Approaches--Single-Sex Education Instructional Approaches--Time/Time on Task Instructional Approaches--Tracking/Ability Grouping Integrated Services/Full-Service Schools International Benchmarking Leadership Leadership--District Superintendent CA Signed into law 07/2012 P-12 Evaluation of Appointed Administrator for Emergency Apportionment District A.B. 2278 From bill summary: Authorizes the governing board of a qualifying district, after one complete fiscal year has elapsed following the distric... More... PA Signed into law 07/2012 P-12 Superintendent Contracts H.B. 1307 - Multiple Provisions Requires written contracts of employment for district superintendents and assistant superintendents and details mandatory requirements of th... More... OK Signed into law 06/2012 P-12 Superintendent Certification and Moratorium on National Board Certification Bonuses H.B. 2790 Extends the moratorium on National Board certification bonuses for newly certified teachers another year. The state board will not provide a... More... TN Signed into law 06/2012 P-12 Local Superintendents, Assistant Superintendents H.B. 1901 - Sections 1003, 1073, 1076-1078, 1080 & 2104 Sec. 1003 requires the Department of Education, upon request, to confirm an individual satisfies the eligibility requirements for election o... More... CT Signed into law 05/2012 P-12 Acting Superintendent Term Limits S.B. 458 (Sec. 58) Extends the maximum duration of an acting superintendent's appointment from a specified period of up to 90 days, with commissioner... More... GA Signed into law 05/2012 P-12 Administrator Contracts, RIFs, Furlough Days S.B. 153 Replaces reference to "principal" with reference to "administrator" in certain provisions pertaining to actions to terminate or suspend a sc... More... GA Signed into law 05/2012 P-12 Professional Learning Rules Task Force S.B. 184 - Professional Learning Rules Task Force Section 1: Directs the department of education to establish the Professional Learning Rules Task Force to review state board professional le... More... GA Signed into law 04/2012 P-12 Oath of Office for Local Superintendent H.B. 706 - Oath of Office for Local Superintendent Prior language required each county school superintendent to take an oath of office. New language replaces reference to "county school super... More... LA Signed into law 04/2012 P-12 Local Superintendent, School Board and Principal Responsibilities, Authority H.B. 974 Requires performance contracts for local superintendents in districts that receive a C, D or F grade. The contracts must establish performan... More... MS Signed into law 04/2012 P-12 Terminated or Nonrenewed School Superintendent cannot Request a Hearing S.B. 2176 Amend Mississippi code to delete the right of a terminated or nonrenewed school superintendent to request a hearing before the school board ... More... IN Signed into law 03/2012 P-12 Public Notice Regarding Hiring of Employees H.B. 1205 Requires a school corporation to give public notice and hold a public meeting pertaining to a proposed superintendent employment contract. P... More... UT Signed into law 03/2012 P-12 Educator Evaluation S.B. 64 - Educator Evaluation Requires each district employee to be evaluated annually in accordance with state board rules. Requires provisional or probationary educator... More... AR Adopted 02/2012 P-12 Establishes the Superintendent Mentoring Program AR ADC 005.16.17-1.00 to AR ADC005.16.17-7.00 Requires, beginning with the 2011-2012 school year, that any first-year superintendent complete the superintendent mentoring program within ... More... CA Signed into law 10/2011 P-12 Retirees' Return to Work S.B. 349 Makes numerous changes to retirement provisions, including permitting a retired member of the State Teachers' Retirement System (STRS), purs... More... MI Signed into law 07/2011 P-12 Intermediate School District Superintendent May Simultaneously Lead Local School District H.B. 4232 Encourages the faithful performance of official duties by certain public officers and public employees. Prohibits a public officer or public... More... MI Signed into law 07/2011 P-12 Intermediate School District Superintendents H.B. 4233 Allows a school district, instead of directly employing a superintendent of schools, to contract with its intermediate school district (ISD)... More... MI Signed into law 07/2011 P-12 Intermediate School District Superintendent H.B. 4234 Amends state law prohibiting a public servant from being a party to any contract between himself/herself and the public entity of which he/s... More... MI Signed into law 07/2011 P-12 Teacher and Administrator Evaluation/Governor's Council on Educator Effectiveness H.B. 4627 From Legislative Staff Summary - Specifies provisions that must apply to personnel decisions concerning teachers when a school district or i... More... TX Signed into law 07/2011 P-12 Superintendent Contracts in Districts Undergoing Reduction in Force S.B. 8 - Superintendent Contracts in Districts Undergoing Reduction in Force On the basis of a declared financial exigency that requires a reduction in personnel, authorizes a district board of trustees to amend the t... More... AL To governor 06/2011 P-12 Filling Superintendent Vacancies H.B. 455 Relates to the posting of notices of vacancies in the positions of appointed county superintendent of education and appointed city superinte... More... AR Signed into law 03/2011 P-12 Superintendent Mentoring Program S.B. 344 Directs the Department of Education to develop and sponsor a superintendent mentoring program for first-year superintendents that includes: ... More... GA Adopted 03/2011 P-12 Performance-Based Coaching Programs H.R. 491 Strongly encourages the development of performance-based coaching programs that are designed for principals and district administrators to i... More... IL Signed into law 08/2010 P-12 Qualifications for an administrative certificate S.B. 3681 - Section 105 ILCS 5/21-7.1 Amends qualifications for an administrative certificate. Provides that a candidate may possess either a master's degree or its equivalent. ... More... IL Signed into law 07/2010 P-12 Superintendent and Chief School Business Official Endorsements S.B. 2537 Provides that one of the paths by which an administrative certificate recipient may also earn the chief school business official endorsement... More... CT Signed into law 05/2010 P-12 Superintendent Certificate Reciprocity S.B. 438 - Sec. 2 Permits the commissioner of education to, upon request of a local or regional board of education, grant a waiver of certification to a perso... More... GA Signed into law 05/2010 P-12 Local Board Members and Local Superintendents S.B. 84 Requires local board member who moves out of local board jurisdiction to notify the local board secretary within 10 days of such move. Allow... More... AL Signed into law 03/2010 P-12 Postsec. Community College Vacancies in Leadership Positions H.B. 79 Amends Sections 16-4-1.1 and 16-60-111.1. Requires the state board to post a vacancy notice for the position of state superintendent of educ... More... TX Adopted 10/2009 P-12 Superintendent Certificate 19 TAC 7.242.242.1, .5, .10, .15, .20, .25, .30 Amends rules that provide for the establishment of requirements for the issuance and renewal of the superintendent certificate. Pages 6-7 of... More... IL Signed into law 08/2009 P-12 Leadership of Districts in Financial Trouble H.B. 2674 Authorizes a district under the authority of a Financial Oversight Panel to appoint a district superintendent with a specified certification... More... IL Signed into law 08/2009 P-12 Salary and Collective Bargaining Information S.B. 2270 Requires school districts to post on their Web site an itemized salary compensation report for every administrative employee in the district... More... NY Signed into law 08/2009 P-12 Community Superintendents A.B. 8903 - Community Superintendents Amends provisions regarding community superintendents in New York City. Clarifies that a community superintendent's delegation of powers or ... More... NY Signed into law 08/2009 P-12 New York City Schools Chancellor A.B. 8903 - New York City Schools Chancellor Adds to the powers and duties of the New York City Schools chancellor, authorizing the chancellor to: --Prepare an educational impact state... More... OH Signed into law 07/2009 P-12 Education Standards Board Subcommittees H.B. 1 - Section 3319.611, 3319.612, and 3319.63 3319.611: Establishes the subcommittee on standards for superintendents of the education standards board (ESB). Establishes subcommittee mem... More... OH Signed into law 07/2009 P-12 Educator Standards Board H.B. 1 - Section 3319.60, 3319.61 Amends the membership of the educator standards board (ESB). Specifies that board membership must reflect the diversity of the state in term... More... GA Signed into law 05/2009 P-12 Anti-Nepotism Provisions H.B. 251 Section 2 Defines immediate family member. Effective with local board members elected or appointed after July 2009, bars an individual who has an imme... More... LA Signed into law 06/2008 P-12 Duties of a Superintendent H.B. 306 Makes provisions relative to certain duties of a local public school superintendent, including but not limited to serving as school board se... More... AL Vetoed 05/2008 P-12 Posting Notices of Vacant Positions H.B. 222 Requires the posting of notices of vacancies in the offices of State Superintendent of Education, county superintendent of education, city s... More... GA Adopted 12/2007 P-12 Teacher Certification GAC 505-2-.10, -.26, -.96, -.150, -.166, -.167, -.202,-.300, -.350, -.351, -.352, -.353, - .354, -.355; 505-3-.62, -.63 505-2-.10: Adds provisions and clarification for National Guard personnel to apply for JROTC instructor positions, which is now authorized b... More... PA Signed into law 07/2007 P-12 Leadership H.B. 842, Sections on Leadership Section 3 is amended to require that any superintendent candidate has completed a program that included the Pennsylvania leadership standard... More... IL Signed into law 06/2006 P-12 Duties of School Boards H.B. 4310 Requires school board members other than of the Chicago Board of Education to take an oath of office. Sets forth the contents of that oath. ... More... OK Signed into law 05/2006 P-12 Superintendent Residency S.B. 1291 Authorizes district school boards to establish a policy for superintendent residency. http://webserver1.lsb.state.ok.us/2005-06bills/SB/sb12... More... VT Signed into law 05/2006 P-12 Student and Parent Awareness H.B. 538 Directs the commissioner of education to send annually to each superintendent a list of information that schools must provide to the elector... More... LA Signed into law 07/2005 P-12 Employment and Removal of Superintendent H.B. 429 Relative to the employment and removal of a superintendent of schools by a local public school board, provides for such employment pursuant ... More... AR Signed into law 03/2005 P-12 Educational Financial Accounting and Reporting H.B. 1568 Expands upon the Arkansas Educational Financial Accounting and Reporting Act of 2004. Requires charter schools to follow the financial repor... More... KY Signed into law 04/2004 P-12 Education Professional Standards Board H.B. 152 Updates language relating to a superintendent's certificate and the role of the Education Professional Standards Board; clarifies timelines,... More... NY Signed into law 11/2003 P-12 Salary Cap for a District Superintendent S.B. 4452 Relates to setting of salary cap for a district superintendent beginning in 2003-2004 which is either 106% of the cap in the preceding year ... More... OK Signed into law 05/2003 P-12 H.B. 1438 The requirements for a certificate for superintendents and principal are to include not less than completion of a standard master's degree, ... More... NM Signed into law 03/2003 P-12 Duties of the Superintendent H.B. 212 (Omnibus Bill) Adds Section 22-5-14. Specifies that the superintendent is the CEO of the district. Duties are to carry out policies and rules of the stat... More... UT Signed into law 03/2003 P-12 Non-Traditional Superintendents H.B. 149 Relates to school district administrator amendments; allows a local board to hire a superintendent with outstanding professional qualificati... More... AZ Signed into law 05/2002 P-12 Duties and Powers of County Superintendent H.B. 2284 Designates the office of county school superintendent as a local education service agency that is eligible to provide programs to school dis... More... ME Public Law No. 04/2002 P-12 Duties of Board Members and Superintendents S.B. 791 Relates to the local governance of school administrative units; clarify that the primary role and responsibilities of school board members a... More... TN Signed into law 04/2002 P-12 Transfer of Employees S.B. 2175 Provides that the Director of Schools rather than the board of education would have the authority to transfer teachers from one position to ... More... VA Signed into law 03/2002 P-12 Superintendent Contracts H.B. 434, S.B. 439 Makes the implementation of any superintendent resignation, retirement, or other financial package and contract negotiation or renegotiation... More... TN Signed into law 05/2001 P-12 Hiring of Superintendents H.B. 389 Requires boards of education to announce when applications for superintendent are to be submitted and when superintendent will be employed. ... More... WY Signed into law 02/2001 P-12 Superintendents Exempt From Requirements S.B. 126 Exempts district superintendents from certification requirements by the Wyoming professional teaching standards board.... More... KY Signed into law 04/2000 P-12 Superintendent Contracts H.B. 420 Permits a local board to enter into a contract with a superintendent of schools for a term of no more than 3 years that is extended annually... More... Leadership--District Superintendent--Compensation and Diversified Pay Leadership--Principal/School Leadership Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Certification and Licensure Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Compensation and Diversified Pay Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Evaluation and Effectiveness Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Induction Programs and Mentoring Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Preparation Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Preparation--Alternative Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Professional Development Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Recruitment and Retention Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Tenure Middle School Minority/Diversity Issues Minority/Diversity Issues--African American Minority/Diversity Issues--American Indian / Alaska Native / Native Hawaiian Minority/Diversity Issues--Hispanic No Child Left Behind No Child Left Behind--Adequate Yearly Progress No Child Left Behind--Assessment No Child Left Behind--Choice/Transfer No Child Left Behind--Consequences for Schools No Child Left Behind--Finance No Child Left Behind--Parent Involvement No Child Left Behind--Reauthorization Issues/Waivers No Child Left Behind--Report Cards No Child Left Behind--School Support No Child Left Behind--Special Populations No Child Left Behind--Supplemental Services Online Learning--Digital/Blended Learning Online Learning--Virtual Schools/Courses P-16 or P-20 P-3 P-3 Brain Development P-3 Child Care P-3 Content Standards and Assessment P-3 Data Systems P-3 Early Intervention (0-3) P-3 Ensuring Quality P-3 Evaluation/Economic Benefits P-3 Family Involvement P-3 Finance P-3 Governance P-3 Grades 1-3 P-3 Health and Mental Health P-3 Kindergarten P-3 Kindergarten--Full-Day Kindergarten P-3 Kindergarten--Full Day Kindergarten P-3 Preschool P-3 Public/Private Partnerships P-3 Special Ed./Inclusion P-3 Teaching Quality/Professional Development Parent/Family Parent/Family--Parent Rights Parent/Family--Research Partnerships--University/School Postsecondary Postsecondary Accountability Postsecondary Accountability--Accreditation Postsecondary Accountability--Diploma Mills Postsecondary Accountability--Licensing/Program Review and Approval Postsecondary Accountability--Student Learning Postsecondary Affordability Postsecondary Affordability--Financial Aid Postsecondary Affordability--Textbooks Postsecondary Affordability--Tuition/Fees Postsecondary Affordability--Tuition/Fees--Prepd/College Savings Plans Postsecondary Affordability--Tuition/Fees--Undocumented Immigrants Postsecondary Faculty Postsecondary Faculty--Compensation Postsecondary Faculty--Intellectual Property Postsecondary Faculty--Teaching Assistants Postsecondary Faculty--Tenure Postsecondary Finance Postsecondary Finance--Efficiency/Performance-Based Funding Postsecondary Finance--Facilities Postsecondary Finance--Revenue and Expenditures Postsecondary Governance and Structures Postsecondary Governance and Structures--Administrative/Leadership Issues Postsecondary Governance and Structures--State Executives/State Agencies Postsecondary Institutions Postsecondary Institutions--Community/Technical Colleges Postsecondary Institutions--For-Profit/Proprietary Postsecondary Institutions--Four-Year Baccalaureate Postsecondary Institutions--HBCUs/Minority-Serving Institutions Postsecondary Institutions--Private/Independent Postsecondary Online Instruction Postsecondary Participation Postsecondary Participation--Access Postsecondary Participation--Admissions Requirements Postsecondary Participation--Affirmative Action Postsecondary Participation--Enrollments (Statistics) Postsecondary Participation--Outreach Postsecondary Students Postsecondary Students--Adults Postsecondary Students--Disabled Postsecondary Students--Foster Youth Postsecondary Students--Graduate/Professional Postsecondary Students--International Postsecondary Students--Low-Income Postsecondary Students--Military Postsecondary Students--Minority Postsecondary Success Postsecondary Success--Completion Postsecondary Success--Completion--Completion Rates (Statistics) Postsecondary Success--Developmental/Remediation Postsecondary Success--Retention/Persistence Postsecondary Success--Transfer/Articulation Private Schools Privatization Privatization--Education Management Agencies (EMOs) Proficiency-Based Approaches Promising Practices Promotion/Retention Public Involvement Purposes of Public Education Reading/Literacy Reading/Literacy--Adult Literacy Religion Religion--Prayer/Meditation Religion--Scientific Creationism (Evolution) Rural Scheduling/School Calendar Scheduling/School Calendar--Day/Class Length Scheduling/School Calendar--Extended Day Programs Scheduling/School Calendar--Summer School Scheduling/School Calendar--Week Scheduling/School Calendar--Year Scheduling/School Calendar--Year Round School Climate/Culture School Safety School Safety--Bullying Prevention/Conflict Resolution School Safety--Code of Conduct School Safety--Corporal Punishment School Safety--Disaster/Emergency Preparedness School Safety--Expulsion/Suspension School Safety--No Child Left Behind--Safe Schools School Safety--Sexual Harassment and Assault School Safety--Special Education School Safety--Uniforms/Dress Codes School/District Structure/Operations School/District Structure/Operations--District Consolidation/Deconsolidation School/District Structure/Operations--District Size School/District Structure/Operations--Facilities School/District Structure/Operations--Food Service School/District Structure/Operations--Libraries School/District Structure/Operations--Org. (K-3/K-8 etc.) School/District Structure/Operations--Personnel (Non-Teaching) School/District Structure/Operations--School Size School/District Structure/Operations--Shared Services School/District Structure/Operations--Staffing Ratios School/District Structure/Operations--Transportation Service-Learning Special Education Special Education--Federal Law/Regulations Special Education--Finance Special Education--Inclusion (Mainstreaming) Special Education--Placement Special Education--Transition Special Populations--Corrections Education Special Populations--Foster Care Special Populations--Gifted and Talented Special Populations--Homeless Education Special Populations--Immigrant Education Special Populations--Migrant Education Special Populations--Military Standards Standards--Common Core State Standards Standards--Implementation State Comparisons/Statistics State Longitudinal Data Systems State Policymaking State Policymaking--Ballot Questions State Policymaking--Constitutional Clauses State Policymaking--Politics State Policymaking--Task Forces/Commissions STEM Student Achievement Student Achievement--Closing the Achievement Gap Student Achievement--State Trends Student Supports--Counseling/Guidance Student Supports--Mentoring/Tutoring Student Supports--Remediation Student Surveys Students Students--Athletics/Extracurricular Activities Students--Employment Students--Incentives Students--K-12 Exchange Students Students--Mobility Students--Records/Rights Teaching Quality Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Alternative Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Assignment Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Highly Qualified Teachers Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Natl. Bd. for Prof. Teach. Stds. Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Special Education Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--State Prof. Standards Bds. Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Substitute Teachers Teaching Quality--Compensation and Diversified Pay Teaching Quality--Compensation and Diversified Pay--Pay-for-Performance Teaching Quality--Compensation and Diversified Pay--Retirement/Benefits Teaching Quality--Evaluation and Effectiveness Teaching Quality--Induction Programs and Mentoring Teaching Quality--Paraprofessionals Teaching Quality--Preparation Teaching Quality--Professional Development Teaching Quality--Recruitment and Retention Teaching Quality--Recruitment and Retention--At-Risk Schools Teaching Quality--Recruitment and Retention--High-Needs Subjects Teaching Quality--Reduction in Force Teaching Quality--Teacher Attitudes Teaching Quality--Teacher Contracts (Not Tenure) Teaching Quality--Teacher Rights Teaching Quality--Tenure or Continuing Contract Teaching Quality--Unions/Collective Bargaining Teaching Quality--Unions/Collective Bargaining--Strikes Teaching Quality--Working Conditions Technology Technology--Computer Skills Technology--Devices/Software/Hardware Technology--Equitable Access Technology--Funding Issues Technology--Internet Safety Technology--Research/Evaluation Technology--Teacher/Faculty Training Textbooks and Open Source Urban Urban--Change/Improvements Urban--Governance Whole-School Reform Models Whole Child