---

From the ECS State Policy Database 1994-2013

---

Education Commission of the States • 700 Broadway, Suite 810 • Denver, CO 80203-3442 • 303.299.3600 • fax 303.296.8332 • www.ecs.org

The following summary includes policies ECS has tracked in this database since 1994. This database is made possible by your state's fiscal support of the Education Commission of the States (ECS). Most entries are legislative, although rules/regulations and executive orders that make substantive changes are included. Every effort is made to collect the latest available version of policies; in some instances, recent changes might not be reflected. For expediency purposes minimal attention has been paid to style (capitalization, punctuation) and format. To view the documents, click on the blue triangle next to the topic of interest. Please cite use of the database as: Education Commission of the States (ECS) State Policy Database, retrieved [date]. State Status/Date Level Summary 21st Century Skills Accountability Accountability--Accreditation Accountability--Measures/Indicators Accountability--Reporting Results Accountability--Rewards Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions--Learnfare Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions--No Pass No Drive Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions--No Pass No Play Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions--Takeovers Accountability--School Improvement Adult Basic Education Assessment Assessment--Accommodations Assessment--College Entrance Exams Assessment--Common Core/National Tests Assessment--Computer Based Assessment--End-of-Course Assessment--Formative/Interim Assessment--High Stakes/Competency Assessment--NAEP (NAEP Results and NAEP Organization) Assessment--Performance Based/Portfolio Assessment--Value Added At-Risk (incl. Dropout Prevention) At-Risk (incl. Dropout Prevention)--Alternative Education At-Risk (incl. Dropout Prevention)--Drugs/Alcohol Attendance Attendance--Compulsory Attendance--Statutory Ages (Upper and Lower) Attendance--Truancy Background Checks Bilingual/ESL Brain Research Business Involvement Career/Technical Education Career/Technical Education--Career Academies/Apprenticeship Cheating Choice of Schools Choice of Schools--Charter Schools Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Charter Districts Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Closings Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Cyber Charters Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Finance Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Research Choice of Schools--Choice/Open Enrollment Choice of Schools--Innovation Schools Choice of Schools--Magnet or Specialized Schools Choice of Schools--Tax Credits Choice of Schools--Vouchers Choice of Schools--Vouchers--Privately Funded Civic Education Civic Education--Character Education Civic Education--Civic Knowledge and Literacy Civic Education--Curriculum/Standards Civic Education--Pledge of Allegiance Class Size Counseling/Guidance Curriculum Curriculum--Alignment Curriculum--Arts Education Curriculum--Censorship Curriculum--Computer Science Curriculum--Core Curriculum Curriculum--Drivers Education Curriculum--Environmental Education Curriculum--Excusal Curriculum--Family Living Education Curriculum--Financial Literacy/Economics Ed. Curriculum--Foreign Language/Sign Language Curriculum--Geography Education Curriculum--Health/Nutrition Education Curriculum--Home Economics Curriculum--International Education Curriculum--Language Arts Curriculum--Language Arts--Writing/Spelling Curriculum--Mathematics Curriculum--Multicultural Curriculum--Physical Education Curriculum--Science Curriculum--Sex Education Curriculum--Social Studies/History Data-Driven Improvement Demographics Demographics--Condition of Children/Adults Demographics--Enrollments Desegregation Economic/Workforce Development Economic/Workforce Development--Value of an Education Education Research Equity Federal Finance Finance--Adequacy/Core Cost Finance--Aid to Private Schools Finance--Bonds Finance--District Finance--Does Money Matter? Finance--Equity Finance--Facilities Finance--Federal Finance--Funding Formulas Finance--Litigation Finance--Local Foundations/Funds Finance--Lotteries Finance--Performance Funding Finance--Private Giving Finance--Resource Efficiency Finance--State Budgets/Expenditures Finance--Student Fees Finance--Taxes/Revenues Finance--Taxes/Revenues--Alternative Revenues Governance Governance--Deregulation/Waivers/Home Rule Governance--Ethics/Conflict of Interest Governance--Mandates Governance--Regional Entities Governance--School Boards Governance--School Boards--Training Governance--Site-Based Management Governance--State Boards/Chiefs/Agencies Health Health--Child Abuse Health--Mental Health Health--Nutrition Health--School Based Clinics or School Nurses Health--Suicide Prevention Health--Teen Pregnancy High School High School--Advanced Placement High School--College Readiness High School--Credit Recovery High School--Dropout Rates/Graduation Rates High School--Dual/Concurrent Enrollment High School--Early Colleges/Middle Colleges High School--Exit Exams High School--GED (General Education Development) High School--Graduation Requirements Instructional Approaches Instructional Approaches--Constructivism Instructional Approaches--Grading Practices Instructional Approaches--Homeschooling Instructional Approaches--Homework/Study Skills Instructional Approaches--Official English Instructional Approaches--Problem Based Learning Instructional Approaches--Single-Sex Education Instructional Approaches--Teaching Across Disciplines Instructional Approaches--Time/Time on Task Instructional Approaches--Tracking/Ability Grouping Integrated Services/Full-Service Schools International Baccalaureate International Benchmarking Leadership Leadership--District Superintendent Leadership--District Superintendent--Compensation and Diversified Pay Leadership--Principal/School Leadership Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Certification and Licensure Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Compensation and Diversified Pay Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Evaluation and Effectiveness Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Induction Programs and Mentoring Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Preparation Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Preparation--Alternative Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Professional Development Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Recruitment and Retention Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Tenure Mentoring/Tutoring CA Signed into law 06/2012 P-12 Appropriations and Reappropriations S.B. 1016 - Appropriations and Reappropriations From section 56 of bill summary: Reduces by various amounts appropriations made for supplemental school counseling, special education, partnership academies, instructional support to help pupils pass the high school exit examination, English language tutoring ... More... RI Signed into law 06/2012 P-12 Criminal Background Checks for Any Mentors of Students H.B. 7077 This act would require that individuals seeking to participate in any mentoring program whereby the individual would be working with a student or students as a mentor or in a mentoring situation would be required to undergo a criminal background check similar ... More... DE Issued 01/2011 P-12 Delaware Mentoring Council Executive Order 24 Reconstitutes the Delaware Mentoring Council created under former Governor Mike Castle. Establishes the council as the statewide organization responsible for promoting and facilitating mentoring programs for school-aged children. Directs the council, in cooper... More... MO Signed into law 07/2009 P-12 Peer Mentoring S.B. 291--Senior Cadets Program Creates Missouri Senior Cadets Program which will provide opportunities for twelfth grade students in public school to mentor kindergarten through eighth grade students. Seniors must be a state resident, attending a state high school, maintaining a 3.0 GPA and... More... ND Signed into law 05/2009 P-12 Student Performance Strategist H.B. 1400 - Sec. 8, Strategist Beginning with the 2010-11 school year, each district must have available one full-time equivalent student performance strategist for every four hundred students in average daily membership in kindergarten through grade three. Each school district shall submit... More... OK Signed into law 04/2009 P-12 Mentorship Programs to Reduce Dropouts H.B. 1050 New law. Directs the state department to encourage school districts to develop mentorship programs aimed at reducing drop-out rates; specifies components of program; provides that the goal of these programs shall be to identify middle school and high school st... More... WA Signed into law 04/2009 Postsec. Peer Mentoring H.B. 1986 Authorizes a peer mentoring pilot program at Western Washington University and a community or technical college; requires Western Washington University to create and implement a pilot mentoring program to inspire academic success and introduce elementary stude... More... MO Adopted 08/2008 P-12 MENTORING 5 CSR 80-850.045 Proposes rules regarding the mentoring program. Establishes standards for successful mentoring programs. http://dese.mo.gov/schoollaw/rulesregs/80850045.htm... More... FL Signed into law 06/2008 P-12 Supplemental Services Evaluation and Fees S.B. 1414 Provides restrictions on charges by specified school districts for facility rental fees paid by state- approved supplemental educational services providers; requires the Department of Education to annually evaluate and grade supplemental education services pro... More... IL Signed into law 11/2007 P-12 Community College Postsec. College and Career Readiness Pilot Program S.B. 858 Requires the state community college board to create a 3-year college and career readiness pilot program, beginning with the high school class of 2008, to meet the following goals: (1) To diagnose college readiness by developing a system to align ACT scores t... More... IL Signed into law 08/2007 P-12 Postsec. Educational Partnership Act H.B. 223 Amends the Educational Partnership Act. Provides that public institutions of higher education that have approved teacher education programs may engage pre-service teacher candidates in the tutorial services for elementary and secondary students in need of such... More... TX Signed into law 06/2007 P-12 Postsec. Work-study Mentorship Program S.B. 1050 Requires the Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board to develop a work-study mentorship program under which eligible college students are authorized to mentor and counsel other students. The bill also provides for the funding of the program, authorizes stude... More... MO Issued 04/2007 P-12 mentor initiative E.O. 20 Establishes the Missouri Mentor Initiative, under which up to 200 full-time employees of the state of Missouri are eligible for one hour per week of paid approved work to mentor in Missouri public primary and secondary schools.... More... CA Signed into law 09/2006 P-12 Tutoring for ELL Students S.B. 368 Requires each school district, as a condition of receiving funding under this act, to develop a plan, to be approved by the governing board, certifying that the agency will accomplish certain objectives relating to providing personal English language tutoring ... More... CA Signed into law 09/2006 P-12 Supplemental Service Funds A.B. 2254 Permits use of state and local funds if a school is required to contract with an outside entity for supplemental instruction to high-priority pupils. Revises the High Priority Schools Grant Program to require the Superintendent to invite a 2nd cohort of school... More... CA Signed into law 09/2006 P-12 High School Exit Exam Assistance S.B. 638 Relates to the 21st Century High School After School Safety and Enrichment for Teens Program to assist pupils in passing high school exit exams. Provides hours of operation per week for each program. Revises grant application procedures and requirements for sc... More... NY Signed into law 08/2006 P-12 Safe Mentoring Program S.B. 5071 Creates the safe mentoring program accreditation act. Establishes an accreditation process for child mentoring programs, a state board for the accreditation of mentoring programs and requires potential mentors to be subject to a criminal history check.... More... AZ Signed into law 05/2006 P-12 Tutoring Fund for Failing Schools S.B. 1381 Relates to the Department of Education; concerns school accountability; regards schools failing to meet academic standards; establishes the failing school tutoring fund; provides that the department of education may use monies from the fund to purchase materia... More... AZ Adopted 05/2006 P-12 Faith-based Mentoring Programs R2-5-502 Amends rules to allow for the mentoring of school age youths at a public, private, or home school, or through a faith-based organization if the services can be maintained. ARIZONA 3737... More... AZ Signed into law 05/2006 P-12 Intervention and Dropout Prevention related to State Exams S.B. 1382 Relates to school attendance; expands the services of the Arizona Instrument to Measure Standards Intervention and Dropout Prevention Program to include middle school pupils and any pupil for 12 months after the student exits the program. http://www.azleg.gov/... More... FL Signed into law 05/2006 P-12 Middle School Reforms H.B. 7087 (Section 21) Beginning with students entering grade 6 in the 2006-2007 school year, promotion from a school composed of middle grades 6, 7, and 8 requires that: (a) The student must successfully complete academic courses as follows: 1.. Three middle school or higher course... More... ME Signed into law 05/2006 P-12 Mentoring Partnership Grant Program H.B. 689; LD 979 Establishes the Mentoring Partnership Grant Program administered by the Department of Education to provide grants to eligible entities for mentoring programs that provide guidance, support and encouragement to young people through the development of structured... More... KY Signed into law 04/2006 P-12 Kentucky Youth Development Coordinating Council S.J.R. 184 Encourages the Cabinet for Health and Family Services to establish the Kentucky Youth Development Coordinating Council; establishes membership and permits the creation of subcommittees of the council; requires the University of Kentucky Cooperative Extension S... More... MI Issued 01/2006 P-12 Mentor Michigan Executive Order No. 2006-3 Establishes the Mentor Michigan Leadership Council. The Council is to act in an advisory capacity and do all of the following: 1. Review, develop, and advise the Governor and the Commission on the development and implementation of a statewide mentoring initiat... More... DE Issued 05/2005 P-12 The Governor's Mentoring Initiative Executive Order #75 Establishes Governor's Mentoring Initiative to encourage state employees to volunteer as mentors to school-aged youth in their communities, and to facilitate such service through use of flexible employee schedules. The Delaware Mentoring Council is responsibl... More... AR Signed into law 04/2005 P-12 Graduation Credit S.B. 1043 Beginning in the 2005-2006 school year, provides an elective credit towards high school graduation for serving as a student mentor. http://www.arkleg.state.ar.us/ftproot/bills/2005/public/sb1043.pdf... More... AZ Signed into law 05/2004 P-12 State Employees and Mentoring S.B. 1388 Relates to State employees; requires Department of Administration rules to encourage employees to mentor school age youths. http://www.azleg.state.az.us/DocumentsForBill.asp?Bill_Number=sb1388... More... IA Vetoed 05/2004 P-12 Healthy Iowans Tobacco Trust Fund H.F. 2577 Relates to and making appropriations from the healthy Iowans tobacco trust and the tobacco settlement trust fund and providing an effective date; provides for high school mentors to teach life skills, violence prevention and character education in an effort to... More... AZ Issued 01/2004 P-12 Governor's Mentoring Initiative Executive Order 2004-01 Creates the Governor's Mentoring Initiative to encourage state employees to volunteer as mentors to school-aged youth in their community through one hour of flex time per week. Specifies that employees whose jobs are compatible with allowing flex time may volu... More... TX Signed into law 06/2003 P-12 Public School Mentoring Services S.B. 16 Authorizes each school district to provide a mentoring services program to students at risk of dropping out of school. The bill requires a district that provides a mentoring services program using compensatory education funds to meet standards adopted by the g... More... IA Signed into law 05/2003 P-12 Tobacco Settlement Trust Fund H.F. 685 Makes appropriation from the healthy Iowans tobacco trust and the tobacco settlement trust fund for various initiatives, including for a $400,000 grant to a program that utilizes high school mentors to teach life skills, violence prevention, and character educ... More... FL Signed into law 08/2002 P-12 Education Code Re-Write: Private Tutoring Programs S.B. 20E Creates "directory" section to inform tutors of obligation to keep and prepare records in accordance with other statutes. See bill section 108, page 306, line 18, ff: http://www.leg.state.fl.us/data/session/2002E/Senate/bills/billtext/pdf/s0020Eer.pdf... More... MD Signed into law 08/2002 P-12 Postsec. Need-Based Financial Aid Programs H.B. 661 Requires governor to include in state budget at least 80% of funds appropriated in prior fiscal year for specified need-based financial aid programs and other programs. Changes name of Maryland Higher Education Commission's State Scholarship Administration to ... More... MD Signed into law 05/2002 P-12 Postsec. Need-Based Financial Aid Programs for Undergraduate and Professional Degrees; College Readiness Mentoring Program; PSAT for 10th-Graders, K-16 Leadership Council, Middle School Teacher Certificate S.B. 453 Requires the department to distribute a grant in specified amounts to distressed counties in FY 03 and 04 and to all counties in FY05 and subsequent years for the administration of the Preliminary Scholastic Aptitude Test to 10th-graders. Funding should be su... More... SC Signed into law 05/2002 P-12 Structured Academic Mentoring Programs S.B. 834 Requires the State Department of Education to assist interested schools in implementing Structured Academic Mentoring Programs, designed to improve student performance and to assist these schools in developing Structured Academic Mentoring Programs that meet c... More... AL Signed into law 04/2002 P-12 Macon County YMCA Tutoring Program H.B. 143 Appropriates specified funds from the Education Trust Fund to the State Department of Education for the support and maintenance for a tutorial program for the fiscal year; provides that the appropriation is subject to certain provisions of the Code of Alabama ... More... NV Signed into law 05/2001 P-12 Tutoring for Children in the Entertainment Industry S.B. 236 States that if a child is exempt from compulsory attendance and is employed to work in the entertainment industry pursuant to a written contract for a period of more than 91school days, including employment with a motion picture company or employment with a pr... More... NM Vetoed 03/2001 P-12 Student Enhancement Act H.B. 46 Appropriates $3 million from the general fund to the state department for the purpose of establishing a new fund designed to support academic and social enrichment activities through tutoring and enhanced learning opportunities for students in grades 6, 7 and ... More... GA Signed into law 03/2000 P-12 Georgia Mentoring Act of 2000 S.B. 290 Relates to the powers and duties of the Governor; enacts the Georgia Mentoring Act of 2000; makes legislative findings; authorizes the office of the Governor to develop and implement a State-wide strategy to provide academic support and guidance, to award gran... More... MO Signed by governor 07/1999 P-12 Leave Time for State Employees Who Tutor or Mentor H.B. 889 During the 1999-2000 through 2001-2002 school years, any eligible state employee working in a metropolitan school district or urban school district containing the greater part of the population of a city with 300,000 or more inhabitants and who is a volunteer ... More... TX Signed into law 06/1999 Postsec. Establishes Mentor Program H.B. 2806 Relates to establishing a mentor program at University of North TX.... More... CT Died 06/1997 P-12 H.B. 5008 Incentives to Postsecondary Students for Their Time for Community Services Provides an incentive to college students to contribute their time to disadvantaged schools and thus increase the instructional assistance available to such schools.... More... MI Active 09/1996 P-12 Alliance for Children's Education (ACE) - HOSTS On September 17, 1996, in conjunction with the Governor's Education Summit in Lansing, Michigan, the Michigan Department of Education and State Board are announcing a state-wide mentoring/tutorial initiative called the Alliance for Children's Education (ACE). ... More... DE Signed into law 06/1996 P-12 Section 349 Transfer of Funds for Student Tutoring and Mentoring Activities Transfers $200,000 from the FY 1996 account, Legislative, Office of the Controller General, to Public Education, Pass Through Programs. These funds are to be used for student tutoring and mentoring activities and distributed competitively to schools enrolling ... More... Middle School Minority/Diversity Issues Minority/Diversity Issues--African American Minority/Diversity Issues--American Indian / Alaska Native / Native Hawaiian Minority/Diversity Issues--Hispanic No Child Left Behind No Child Left Behind--Adequate Yearly Progress No Child Left Behind--Assessment No Child Left Behind--Choice/Transfer No Child Left Behind--Consequences for Schools No Child Left Behind--Finance No Child Left Behind--Parent Involvement No Child Left Behind--Reauthorization Issues/Waivers No Child Left Behind--Report Cards No Child Left Behind--School Support No Child Left Behind--Special Populations No Child Left Behind--Supplemental Services Online Learning--Digital/Blended Learning Online Learning--Virtual Schools/Courses P-16 or P-20 P-3 P-3 Brain Development P-3 Child Care P-3 Content Standards and Assessment P-3 Data Systems P-3 Early Intervention (0-3) P-3 English Language Learners (ELL) P-3 Ensuring Quality P-3 Evaluation/Economic Benefits P-3 Family Involvement P-3 Finance P-3 Governance P-3 Grades 1-3 P-3 Health and Mental Health P-3 Kindergarten P-3 Kindergarten--Full-Day Kindergarten P-3 Kindergarten--Full Day Kindergarten P-3 Preschool P-3 Public/Private Partnerships P-3 Special Ed./Inclusion P-3 Teaching Quality/Professional Development P-3 Technology Parent/Family Parent/Family--Parent Rights Parent/Family--Research Partnerships--University/School Postsecondary Postsecondary Accountability Postsecondary Accountability--Accreditation Postsecondary Accountability--Diploma Mills Postsecondary Accountability--Licensing/Program Review and Approval Postsecondary Accountability--Student Learning Postsecondary Affordability Postsecondary Affordability--Financial Aid Postsecondary Affordability--Textbooks Postsecondary Affordability--Tuition/Fees Postsecondary Affordability--Tuition/Fees--Prepd/College Savings Plans Postsecondary Affordability--Tuition/Fees--Undocumented Immigrants Postsecondary Faculty Postsecondary Faculty--Compensation Postsecondary Faculty--Intellectual Property Postsecondary Faculty--Teaching Assistants Postsecondary Faculty--Tenure Postsecondary Finance Postsecondary Finance--Efficiency/Performance-Based Funding Postsecondary Finance--Facilities Postsecondary Finance--Revenue and Expenditures Postsecondary Governance and Structures Postsecondary Governance and Structures--Administrative/Leadership Issues Postsecondary Governance and Structures--State Executives/State Agencies Postsecondary Institutions Postsecondary Institutions--Community/Technical Colleges Postsecondary Institutions--For-Profit/Proprietary Postsecondary Institutions--Four-Year Baccalaureate Postsecondary Institutions--HBCUs/Minority-Serving Institutions Postsecondary Institutions--Private/Independent Postsecondary Online Instruction Postsecondary Participation Postsecondary Participation--Access Postsecondary Participation--Admissions Requirements Postsecondary Participation--Affirmative Action Postsecondary Participation--Enrollments (Statistics) Postsecondary Participation--Outreach Postsecondary Students Postsecondary Students--Adults Postsecondary Students--Disabled Postsecondary Students--Foster Youth Postsecondary Students--Graduate/Professional Postsecondary Students--International Postsecondary Students--Low-Income Postsecondary Students--Military Postsecondary Students--Minority Postsecondary Success Postsecondary Success--Completion Postsecondary Success--Developmental/Remediation Postsecondary Success--Retention/Persistence Postsecondary Success--Transfer/Articulation Private Schools Privatization Privatization--Education Management Agencies (EMOs) Proficiency-Based Approaches Promising Practices Promotion/Retention Public Involvement Purposes of Public Education Reading/Literacy Reading/Literacy--Adult Literacy Religion Religion--Prayer/Meditation Religion--Scientific Creationism (Evolution) Remediation (K-12) Rural Scale-Up/Replication Scheduling/School Calendar Scheduling/School Calendar--Day/Class Length Scheduling/School Calendar--Extended Day Programs Scheduling/School Calendar--Summer School Scheduling/School Calendar--Week Scheduling/School Calendar--Year Scheduling/School Calendar--Year Round School Climate/Culture School Safety School Safety--Bullying Prevention/Conflict Resolution School Safety--Code of Conduct School Safety--Corporal Punishment School Safety--Disaster/Emergency Preparedness School Safety--Expulsion/Suspension School Safety--No Child Left Behind--Safe Schools School Safety--Sexual Harassment and Assault School Safety--Special Education School Safety--Uniforms/Dress Codes School/District Structure/Operations School/District Structure/Operations--District Consolidation/Deconsolidation School/District Structure/Operations--District Size School/District Structure/Operations--Facilities School/District Structure/Operations--Food Service School/District Structure/Operations--Libraries School/District Structure/Operations--Org. (K-3/K-8 etc.) School/District Structure/Operations--Personnel (Non-Teaching) School/District Structure/Operations--School Size School/District Structure/Operations--Shared Services School/District Structure/Operations--Staffing Ratios School/District Structure/Operations--Transportation Service-Learning Social/Emotional Learning and Non-Cognitive Skills Special Education Special Education--Federal Law/Regulations Special Education--Finance Special Education--Inclusion (Mainstreaming) Special Education--Placement Special Education--Transition Special Populations--Corrections Education Special Populations--Foster Care Special Populations--Gifted and Talented Special Populations--Homeless Education Special Populations--Immigrant Education Special Populations--Migrant Education Special Populations--Military Standards Standards--Common Core State Standards Standards--Implementation State Comparisons/Statistics State Longitudinal Data Systems State Policymaking State Policymaking--Ballot Questions State Policymaking--Constitutional Clauses State Policymaking--Politics State Policymaking--Task Forces/Commissions STEM Student Achievement Student Achievement--Closing the Achievement Gap Student Surveys Students Students--Athletics/Extracurricular Activities Students--Employment Students--Incentives Students--K-12 Exchange Students Students--Mobility Students--Records/Rights Teaching Quality Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Alternative Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Assignment Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Highly Qualified Teachers Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Natl. Bd. for Prof. Teach. Stds. Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Special Education Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--State Prof. Standards Bds. Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Substitute Teachers Teaching Quality--Compensation and Diversified Pay Teaching Quality--Compensation and Diversified Pay--Pay-for-Performance Teaching Quality--Compensation and Diversified Pay--Retirement/Benefits Teaching Quality--Evaluation and Effectiveness Teaching Quality--Induction Programs and Mentoring Teaching Quality--Paraprofessionals Teaching Quality--Preparation Teaching Quality--Professional Development Teaching Quality--Recruitment and Retention Teaching Quality--Recruitment and Retention--At-Risk Schools Teaching Quality--Recruitment and Retention--High-Needs Subjects Teaching Quality--Reduction in Force Teaching Quality--Teacher Attitudes Teaching Quality--Teacher Contracts (Not Tenure) Teaching Quality--Teacher Rights Teaching Quality--Tenure or Continuing Contract Teaching Quality--Unions/Collective Bargaining Teaching Quality--Unions/Collective Bargaining--Strikes Teaching Quality--Working Conditions Technology Technology--Computer Skills Technology--Devices/Software/Hardware Technology--Equitable Access Technology--Funding Issues Technology--Internet Safety Technology--Research/Evaluation Technology--Teacher/Faculty Training Textbooks and Open Source Urban Urban--Change/Improvements Urban--Governance Whole-School Reform Models