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From the ECS State Policy Database 1994-2013

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Education Commission of the States • 700 Broadway, Suite 810 • Denver, CO 80203-3442 • 303.299.3600 • fax 303.296.8332 • www.ecs.org

The following summary includes policies ECS has tracked in this database since 1994. This database is made possible by your state's fiscal support of the Education Commission of the States (ECS). Most entries are legislative, although rules/regulations and executive orders that make substantive changes are included. Every effort is made to collect the latest available version of policies; in some instances, recent changes might not be reflected. For expediency purposes minimal attention has been paid to style (capitalization, punctuation) and format. To view the documents, click on the blue triangle next to the topic of interest. Please cite use of the database as: Education Commission of the States (ECS) State Policy Database, retrieved [date]. State Status/Date Level Summary 21st Century Skills Accountability Accountability--Accreditation Accountability--Measures/Indicators Accountability--Reporting Results Accountability--Rewards Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions--Learnfare Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions--No Pass No Drive Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions--No Pass No Play Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions--Takeovers Accountability--School Improvement Adult Basic Education Assessment Assessment--Accommodations Assessment--College Entrance Exams Assessment--Computer Based Assessment--End-of-Course Assessment--Formative/Interim Assessment--High Stakes/Competency Assessment--Legal Issues Assessment--NAEP (NAEP Results and NAEP Organization) Assessment--Performance Based/Portfolio Assessment--Value Added At-Risk (incl. Dropout Prevention) At-Risk (incl. Dropout Prevention)--Alternative Education At-Risk (incl. Dropout Prevention)--Drugs/Alcohol Attendance Attendance--Compulsory Attendance--Statutory Ages (Upper and Lower) Attendance--Truancy Background Checks Bilingual/ESL Brain Research Business Involvement Career/Technical Education Career/Technical Education--Career Academies/Apprenticeship Cheating Choice of Schools Choice of Schools--Charter Schools Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Charter Districts Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Closings Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Cyber Charters Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Finance Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Research Choice of Schools--Choice/Open Enrollment Choice of Schools--Choice/Open Enrollment--Research Choice of Schools--Innovation Schools Choice of Schools--Magnet or Specialized Schools Choice of Schools--Tax Credits Choice of Schools--Vouchers Choice of Schools--Vouchers--Privately Funded Civic Education Civic Education--Character Education Civic Education--Civic Knowledge and Literacy Civic Education--Curriculum/Standards Civic Education--Pledge of Allegiance Class Size Curriculum Curriculum--Alignment Curriculum--Arts Education Curriculum--Censorship Curriculum--Core Curriculum Curriculum--Drivers Education Curriculum--Environmental Education Curriculum--Excusal Curriculum--Family Living Education Curriculum--Financial Literacy/Economics Ed. Curriculum--Foreign Language/Sign Language Curriculum--Geography Education Curriculum--Health/Nutrition Education Curriculum--Home Economics Curriculum--International Education Curriculum--Language Arts Curriculum--Language Arts--Writing/Spelling Curriculum--Mathematics Curriculum--Multicultural Curriculum--Physical Education Curriculum--Science Curriculum--Sex Education Curriculum--Social Studies/History Curriculum--Speech Education Data-Driven Improvement Demographics Demographics--Condition of Children/Adults Demographics--Enrollments Desegregation Economic/Workforce Development Education Research Equity Federal Finance Finance--Adequacy/Core Cost Finance--Aid to Private Schools Finance--Bonds Finance--District Finance--Does Money Matter? Finance--Equity Finance--Facilities Finance--Federal Finance--Funding Formulas Finance--Litigation Finance--Local Foundations/Funds Finance--Lotteries Finance--Performance Funding Finance--Private Giving Finance--Resource Efficiency Finance--State Budgets/Expenditures Finance--Student Fees Finance--Taxes/Revenues Finance--Taxes/Revenues--Alternative Revenues Governance Governance--Deregulation/Waivers/Home Rule Governance--Ethics/Conflict of Interest Governance--Mandates Governance--Regional Entities Governance--School Boards Governance--School Boards--Training Governance--Site-Based Management Governance--State Boards/Chiefs/Agencies Health Health--Child Abuse Health--Mental Health Health--Nutrition Health--School Based Clinics or School Nurses Health--Suicide Prevention Health--Teen Pregnancy High School High School--Advanced Placement High School--College Readiness High School--Credit Recovery High School--Dropout Rates/Graduation Rates High School--Dual/Concurrent Enrollment High School--Early Colleges/Middle Colleges High School--Exit Exams High School--GED (General Education Development) High School--Graduation Requirements High School--International Baccalaureate Instructional Approaches Instructional Approaches--Constructivism Instructional Approaches--Grading Practices Instructional Approaches--Homeschooling Instructional Approaches--Homework/Study Skills Instructional Approaches--Official English Instructional Approaches--Problem Based Learning Instructional Approaches--Single-Sex Education Instructional Approaches--Time/Time on Task Instructional Approaches--Tracking/Ability Grouping Integrated Services/Full-Service Schools International Benchmarking Leadership Leadership--District Superintendent Leadership--District Superintendent--Compensation and Diversified Pay Leadership--Principal/School Leadership Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Certification and Licensure Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Compensation and Diversified Pay Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Evaluation and Effectiveness VA To governor 02/2013 P-12 School personnel evaluation policies and grievance procedures. S.B. 1223 Makes several changes to the processes by which teachers and certain administrators are evaluated and to the grievance procedure process. Re... More... CA Signed into law 09/2012 P-12 Principal Evaluations S.B. 1292 From bill summary: Authorizes a district to evaluate a principal annually for the principal's first and second year of employment as a new p... More... LA Adopted 09/2012 P-12 Evaluation and Assessment of Teachers and Administrators LAC 28:CXLVII.105, 301, 305, 307, 309, 311, 319, 321, 323, 325, 701, 901, 903, and 905 Makes various changes to align the evaluation of school personnel with Act 54 of the 2010 Regular Legislative Session, including: (1) Clarif... More... NM Adopted 08/2012 P-12 Teacher and School Leader Effectiveness 6.69.8 NMAC Adds new rule: 6.69.8 NMAC 'Teacher and School Leader Effectiveness,' which is intended to establish uniform procedures for conducting annua... More... IL Adopted 06/2012 P-12 Evaluation of Certified Employees Under Articles 24A and 34 of the School Code 23 IL ADC 50.10, 20, 30, 100, 110, 120, 140, 200, 300, 310, 320, 330, 400, 410, 420; 23 IL ADC 50.App. A From Illinois Register: Sets forth the minimum requirements for both student growth and professional practice that all school districts must... More... MA Signed into law 06/2012 P-12 Teacher and Principal Evaluation Systems S.B. 2315 Requires the State Board to establish and maintain a data system for the purpose of assessing the effectiveness of district evaluation syste... More... NY Signed into law 06/2012 P-12 Public Reporting of Teacher/Principal Performance Review Results S.B. 7792 Directs each district and board of cooperative educational services (BOCES) to release to the public and the department of education the qua... More... OH Signed into law 06/2012 P-12 Assistant Principal Evaluations S.B. 316 - Assistant Principal Evaluations Clarifies that evaluation procedures for assistant principals must be based on principles comparable to the teacher evaluation policy adopte... More... PA Signed into law 06/2012 P-12 Rating Tool for Professional School Staff H.B. 1901 - Section 1123 Section 1123 requires the Secretary of Education--by June 30, 2013--to create a rating tool to measure the performance of professional staff... More... CT Signed into law 05/2012 P-12 Teacher and Admin Evaluations S.B. 458 (Sec. 51) Expands the requirements for the guidelines for the state model evaluation program for teachers and school administrators to inclu... More... IA Signed into law 05/2012 P-12 Teacher and Administrator Matters S.B. 2284 -- Division III This section relates to teacher reviews, professional development, and administrator evaluations. Creates three new task forces: Statewide E... More... LA Adopted 05/2012 P-12 Teacher and Administrator Evaluations LAC 28:CXLVII.Chapters 1-9 From May 2012 Louisiana Register: Act 54 of the 2010 Regular Legislative Session required that BESE develop, adopt, and promulgate all rules... More... AZ Signed into law 04/2012 P-12 Teacher/Principal Evaluations H.B. 2823 Requires the State Board to adopt four state performance classifications (highly effective, effective, developing, ineffective) and guidelin... More... GA Signed into law 04/2012 P-12 Deadline for Annual Performance Evaluations H.B. 706 - Deadline for Annual Performance Evaluations Eliminates a deadline for annual performance evaluations (continues to require annual performance evaluations, but eliminates requirement th... More... ME Signed into law 04/2012 P-12 Effective Teaching and School Leadership H.P. 1376 Requires school administrative units to develop and implement comprehensive performance evaluation and professional growth systems for teach... More... MN Signed into law 04/2012 P-12 Principal Evaluation - Data Component H.F. 2949 Requires that longitudinal student growth data account for 35% of a principal's annual evaluation. Article 2, Sec.8, Sub.3 https://www.revis... More... MS Signed into law 04/2012 P-12 Annual Evaluation of School Superintendents H.B. 447 Requires the local school board to conduct an annual comprehensive evaluation of the school superintendent consistent with the assessment co... More... WI Signed into law 04/2012 P-12 Multiple Sections: Educator Effectiveness and Preparation Program Effectiveness S.B. 461 Requires that beginning July 1, 2012, each teacher preparatory program in the state submit to the department a list of individuals who have ... More... NY Signed into law 03/2012 P-12 Portion of State Funding Contingent on Adoption of Teacher and Principal Evaluation Process A.B. 9057 - Portion of State Funding Contingent on Adoption of Teacher and Principal Evaluation Process Part A, Section 1: Requires a school district, to be eligible for an apportionment of general support for public schools from the funds appr... More... SD Signed into law 03/2012 P-12 Teacher and Principal Evaluations H.B. 1234 Provides that beginning in the 2014-2015 school year, any public school district seeking state accreditation must evaluate each certified te... More... UT Signed into law 03/2012 P-12 Educator Evaluation S.B. 64 - Educator Evaluation Requires each district employee to be evaluated annually in accordance with state board rules. Requires provisional or probationary educator... More... UT Signed into law 03/2012 P-12 Administrator Evaluation and Compensation S.B. 64 - Administrator Evaluation and Compensation Defines "district administrator" and "school administrator". Directs the state board to adopt rules establishing a framework for the evaluat... More... WY Signed into law 03/2012 P-12 District & School Leader Evaluation S.F. 57 Directs state board to measure year-to-year changes in student achievement and link performance to school and district leaders, including pr... More... CO Signed into law 02/2012 P-12 Evaluation of Educator Effectiveness H.B. 1001 Senate Bill 10-191, enacted in 2010, requires the general assembly to review and approve the rules adopted by the state board of education i... More... MI Signed into law 07/2011 P-12 Teacher and Administrator Evaluation/Governor's Council on Educator Effectiveness H.B. 4627 From Legislative Staff Summary - Specifies provisions that must apply to personnel decisions concerning teachers when a school district or i... More... MN Signed into law 07/2011 P-12 Principal Evaluation H.F. 26 Requires that a school superintendent perform an annual evaluation of school principals. Directs school districts to develop and implement ... More... MN Signed into law 07/2011 P-12 Performance-based Principal Evaluations H.F. 26 Directs the education commissioner and the associations of elementary and secondary school principals to convene a group of experts and stak... More... NV Signed into law 06/2011 P-12 Teacher and administrator evaluation A.B. 225 Existing law provides that a teacher or administrator must be evaluated at least once each year. Teachers and administrators who have comple... More... NV Signed into law 06/2011 P-12 Teacher and Administrator Evaluations and Employment A.B. 229 Expands the requirements of the annual reports of accountability to include a reporting of the number and percentages of administrators, tea... More... NV Signed into law 06/2011 P-12 Teachers and Leaders Council A.B. 222 Creates the Teachers and Leaders Council of Nevada; prescribing the membership and duties of the Council; requiring the State Board of Educa... More... OH Signed into law 06/2011 P-12 Principal Evaluations H.B. 153 - Principal Evaluations Requires that local board procedures for principal evaluations be based on principles comparable to the teacher evaluation policy adopted by... More... TX Signed into law 06/2011 P-12 Confidentiality of Teacher and Administrator Performance Documents H.B. 2971 Clarifies that the confidentiality of documents evaluating teacher or administrator performance applies to teachers and administrators at op... More... TX Signed into law 06/2011 P-12 Principal Appraisal and Performance Development S.B. 1383 Requires districts to appraise each principal annually. Directs the commissioner to establish by rule and administer a comprehensive princip... More... NM Issued 05/2011 P-12 Postsec. New Mexico Effective Teaching Task Force E.O. 2011-024 Creates the New Mexico Effective Teaching Task Force that is charged with presenting recommendations to the governor regarding how best to m... More... OK Signed into law 05/2011 P-12 Teacher and Leader Effectiveness Evaluation System H.B. 1267 Relates to the Teacher and Leader Effectiveness Evaluation System; changes the Commission from the Oklahoma Race to the Top Commission to th... More... ME Signed into law 04/2011 P-12 Models for Teacher and Principal Evaluations H.P. 317 Expands state law providing that each school district may select and incorporate one or more of the models for evaluation of the professiona... More... FL Signed into law 03/2011 P-12 Teacher and Administrator Evaluations S.B. 736 - Teacher and Administrator Evaluations Enacts the "Student Success Act". Requires each district superintendent to annually report the results of instructional staff and administra... More... OK Signed into law 06/2010 P-12 Dismissal Section S.B. 2033 This section addresses employment status of career teachers (defined in this section), probationary teachers and administrators. A principa... More... AZ Signed into law 05/2010 P-12 Teacher and Principal Evaluations S.B. 1040 Requires the state board of education to adopt and maintain a model framework for a teacher and principal evaluation instrument that includ... More... CO Signed into law 05/2010 P-12 Teacher /Principal Evaluation and Tenure S.B. 191 Calls for the development of a teacher evaluation system in which at least 50% of the evaluation is determined by the academic growth of the... More... NY Signed into law 05/2010 P-12 Teacher and Principal Evaluations and Hearing Procedures A.B. 11171, Section 1-5 From "Summary of Specific Provisions" on Assembly Web site: Section one of the bill would add a new S3012-c of the Education law, establis... More... KY Signed into law 04/2010 P-12 Evaluation of District Superintendents S.B. 178 Relates to evaluation of superintendents of schools. Distinguishes the evaluation requirements for the local superintendent from those for o... More... CO Issued 03/2010 P-12 Governor's Council for Educator Effectiveness Exec. Order B 2010-001 The purpose of the Council is to provide a forum for considering options and providing recommendations to ensure that every educator (teache... More... IL Signed into law 01/2010 P-12 Performance Evaluation Reform Act of 2010 S.B. 315 Amends 105 ILCS 5/2-3.25g. After effective date, bars districts, joint agreements of districts or regional superintendents from seeking a wa... More... MI Signed into law 01/2010 P-12 Teacher and Administrator Evaluation S.B. 981 - Sec. 1249 Part of Michigan's Race to the Top Legislation. Requires local boards of education to work with teachers and administrators to develop a sys... More... TN Signed into law 01/2010 P-12 Tennessee First to the Top Act of 2010 - Teacher-Related Provisions S.B. 7005A - H.B. 7010A Creates a Teacher Evaluation Advisory Committee (TEAC) composed of 15 members, including the Commissioner of Education, the Executive Direct... More... OH Signed into law 07/2009 P-12 Quality of Preparation Programs for Teachers and Other School Personnel H.B. 1 - Section 3301.12, 3301.42, 3333.048 and 3333.048 Partly from DOE summary of H.B. 1: Directs the superintendent of public instruction, jointly with the chancellor of the board of regents, to... More... OH Signed into law 07/2009 P-12 Education Standards Board Subcommittees H.B. 1 - Section 3319.611, 3319.612, and 3319.63 3319.611: Establishes the subcommittee on standards for superintendents of the education standards board (ESB). Establishes subcommittee mem... More... OH Signed into law 07/2009 P-12 Educator Standards Board H.B. 1 - Section 3319.60, 3319.61 Amends the membership of the educator standards board (ESB). Specifies that board membership must reflect the diversity of the state in term... More... IA Adopted 02/2008 P-12 GENERAL ACCREDITATION STANDARDS IAC 281-12.7(256,284,284A), 12.7(1), 12.7(2), 72.9(1), 281-Chapter83, 281-83.1(284,284A), 281- 83.2(284,248A), 281-83.3(284), 83.3(1) through,83.3(4), 281-83.4(284), Implements changes made to the Student Achievement and Teacher Quality program and the Beginning Administration Mentoring and Induction prog... More... IL Adopted 02/2008 P-12 Master Principal Designation 23 IAC 25.10 thru .770 (non seq.) Establishes the requirements for the new "master principal" designation, the last new initiative that was created by the "SAELP legislation'... More... OH Adopted 02/2008 P-12 PERFORMANCE-BASED LICENSURE FOR ADMINISTRATORS OAC 3301-24-09 Rescinded old rules and adopted new rules regarding requirements for performance- based licensure for administrators. A beginning principal ... More... LA Adopted 07/2007 P-12 Standards for Educational Leaders in Louisiana LAC 28:CXXXVII.Chapters 1-5 Creates the Educational Leader Standards guide to identify the knowledge, skills, performances and dispositions of effective educational lea... More... PA Signed into law 07/2007 P-12 Leadership H.B. 842, Sections on Leadership Section 3 is amended to require that any superintendent candidate has completed a program that included the Pennsylvania leadership standard... More... IA Signed into law 04/2007 P-12 School Administrator Standards S.F. 277 (Section 2 and 3) Directs the director of the department of education to develop Iowa standards for school administrators, including knowledge and skill crite... More... NY Signed into law 04/2007 P-12 Student Progress Reports S.B. 2107 - Part A, Section 2 Provides that by July 1, 2008, a student progress report must be prepared for all students. States that the progress report must provide par... More... IL Signed into law 07/2006 P-12 Principal Certification, Mentoring and Evaluation S.B. 860 Requires the state board to establish a new principal mentoring program to allow experienced principals to serve as mentors to new principal... More... IL Signed into law 06/2006 P-12 Duties of School Boards H.B. 4310 Requires school board members other than of the Chicago Board of Education to take an oath of office. Sets forth the contents of that oath. ... More... CO Signed into law 05/2006 P-12 Principal Evaluations and Development H.B. 1001 Concerns principals in public schools; requires the state board of education to direct the department of education annually to survey school... More... GA Signed into law 04/2006 P-12 High Performance Principals S.B. 468 Authorizes the state board to establish a grant program for High Performance Principals to attract successful principals to schools in need ... More... KY Signed into law 04/2006 P-12 Redesigning Leadership Preparation and Professional Development Programs H.J.R. 14 Directs the executive director of the Education Professional Standards Board with the cooperation of the commissioner of education and the p... More... NM Rule Adoption 10/2005 P-12 Performance Evaluation Requirements for Administrators NMAC 6.69.3, 6.69.3.1, 6.69.3.2, 6.69.3.6 Governs performance evaluation requirements for administrators. Identifies specific evaluation/supervision competencies and indicators for a... More... MS Rule Adoption 08/2005 P-12 Validated Personnel Appraisal Instrument Uncodified Amends rules concerning the Validated Personnel Appraisal Instrument for superintendents, central office staff, and principals. Increases th... More... MD (S) THIRD READING PASSED WITH AMENDMENTS (44-2) 04/2005 P-12 Principals - Fellowship and Leadership Development Program H.B. 995 Establishing the statewide Principal Fellowship and Leadership Development Program in the State Department of Education; requiring the Depar... More... MI Signed into law 06/2004 P-12 School Administrator Continuing Education S.B. 1073 Clarifies requirement for school administrator continuing education as occurring each 5-year period following initial employment. http://ww... More... IA Adopted 03/2004 P-12 Superintendent Endorsement 282 IAC 14.142 Clarifies rules to combine the superintendent endorsement with the AEA administrator endorsement and modifies requirements to include nation... More... NM Signed into law 03/2003 P-12 Accountability, Evaluation of Personnel H.B. 212 (Omnibus Bill) Adds Section 22-10A-19. Requires state board to adopt criteria an minimum highly objective uniform statewide standards of evaluation for th... More... MD Signed into law 05/2002 P-12 Baltimore School Board and CEO Requirements, District Bonding, Baltimore Principal Development Program, Environmental Hazards H.B. 853 Increases maximum of aggregate principal amount of bonds outstanding that Baltimore district may hold from $25 million to $75 million. Requi... More... IN Signed into law 05/2001 P-12 Principals' Performance Evaluations S.B. 204 Provides that a school principal's performance evaluation may not be based wholly on Indiana Statewide Testing for Educational Progress (IST... More... OH Signed into law 04/2000 P-12 Evaluation of Administrative Personnel S.B. 77 Makes certain changes concerning the termination, suspension, and evaluation of certain administrative personnel of school districts and edu... More... GA Signed into law 03/2000 P-12 Omnibus Bill - Principal Evaluation H.B. 1187 Principals and assistant principals must be evaluated by a trained evaluator and may be evaluated by the teachers in the school , if require... More... Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Induction Programs and Mentoring Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Preparation Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Preparation--Alternative Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Professional Development Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Recruitment and Retention Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Tenure Middle School Minority/Diversity Issues Minority/Diversity Issues--African American Minority/Diversity Issues--American Indian / Alaska Native / Native Hawaiian Minority/Diversity Issues--Hispanic No Child Left Behind No Child Left Behind--Adequate Yearly Progress No Child Left Behind--Assessment No Child Left Behind--Choice/Transfer No Child Left Behind--Consequences for Schools No Child Left Behind--Finance No Child Left Behind--Parent Involvement No Child Left Behind--Reauthorization Issues/Waivers No Child Left Behind--Report Cards No Child Left Behind--School Support No Child Left Behind--Special Populations No Child Left Behind--Supplemental Services Online Learning--Digital/Blended Learning Online Learning--Virtual Schools/Courses P-16 or P-20 P-3 P-3 Brain Development P-3 Child Care P-3 Content Standards and Assessment P-3 Data Systems P-3 Early Intervention (0-3) P-3 Ensuring Quality P-3 Evaluation/Economic Benefits P-3 Family Involvement P-3 Finance P-3 Governance P-3 Grades 1-3 P-3 Health and Mental Health P-3 Kindergarten P-3 Kindergarten--Full-Day Kindergarten P-3 Kindergarten--Full Day Kindergarten P-3 Preschool P-3 Public/Private Partnerships P-3 Special Ed./Inclusion P-3 Teaching Quality/Professional Development Parent/Family Parent/Family--Parent Rights Parent/Family--Research Partnerships--University/School Postsecondary Postsecondary Accountability Postsecondary Accountability--Accreditation Postsecondary Accountability--Diploma Mills Postsecondary Accountability--Licensing/Program Review and Approval Postsecondary Accountability--Student Learning Postsecondary Affordability Postsecondary Affordability--Financial Aid Postsecondary Affordability--Textbooks Postsecondary Affordability--Tuition/Fees Postsecondary Affordability--Tuition/Fees--Prepd/College Savings Plans Postsecondary Affordability--Tuition/Fees--Undocumented Immigrants Postsecondary Faculty Postsecondary Faculty--Compensation Postsecondary Faculty--Intellectual Property Postsecondary Faculty--Teaching Assistants Postsecondary Faculty--Tenure Postsecondary Finance Postsecondary Finance--Efficiency/Performance-Based Funding Postsecondary Finance--Facilities Postsecondary Finance--Revenue and Expenditures Postsecondary Governance and Structures Postsecondary Governance and Structures--Administrative/Leadership Issues Postsecondary Governance and Structures--State Executives/State Agencies Postsecondary Institutions Postsecondary Institutions--Community/Technical Colleges Postsecondary Institutions--For-Profit/Proprietary Postsecondary Institutions--Four-Year Baccalaureate Postsecondary Institutions--HBCUs/Minority-Serving Institutions Postsecondary Institutions--Private/Independent Postsecondary Online Instruction Postsecondary Participation Postsecondary Participation--Access Postsecondary Participation--Admissions Requirements Postsecondary Participation--Affirmative Action Postsecondary Participation--Enrollments (Statistics) Postsecondary Participation--Outreach Postsecondary Students Postsecondary Students--Adults Postsecondary Students--Disabled Postsecondary Students--Foster Youth Postsecondary Students--Graduate/Professional Postsecondary Students--International Postsecondary Students--Low-Income Postsecondary Students--Military Postsecondary Students--Minority Postsecondary Success Postsecondary Success--Completion Postsecondary Success--Completion--Completion Rates (Statistics) Postsecondary Success--Developmental/Remediation Postsecondary Success--Retention/Persistence Postsecondary Success--Transfer/Articulation Private Schools Privatization Privatization--Education Management Agencies (EMOs) Proficiency-Based Approaches Promising Practices Promotion/Retention Public Involvement Purposes of Public Education Reading/Literacy Reading/Literacy--Adult Literacy Religion Religion--Prayer/Meditation Religion--Scientific Creationism (Evolution) Rural Scheduling/School Calendar Scheduling/School Calendar--Day/Class Length Scheduling/School Calendar--Extended Day Programs Scheduling/School Calendar--Summer School Scheduling/School Calendar--Week Scheduling/School Calendar--Year Scheduling/School Calendar--Year Round School Climate/Culture School Safety School Safety--Bullying Prevention/Conflict Resolution School Safety--Code of Conduct School Safety--Corporal Punishment School Safety--Disaster/Emergency Preparedness School Safety--Expulsion/Suspension School Safety--No Child Left Behind--Safe Schools School Safety--Sexual Harassment and Assault School Safety--Special Education School Safety--Uniforms/Dress Codes School/District Structure/Operations School/District Structure/Operations--District Consolidation/Deconsolidation School/District Structure/Operations--District Size School/District Structure/Operations--Facilities School/District Structure/Operations--Food Service School/District Structure/Operations--Libraries School/District Structure/Operations--Org. (K-3/K-8 etc.) School/District Structure/Operations--Personnel (Non-Teaching) School/District Structure/Operations--School Size School/District Structure/Operations--Shared Services School/District Structure/Operations--Staffing Ratios School/District Structure/Operations--Transportation Service-Learning Special Education Special Education--Federal Law/Regulations Special Education--Finance Special Education--Inclusion (Mainstreaming) Special Education--Placement Special Education--Transition Special Populations--Corrections Education Special Populations--Foster Care Special Populations--Gifted and Talented Special Populations--Homeless Education Special Populations--Immigrant Education Special Populations--Migrant Education Special Populations--Military Standards Standards--Common Core State Standards Standards--Implementation State Comparisons/Statistics State Longitudinal Data Systems State Policymaking State Policymaking--Ballot Questions State Policymaking--Constitutional Clauses State Policymaking--Politics State Policymaking--Task Forces/Commissions STEM Student Achievement Student Achievement--Closing the Achievement Gap Student Achievement--State Trends Student Supports--Counseling/Guidance Student Supports--Mentoring/Tutoring Student Supports--Remediation Student Surveys Students Students--Athletics/Extracurricular Activities Students--Employment Students--Incentives Students--K-12 Exchange Students Students--Mobility Students--Records/Rights Teaching Quality Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Alternative Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Assignment Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Highly Qualified Teachers Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Natl. Bd. for Prof. Teach. Stds. Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Special Education Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--State Prof. Standards Bds. Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Substitute Teachers Teaching Quality--Compensation and Diversified Pay Teaching Quality--Compensation and Diversified Pay--Pay-for-Performance Teaching Quality--Compensation and Diversified Pay--Retirement/Benefits Teaching Quality--Evaluation and Effectiveness Teaching Quality--Induction Programs and Mentoring Teaching Quality--Paraprofessionals Teaching Quality--Preparation Teaching Quality--Professional Development Teaching Quality--Recruitment and Retention Teaching Quality--Recruitment and Retention--At-Risk Schools Teaching Quality--Recruitment and Retention--High-Needs Subjects Teaching Quality--Reduction in Force Teaching Quality--Teacher Attitudes Teaching Quality--Teacher Contracts (Not Tenure) Teaching Quality--Teacher Rights Teaching Quality--Tenure or Continuing Contract Teaching Quality--Unions/Collective Bargaining Teaching Quality--Unions/Collective Bargaining--Strikes Teaching Quality--Working Conditions Technology Technology--Computer Skills Technology--Devices/Software/Hardware Technology--Equitable Access Technology--Funding Issues Technology--Internet Safety Technology--Research/Evaluation Technology--Teacher/Faculty Training Textbooks and Open Source Urban Urban--Change/Improvements Urban--Governance Whole-School Reform Models Whole Child