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From the ECS State Policy Database 1994-2013

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Education Commission of the States • 700 Broadway, Suite 810 • Denver, CO 80203-3442 • 303.299.3600 • fax 303.296.8332 • www.ecs.org

The following summary includes policies ECS has tracked in this database since 1994. This database is made possible by your state's fiscal support of the Education Commission of the States (ECS). Most entries are legislative, although rules/regulations and executive orders that make substantive changes are included. Every effort is made to collect the latest available version of policies; in some instances, recent changes might not be reflected. For expediency purposes minimal attention has been paid to style (capitalization, punctuation) and format. To view the documents, click on the blue triangle next to the topic of interest. Please cite use of the database as: Education Commission of the States (ECS) State Policy Database, retrieved [date]. State Status/Date Level Summary 21st Century Skills Accountability Accountability--Accreditation Accountability--Measures/Indicators Accountability--Reporting Results Accountability--Rewards Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions--Learnfare Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions--No Pass No Drive Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions--No Pass No Play Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions--Takeovers Accountability--School Improvement Adult Basic Education Assessment Assessment--Accommodations Assessment--College Entrance Exams Assessment--Computer Based Assessment--End-of-Course Assessment--Formative/Interim Assessment--High Stakes/Competency Assessment--Legal Issues Assessment--NAEP (NAEP Results and NAEP Organization) Assessment--Performance Based/Portfolio Assessment--Value Added At-Risk (incl. Dropout Prevention) At-Risk (incl. Dropout Prevention)--Alternative Education At-Risk (incl. Dropout Prevention)--Drugs/Alcohol Attendance Attendance--Compulsory Attendance--Statutory Ages (Upper and Lower) Attendance--Truancy Background Checks Bilingual/ESL Brain Research Business Involvement Career/Technical Education Career/Technical Education--Career Academies/Apprenticeship Cheating Choice of Schools Choice of Schools--Charter Schools Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Charter Districts Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Closings Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Cyber Charters Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Finance Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Research Choice of Schools--Choice/Open Enrollment Choice of Schools--Choice/Open Enrollment--Research Choice of Schools--Innovation Schools Choice of Schools--Magnet or Specialized Schools Choice of Schools--Tax Credits Choice of Schools--Vouchers Choice of Schools--Vouchers--Privately Funded Civic Education Civic Education--Character Education Civic Education--Civic Knowledge and Literacy Civic Education--Curriculum/Standards Civic Education--Pledge of Allegiance Class Size Curriculum Curriculum--Alignment Curriculum--Arts Education Curriculum--Censorship Curriculum--Core Curriculum Curriculum--Drivers Education Curriculum--Environmental Education Curriculum--Excusal Curriculum--Family Living Education Curriculum--Financial Literacy/Economics Ed. Curriculum--Foreign Language/Sign Language Curriculum--Geography Education Curriculum--Health/Nutrition Education Curriculum--Home Economics Curriculum--International Education Curriculum--Language Arts Curriculum--Language Arts--Writing/Spelling Curriculum--Mathematics Curriculum--Multicultural Curriculum--Physical Education Curriculum--Science Curriculum--Sex Education Curriculum--Social Studies/History Curriculum--Speech Education Data-Driven Improvement Demographics Demographics--Condition of Children/Adults Demographics--Enrollments Desegregation Economic/Workforce Development Education Research Equity Federal Finance Finance--Adequacy/Core Cost Finance--Aid to Private Schools Finance--Bonds Finance--District Finance--Does Money Matter? Finance--Equity Finance--Facilities Finance--Federal Finance--Funding Formulas Finance--Litigation Finance--Local Foundations/Funds Finance--Lotteries Finance--Performance Funding Finance--Private Giving Finance--Resource Efficiency Finance--State Budgets/Expenditures Finance--Student Fees Finance--Taxes/Revenues Finance--Taxes/Revenues--Alternative Revenues Governance Governance--Deregulation/Waivers/Home Rule Governance--Ethics/Conflict of Interest Governance--Mandates Governance--Regional Entities Governance--School Boards Governance--School Boards--Training Governance--Site-Based Management Governance--State Boards/Chiefs/Agencies Health Health--Child Abuse Health--Mental Health Health--Nutrition Health--School Based Clinics or School Nurses Health--Suicide Prevention Health--Teen Pregnancy High School High School--Advanced Placement High School--College Readiness High School--Credit Recovery High School--Dropout Rates/Graduation Rates High School--Dual/Concurrent Enrollment High School--Early Colleges/Middle Colleges High School--Exit Exams High School--GED (General Education Development) High School--Graduation Requirements High School--International Baccalaureate Instructional Approaches Instructional Approaches--Constructivism Instructional Approaches--Grading Practices Instructional Approaches--Homeschooling Instructional Approaches--Homework/Study Skills Instructional Approaches--Official English Instructional Approaches--Problem Based Learning Instructional Approaches--Single-Sex Education Instructional Approaches--Time/Time on Task Instructional Approaches--Tracking/Ability Grouping Integrated Services/Full-Service Schools International Benchmarking Leadership Leadership--District Superintendent Leadership--District Superintendent--Compensation and Diversified Pay Leadership--Principal/School Leadership Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Certification and Licensure Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Compensation and Diversified Pay Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Evaluation and Effectiveness Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Induction Programs and Mentoring Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Preparation LA Adopted 05/2012 Postsec. Standards for Out-of-State Institutions Wishing to Offer Teacher Education or Education Leadership Programs LAC 28:IX.305 From May 2012 Louisiana Register: Requires licensed educational institutions wishing to offer teacher education or education leadership prog... More... IL Signed into law 08/2011 P-12 Overhaul of Teacher and Administrator Licensure S.B. 1799 Effective June 30, 2012, repeals 105 ILCS 5/21-1a on teacher certification exams. Effective June 30, 2013, repeals statutory provisions on (... More... OR Signed into law 07/2011 P-12 Teacher and Administrator Preparation H.B. 3474 Directs preparation of plan to encourage national board certification for teachers and administrators. Requires creation of comprehensive le... More... TX Signed into law 06/2011 P-12 Principal Appraisal and Performance Development S.B. 1383 Requires districts to appraise each principal annually. Directs the commissioner to establish by rule and administer a comprehensive princip... More... CO Signed into law 05/2011 Postsec. Teacher Preparation Programs S.B. 245 Revises statutes related to teacher preparation and evaluation and expands several sections to include principals. Some areas of revision in... More... AL Adopted 05/2010 P-12 Teacher Leader 290-3-3-52.01 Creates new rules related to Teacher Leader programs. Establishes rationale, criteria for admission to teacher leader programs, teacher lead... More... AL Adopted 05/2010 P-12 Instructional Leadership 290-3-3-53.01 Creates new rules related to Instructional Leadership programs. Establishes rationale, criteria for admission to instructional leader progra... More... AZ Signed into law 04/2010 P-12 Teacher and Administration Preparation Programs H.B. 2298 Requires the state board of education (SBE): (1) To allow a variety of teacher and administrator preparation program providers to offer a va... More... NM Signed into law 03/2010 P-12 Postsec. School Leadership Institute S.B. 85 Creates the School Leadership Institute to provide a comprehensive and cohesive framework for preparing, mentoring and providing professiona... More... TX Partial Rule Adoption 10/2009 P-12 Principal Certificate 19 TAC 7.241.241.1, .5, .10, .15, .20, .25, .30, .35 Amends rules concerning provisions for the issuance and renewal of the principal certificate. Requires a principal or assistant principal em... More... IL Signed into law 08/2009 P-12 Principal Mentoring and Master Principal Designation Program H.B. 737 Amends provisions related to the new principal mentoring program. Provides that principals hired on or after July 1, 2008 may participate in... More... IL Signed into law 07/2009 P-12 Mentoring for New Superintendents S.B. 1276 Requires any individual, with exceptions, who begins serving as a first-time superintendent in the state on or after July 1, 2009 to partici... More... OH Signed into law 07/2009 P-12 Financial Reporting and Minimum Standards H.B. 1 - Section 3301.07 Partially from the DOE summary of H.B. 1:Modifies the current requirement for the state board to develop a standard for reporting financial ... More... OH Signed into law 07/2009 P-12 Quality of Preparation Programs for Teachers and Other School Personnel H.B. 1 - Section 3301.12, 3301.42, 3333.048 and 3333.048 Partly from DOE summary of H.B. 1: Directs the superintendent of public instruction, jointly with the chancellor of the board of regents, to... More... TX Signed into law 06/2009 P-12 School Leadership Pilot Program for Principals H.B. 4435 Clarifies requirement for mandatory participation in the School Leadership Pilot Program for Principals. Specifies that only a principal who... More... TX Signed into law 06/2009 P-12 School Leadership Pilot Program H.B. 3 - Section 9 Clarifies language in Section 11.203 regarding participation in the school leadership pilot program for principals. Specifies that an indivi... More... AL Signed into law 05/2009 P-12 Superintendent Professional Development and Induction S.B. 262 Directs the School Superintendents of Alabama to administer a professional development program for school superintendents of education. Requ... More... WA Signed into law 04/2009 P-12 Professional Development H.B. 2261-Section 401-402, Professional Development Section 401-402 recognizes the important of professional development for teachers, principals and administrators. By January 1, 2010, the pr... More... AR Signed into law 03/2009 P-12 Parental Involvement H.B. 1272 Requires each school's parental involvement plan to provide instruction to parents on how to incorporate developmentally appropriate learnin... More... KY Signed into law 03/2009 P-12 Improving Writing S.B. 1 Section 17 Provides that whereas the quality of writing instruction is directly related to how well teachers are prepared in their teacher preparation ... More... RI Adopted 03/2009 P-12 Standards for Educational Leadership Standards for Educational Leadership Establishes the standards for educational leadership in Rhode Island to provide an outline of the knowledge, skills and dispositions for edu... More... NY Signed into law 08/2008 P-12 S.B. 8497 Requires that each certified school administrator or supervisor assigned on or after September 2, 2009 to be a special education administrat... More... CO Signed into law 05/2008 P-12 School Leadership Academy H.B. 1386 Creates the school leadership academy program within the Department of Education to provide comprehensive leadership and professional traini... More... MS Signed into law 03/2008 P-12 Additional Training of School Board Members in Certain Districts S.B. 2416 Relates to local school board members; increases the annual training requirements for local school board members in districts with failing s... More... IL Adopted 10/2007 P-12 Mentoring Program for New Principals 23 IAC 35.10 thru .70 Creates new sections establishing rules for program created in statute to pair first-year principals with experienced principals in a year-l... More... NC Signed into law 07/2007 P-12 Postsec. Community College Standards for School Administrator Preparation Programs H.B. 536 Directs the State Board of Education to adopt new standards for school administrator preparation programs offered by institutions of higher ... More... PA Signed into law 07/2007 P-12 Leadership H.B. 842, Sections on Leadership Section 3 is amended to require that any superintendent candidate has completed a program that included the Pennsylvania leadership standard... More... OK Signed into law 05/2007 P-12 District Administrator Qualifications H.B. 1477 Revises qualifications necessary for district superintendents. The certification requirements for a superintendent of schools not alternativ... More... AR Signed into law 04/2007 P-12 Training of board members H.B. 2514 Amends the commission on closing the achievement gap in Arkansas to provide training for commission members. Modifies term lengths of commis... More... IA Signed into law 04/2007 P-12 School Administrator Standards S.F. 277 (Section 2 and 3) Directs the director of the department of education to develop Iowa standards for school administrators, including knowledge and skill crite... More... IA Signed into law 04/2007 P-12 Administrator Mentoring and Induction Program S.F. 277 (Section 10) Strikes section 272.9A, which directed the board of educational examiners to adopt rules for administrator professional development programs... More... WA Adopted 04/2007 Postsec. Assessment of Leadership Preparation Programs WAC 181-78A-100, -110, -507, -535 Changes rules and clarifies language for the principal/program administrator professional certificate programs. Provides more specificproces... More... WA Adopted 12/2006 Postsec. Educator Preparation & Certification Programs WAC 181-78A-100, -105, -110 Provides more specific processes and procedures to assess higher education professional educator preparation programs for state approval and... More... KY Adopted 10/2006 P-12 Effective Instructional Leadership Act 704 KAR 3:325 Establishes rules regarding effective Instructional Leadership Act. Regards criteria for the program. http://www.lrc.ky.gov/kar/704/003/325.... More... LA Adopted 08/2006 P-12 Louisiana Educational Leaders Induction (LELI) Program LAC 28:CXV.507 Clarifies eligibility requirements for issuance of Educational Leader certificates allowing more effective implementation of new Educational... More... IL Signed into law 07/2006 P-12 Principal Certification, Mentoring and Evaluation S.B. 860 Requires the state board to establish a new principal mentoring program to allow experienced principals to serve as mentors to new principal... More... IA Signed into law 06/2006 P-12 Beginning Administrator Mentoring and Induction Program H.B. 2792 - Section 28 - 30 Creates a beginning administrator mentoring and induction program to promote excellence in school leadership, improve classroom instruction,... More... CO Signed into law 05/2006 P-12 Principal Evaluations and Development H.B. 1001 Concerns principals in public schools; requires the state board of education to direct the department of education annually to survey school... More... FL Signed into law 05/2006 P-12 School Leader Professional Development H.B. 7087 (Section 63) There is established the William Cecil Golden Professional Development Program for school leaders to provide high standards and sustained su... More... KY Signed into law 04/2006 P-12 Redesigning Leadership Preparation and Professional Development Programs H.J.R. 14 Directs the executive director of the Education Professional Standards Board with the cooperation of the commissioner of education and the p... More... CA 09/2005 P-12 Administrator Training Program H.B. 430 This bill would change the name of the Principal Training Program to the Administrator Training Program and would change the reference "scho... More... MS Rule Adoption 08/2005 P-12 Validated Personnel Appraisal Instrument Uncodified Amends rules concerning the Validated Personnel Appraisal Instrument for superintendents, central office staff, and principals. Increases th... More... AR Signed into law 03/2005 P-12 Educational Financial Accounting and Reporting H.B. 1568 Expands upon the Arkansas Educational Financial Accounting and Reporting Act of 2004. Requires charter schools to follow the financial repor... More... KY Signed into law 03/2005 P-12 Instructional Leadership H.B. 301 Effective July 2006, requires an instructional leader to complete an intensive annual training program of a minimum of 21 hours a year and a... More... OK Emergency Rule Adoption 02/2005 P-12 Alternative Licensure and Certification of Administrative Personnel OAC 210:20-9-188 Establishes emergency rules to identify requirements for individuals seeking alternative certification as a school administrator and adds co... More... CA Signed into law 09/2004 P-12 Principal Training Program A.B. 164 Authorizes training plans for high school principals to include professional development activities that include coaching, mentorship, assis... More... CA Signed into law 09/2004 P-12 Areas of Instruction in the Principal Training Program A.B. 3001 (multiple provisions) SEC. 8: This bill would require that instruction and training in the Principal Training Program run by the state superintendent include inst... More... HI Signed into law 07/2004 P-12 Education Reform H.B. 2002 The education reform in this Act shall be known as the "Reinventing Education Act of 2004." The provisions include (1) establishing a weight... More... MI Signed into law 06/2004 P-12 School Administrator Continuing Education S.B. 1073 Clarifies requirement for school administrator continuing education as occurring each 5-year period following initial employment. http://ww... More... CO Signed by Governor 05/2004 P-12 Educator Licensure H.B. 1104 Concerns educator licensure. Provides requirements for authorization of adjunct instructor, special services intern, emergency applicant, te... More... MI Signed into law 04/2004 P-12 Teacher Fees S.B. 1016 Amends the School Code to expand uses of teacher certification fees to include the teacher and administrator professional development and ot... More... WA Signed into law 03/2004 P-12 Postsec. School District Superintendent Credentialing S.B. 6407 Concerns school district superintendent credential preparation programs; eliminates the requirement that the training for such credential be... More... AR Signed into law 01/2004 P-12 Master School Principal Programs S.B. 46 Improves school performance by creating the master school principal program; provides for annual bonuses for qualified principals serving in... More... MI Signed into law 11/2003 P-12 Principal Leadership Academy H.B. 4714 Establishes a principal leadership academy for training for school principals.... More... NY Rule Adoption 07/2003 P-12 Requirements for Educational Leadership Programs NYCRR 8 52.21 Amends rules improving the preparation of education leaders by establishing new requirements for college programs that prepare school busine... More... OK Signed into law 06/2003 P-12 Oklahoma Commission For Teacher Preparation H.B. 1169 Makes an appropriation to the Oklahoma Commission for Teacher Preparation; states purposes; provides for the budgeting of funds in certain c... More... MS Signed into law 03/2003 P-12 Community College Schools H.B. 744 Changes repealer from 2003 to 2007 on 1) the School Crisis Management Program, 2) the transfer of the industrial and adult short-term traini... More... CO Signed into law 06/2002 P-12 Performance-Based Principal Preparation Programs S.B. 152 Requires the Colorado Commission on Higher Education to approve a plan by July 1, 2003 for establishing the program requirements for princip... More... IA Signed into law 05/2002 P-12 Teacher Induction, Evaluation, Early Retirement Incentives, Administrator Preparation and Certification, Minimum Teacher Salary Requirements, Statewide Career Path Pilot Program H.B. 2549 Requires state board to establish standards for district and area education agency career development programs and for individual teacher ca... More... MD Signed into law 05/2002 P-12 Baltimore School Board and CEO Requirements, District Bonding, Baltimore Principal Development Program, Environmental Hazards H.B. 853 Increases maximum of aggregate principal amount of bonds outstanding that Baltimore district may hold from $25 million to $75 million. Requi... More... MS Signed into law 04/2002 P-12 Extended Day/Year Program Funding, Field Trip Costs, Provision of Staff Development, School Board Member and Principal Development Requirements H.B. 494 Allows any local school district to fund extended day and -year programs for kindergarten or compulsory age students through sources other t... More... MS Signed into law 03/2001 P-12 Administrator Sabbatical Leave Program Extended S.B. 2229 Extends the automatic repealer in the school administrator sabbatical leave program.... More... Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Preparation--Alternative Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Professional Development Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Recruitment and Retention Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Tenure Middle School Minority/Diversity Issues Minority/Diversity Issues--African American Minority/Diversity Issues--American Indian / Alaska Native / Native Hawaiian Minority/Diversity Issues--Hispanic No Child Left Behind No Child Left Behind--Adequate Yearly Progress No Child Left Behind--Assessment No Child Left Behind--Choice/Transfer No Child Left Behind--Consequences for Schools No Child Left Behind--Finance No Child Left Behind--Parent Involvement No Child Left Behind--Reauthorization Issues/Waivers No Child Left Behind--Report Cards No Child Left Behind--School Support No Child Left Behind--Special Populations No Child Left Behind--Supplemental Services Online Learning--Digital/Blended Learning Online Learning--Virtual Schools/Courses P-16 or P-20 P-3 P-3 Brain Development P-3 Child Care P-3 Content Standards and Assessment P-3 Data Systems P-3 Early Intervention (0-3) P-3 Ensuring Quality P-3 Evaluation/Economic Benefits P-3 Family Involvement P-3 Finance P-3 Governance P-3 Grades 1-3 P-3 Health and Mental Health P-3 Kindergarten P-3 Kindergarten--Full-Day Kindergarten P-3 Kindergarten--Full Day Kindergarten P-3 Preschool P-3 Public/Private Partnerships P-3 Special Ed./Inclusion P-3 Teaching Quality/Professional Development Parent/Family Parent/Family--Parent Rights Parent/Family--Research Partnerships--University/School Postsecondary Postsecondary Accountability Postsecondary Accountability--Accreditation Postsecondary Accountability--Diploma Mills Postsecondary Accountability--Licensing/Program Review and Approval Postsecondary Accountability--Student Learning Postsecondary Affordability Postsecondary Affordability--Financial Aid Postsecondary Affordability--Textbooks Postsecondary Affordability--Tuition/Fees Postsecondary Affordability--Tuition/Fees--Prepd/College Savings Plans Postsecondary Affordability--Tuition/Fees--Undocumented Immigrants Postsecondary Faculty Postsecondary Faculty--Compensation Postsecondary Faculty--Intellectual Property Postsecondary Faculty--Teaching Assistants Postsecondary Faculty--Tenure Postsecondary Finance Postsecondary Finance--Efficiency/Performance-Based Funding Postsecondary Finance--Facilities Postsecondary Finance--Revenue and Expenditures Postsecondary Governance and Structures Postsecondary Governance and Structures--Administrative/Leadership Issues Postsecondary Governance and Structures--State Executives/State Agencies Postsecondary Institutions Postsecondary Institutions--Community/Technical Colleges Postsecondary Institutions--For-Profit/Proprietary Postsecondary Institutions--Four-Year Baccalaureate Postsecondary Institutions--HBCUs/Minority-Serving Institutions Postsecondary Institutions--Private/Independent Postsecondary Online Instruction Postsecondary Participation Postsecondary Participation--Access Postsecondary Participation--Admissions Requirements Postsecondary Participation--Affirmative Action Postsecondary Participation--Enrollments (Statistics) Postsecondary Participation--Outreach Postsecondary Students Postsecondary Students--Adults Postsecondary Students--Disabled Postsecondary Students--Foster Youth Postsecondary Students--Graduate/Professional Postsecondary Students--International Postsecondary Students--Low-Income Postsecondary Students--Military Postsecondary Students--Minority Postsecondary Success Postsecondary Success--Completion Postsecondary Success--Completion--Completion Rates (Statistics) Postsecondary Success--Developmental/Remediation Postsecondary Success--Retention/Persistence Postsecondary Success--Transfer/Articulation Private Schools Privatization Privatization--Education Management Agencies (EMOs) Proficiency-Based Approaches Promising Practices Promotion/Retention Public Involvement Purposes of Public Education Reading/Literacy Reading/Literacy--Adult Literacy Religion Religion--Prayer/Meditation Religion--Scientific Creationism (Evolution) Rural Scheduling/School Calendar Scheduling/School Calendar--Day/Class Length Scheduling/School Calendar--Extended Day Programs Scheduling/School Calendar--Summer School Scheduling/School Calendar--Week Scheduling/School Calendar--Year Scheduling/School Calendar--Year Round School Climate/Culture School Safety School Safety--Bullying Prevention/Conflict Resolution School Safety--Code of Conduct School Safety--Corporal Punishment School Safety--Disaster/Emergency Preparedness School Safety--Expulsion/Suspension School Safety--No Child Left Behind--Safe Schools School Safety--Sexual Harassment and Assault School Safety--Special Education School Safety--Uniforms/Dress Codes School/District Structure/Operations School/District Structure/Operations--District Consolidation/Deconsolidation School/District Structure/Operations--District Size School/District Structure/Operations--Facilities School/District Structure/Operations--Food Service School/District Structure/Operations--Libraries School/District Structure/Operations--Org. (K-3/K-8 etc.) School/District Structure/Operations--Personnel (Non-Teaching) School/District Structure/Operations--School Size School/District Structure/Operations--Shared Services School/District Structure/Operations--Staffing Ratios School/District Structure/Operations--Transportation Service-Learning Special Education Special Education--Federal Law/Regulations Special Education--Finance Special Education--Inclusion (Mainstreaming) Special Education--Placement Special Education--Transition Special Populations--Corrections Education Special Populations--Foster Care Special Populations--Gifted and Talented Special Populations--Homeless Education Special Populations--Immigrant Education Special Populations--Migrant Education Special Populations--Military Standards Standards--Common Core State Standards Standards--Implementation State Comparisons/Statistics State Longitudinal Data Systems State Policymaking State Policymaking--Ballot Questions State Policymaking--Constitutional Clauses State Policymaking--Politics State Policymaking--Task Forces/Commissions STEM Student Achievement Student Achievement--Closing the Achievement Gap Student Achievement--State Trends Student Supports--Counseling/Guidance Student Supports--Mentoring/Tutoring Student Supports--Remediation Student Surveys Students Students--Athletics/Extracurricular Activities Students--Employment Students--Incentives Students--K-12 Exchange Students Students--Mobility Students--Records/Rights Teaching Quality Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Alternative Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Assignment Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Highly Qualified Teachers Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Natl. Bd. for Prof. Teach. Stds. Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Special Education Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--State Prof. Standards Bds. Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Substitute Teachers Teaching Quality--Compensation and Diversified Pay Teaching Quality--Compensation and Diversified Pay--Pay-for-Performance Teaching Quality--Compensation and Diversified Pay--Retirement/Benefits Teaching Quality--Evaluation and Effectiveness Teaching Quality--Induction Programs and Mentoring Teaching Quality--Paraprofessionals Teaching Quality--Preparation Teaching Quality--Professional Development Teaching Quality--Recruitment and Retention Teaching Quality--Recruitment and Retention--At-Risk Schools Teaching Quality--Recruitment and Retention--High-Needs Subjects Teaching Quality--Reduction in Force Teaching Quality--Teacher Attitudes Teaching Quality--Teacher Contracts (Not Tenure) Teaching Quality--Teacher Rights Teaching Quality--Tenure or Continuing Contract Teaching Quality--Unions/Collective Bargaining Teaching Quality--Unions/Collective Bargaining--Strikes Teaching Quality--Working Conditions Technology Technology--Computer Skills Technology--Devices/Software/Hardware Technology--Equitable Access Technology--Funding Issues Technology--Internet Safety Technology--Research/Evaluation Technology--Teacher/Faculty Training Textbooks and Open Source Urban Urban--Change/Improvements Urban--Governance Whole-School Reform Models Whole Child