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From the ECS State Policy Database 1994-2013

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Education Commission of the States • 700 Broadway, Suite 810 • Denver, CO 80203-3442 • 303.299.3600 • fax 303.296.8332 • www.ecs.org

The following summary includes policies ECS has tracked in this database since 1994. This database is made possible by your state's fiscal support of the Education Commission of the States (ECS). Most entries are legislative, although rules/regulations and executive orders that make substantive changes are included. Every effort is made to collect the latest available version of policies; in some instances, recent changes might not be reflected. For expediency purposes minimal attention has been paid to style (capitalization, punctuation) and format. To view the documents, click on the blue triangle next to the topic of interest. Please cite use of the database as: Education Commission of the States (ECS) State Policy Database, retrieved [date]. State Status/Date Level Summary 21st Century Skills Accountability Accountability--Accreditation Accountability--Measures/Indicators Accountability--Reporting Results Accountability--Rewards Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions--Learnfare Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions--No Pass No Drive Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions--No Pass No Play Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions--Takeovers Accountability--School Improvement Adult Basic Education Assessment Assessment--Accommodations Assessment--College Entrance Exams Assessment--Computer Based Assessment--End-of-Course Assessment--Formative/Interim Assessment--High Stakes/Competency Assessment--Legal Issues Assessment--NAEP (NAEP Results and NAEP Organization) Assessment--Performance Based/Portfolio Assessment--Value Added At-Risk (incl. Dropout Prevention) At-Risk (incl. Dropout Prevention)--Alternative Education At-Risk (incl. Dropout Prevention)--Drugs/Alcohol Attendance Attendance--Compulsory Attendance--Statutory Ages (Upper and Lower) Attendance--Truancy Background Checks Bilingual/ESL Brain Research Business Involvement Career/Technical Education Career/Technical Education--Career Academies/Apprenticeship Cheating Choice of Schools Choice of Schools--Charter Schools Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Charter Districts Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Closings Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Cyber Charters Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Finance Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Research Choice of Schools--Choice/Open Enrollment Choice of Schools--Choice/Open Enrollment--Research Choice of Schools--Innovation Schools Choice of Schools--Magnet or Specialized Schools Choice of Schools--Tax Credits Choice of Schools--Vouchers Choice of Schools--Vouchers--Privately Funded Civic Education Civic Education--Character Education Civic Education--Civic Knowledge and Literacy Civic Education--Curriculum/Standards Civic Education--Pledge of Allegiance Class Size Curriculum Curriculum--Alignment Curriculum--Arts Education Curriculum--Censorship Curriculum--Core Curriculum Curriculum--Drivers Education Curriculum--Environmental Education Curriculum--Excusal Curriculum--Family Living Education Curriculum--Financial Literacy/Economics Ed. Curriculum--Foreign Language/Sign Language Curriculum--Geography Education Curriculum--Health/Nutrition Education Curriculum--Home Economics Curriculum--International Education Curriculum--Language Arts Curriculum--Language Arts--Writing/Spelling Curriculum--Mathematics Curriculum--Multicultural Curriculum--Physical Education Curriculum--Science Curriculum--Sex Education Curriculum--Social Studies/History Curriculum--Speech Education Data-Driven Improvement Demographics Demographics--Condition of Children/Adults Demographics--Enrollments Desegregation Economic/Workforce Development Education Research Equity Federal Finance Finance--Adequacy/Core Cost Finance--Aid to Private Schools Finance--Bonds Finance--District Finance--Does Money Matter? Finance--Equity Finance--Facilities Finance--Federal Finance--Funding Formulas Finance--Litigation Finance--Local Foundations/Funds Finance--Lotteries Finance--Performance Funding Finance--Private Giving Finance--Resource Efficiency Finance--State Budgets/Expenditures Finance--Student Fees Finance--Taxes/Revenues Finance--Taxes/Revenues--Alternative Revenues Governance Governance--Deregulation/Waivers/Home Rule Governance--Ethics/Conflict of Interest Governance--Mandates Governance--Regional Entities Governance--School Boards Governance--School Boards--Training Governance--Site-Based Management Governance--State Boards/Chiefs/Agencies Health Health--Child Abuse Health--Mental Health Health--Nutrition Health--School Based Clinics or School Nurses Health--Suicide Prevention Health--Teen Pregnancy High School High School--Advanced Placement High School--College Readiness High School--Credit Recovery High School--Dropout Rates/Graduation Rates High School--Dual/Concurrent Enrollment High School--Early Colleges/Middle Colleges High School--Exit Exams High School--GED (General Education Development) High School--Graduation Requirements High School--International Baccalaureate Instructional Approaches Instructional Approaches--Constructivism Instructional Approaches--Grading Practices Instructional Approaches--Homeschooling Instructional Approaches--Homework/Study Skills Instructional Approaches--Official English Instructional Approaches--Problem Based Learning Instructional Approaches--Single-Sex Education Instructional Approaches--Time/Time on Task Instructional Approaches--Tracking/Ability Grouping Integrated Services/Full-Service Schools International Benchmarking Leadership Leadership--District Superintendent Leadership--District Superintendent--Compensation and Diversified Pay Leadership--Principal/School Leadership Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Certification and Licensure Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Compensation and Diversified Pay Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Evaluation and Effectiveness Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Induction Programs and Mentoring Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Preparation Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Preparation--Alternative Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Professional Development Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Recruitment and Retention Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Tenure Middle School Minority/Diversity Issues Minority/Diversity Issues--African American Minority/Diversity Issues--American Indian / Alaska Native / Native Hawaiian HI Adopted 06/2012 P-12 Review of State Funding for ESL and Hawaiian Language Programs S.R. 43 Requests that the University of Hawaii, with the assistance of the department of education and other educational organizations as appropriat... More... HI Adopted 06/2012 P-12 Review of the State's Funding for Existing ESL Instruction/Activities and Hawaiian Language Programs S.C.R. 87 Requests that the University of Hawaii, with the assistance of the department of education and other educational organizations, as appropria... More... AK Signed into law 05/2012 P-12 Alaska Native Language Preservation and Advisory Council S.B.130 Establishes the Alaska Native Language Preservation and Advisory Council to advise both the governor and legislature on programs, policies, ... More... HI Adopted 04/2012 P-12 Hawaiian Studies Program H.R. 59 Requests that the board of education and department of education comply in full with the findings and recommendations of the Office of the A... More... NM Signed into law 02/2012 P-12 Postsec. Tribal College Dual Credit Programs S.B. 256 Provides funding for Tribal colleges that participate in the dual credit program for high school students to offset waived tuition and fees;... More... WA Signed into law 05/2011 P-12 Creating a Division of Indian Education H.B. 1829 Creates an Indian education division, to be known as the office of Native education, within the office of the superintendent of public instr... More... ND Signed into law 04/2011 P-12 A Study of Indian Education Issues H.B. 1049 Requires (between July 1, 2011, and July 1, 2013) the superintendent of public instruction to conduct a study of Indian education issues to ... More... MI Signed into law 10/2010 P-12 Native American Tribal Language and Culture Class/Teachers S.B. 1014 Permits the Michigan Department of Education to enter into a memorandum of understanding with a federally recognized Native American tribe, ... More... CA Signed into law 09/2010 P-12 American Indian Education Center Program A.B. 2089 Existing law establishes California American Indian education centers to serve as community-based educational resource centers for American ... More... OK Signed into law 06/2010 P-12 Oklahoma Advisory Council on Indian Education Act H.B. 2929 Creates the Oklahoma Advisory Council on Indian Education Act; states purpose of the act; creates the Oklahoma Advisory Council on Indian Ed... More... MN Signed into law 05/2010 Postsec. Community College Indian Scholarship Eligibility S.F. 184 Defines "resident student" for eligibility for Indian scholarships by reference to the state grant definition of "resident student. https:/... More... ID Signed into law 04/2010 P-12 Indian Education H.B. 640 Adds to existing law relating to education to provide definitions for tribal school and tribal education authority. Chapter 282 http://legis... More... NM Signed into law 03/2010 P-12 Community College Postsec. Dual Credit Program and Indian Education High Schools H.B. 90 Includes Federal Bureau of Indian Education high schools and tribal colleges in a dual credit program; includes charter schools and a bureau... More... SD Signed into law 03/2010 P-12 Pilot Charter Schools S.B. 63 Provides for the establishment of a pilot charter school in the state if the Department of Education receives a federal grant under the Amer... More... ND Signed into law 08/2009 Postsec. Community College Interplay Between State University System and Tribally Controlled Community Colleges H.B. 1566 Requires that the Commissioner of Higher Education study the interplay between the State University System and tribally controlled community... More... WI Signed into law 06/2009 P-12 Native American Charter School A.B. 75 Provides that if a school board enters into an agreement with an American Indian tribe to establish a charter school, the board must, upon r... More... WI Signed into law 06/2009 P-12 Tribal Language Revitalization Grants A.B. 75 Permits a school board or cooperative educational service agency, in conjunction with a tribal education authority, to apply to the state de... More... MT Signed into law 03/2009 P-12 Montana Tribe Names H.J.R. 27 Urges all educators, journalists, and public speakers in Montana to learn and use, when writing and speaking, the names of each tribe in Mon... More... MN Signed into law 05/2008 P-12 Postsec. Community College Postsecondary Education S.B. 2942 Various provisions related to higher education. Allows educational data sharing between the department of education and the office of higher... More... SD Signed into law 02/2008 P-12 American Indian H.B. 1050 Revises certain provisions regarding Indian education; provides for teacher studies. http://legis.state.sd.us/sessions/2008/Bills/HB1050ENR.... More... CA Vetoed 09/2007 P-12 native american S.B. 826 Requests the Regents of the University of California, acting through subject matter projects, to carry out specified responsibilities in exi... More... MN Signed into law 05/2007 P-12 American Indian Education H.F. 2245 [American Indians] Requires the commissioner to include the contributions of Minnesota American Indian tribes and communities as they relate to the academic st... More... MT Signed into law 05/2007 P-12 Uses of Indian Education For All Payments S.B. 2A (American Indian) Prohibits a district receiving an Indian education for all payment from diverting the funds to any purpose other than curriculum development... More... NM Signed into law 04/2007 P-12 Postsec. Community College Indian Education Act H.B. 892/S.B. 1044 Amends the Indian Education Act. Clarifies the duties of the public education department to consult with Indian tribes. Changes the composit... More... NM Signed into law 04/2007 P-12 Postsec. Community College Public Education Department Consulting with Tribes S.B. 1044 Amends the indian education act. Clarifies the duties of the public education department to consult with Indian tribes. Changes the composi... More... WA Signed into law 04/2007 P-12 First Peoples' Language and Culture Program S.B. 5269 Declares that government-to-government collaboration between the state and the sovereign tribal governments whose traditional lands and terr... More... NM Signed into law 03/2007 Postsec. Community College College Affordability Scholarships at Tribal Colleges S.B. 355 Enables students at tribal colleges to receive scholarships under the College Affordability Act. Defines student eligibility and terms of sc... More... SD Signed into law 03/2007 P-12 Indian Education H.B. 1290 Provides for an Office of Indian Education and an Indian Education Advisory Council. Requires the Council to consist of representatives of a... More... WY Signed into law 03/2007 P-12 Wind River Indian Reservation Education Programs S.B. 72 Requires the governor to enter into negotiations with the individual or joint business councils of the Eastern Shoshone and Northern Arapaho... More... MT Rule Adoption 12/2006 P-12 Quality Educator, At Risk Students and Indian Payments ARM 10.7.106, .106A, .113 through .115,10.10.301 to .315, 10.15.101, 10.16.3804, .3811, .3812, .3816, 10.20.102 to 10.30.415 Adopts and amends rules relating to quality educator payments, at-risk student payments - general fund, Indian education for all payments, A... More... UT Adopted 11/2006 P-12 Non-traditional Student Participation in State Achievement Tests R277-604 Provides definitions, criteria and procedures for private school students, home school students, electronic high school (EHS) students, and ... More... WA Rule Adoption 10/2006 Postsec. Residency Tuition Requirement for Tribal Members WAC 250-18-020 Makes changes for "resident" status eligibility for tuition and fees for tribal members by striking a specific listing of eligible tribes an... More... CA Signed into law 09/2006 P-12 American Indian Education Unit and Centers S.B. 1710 Relates to the American Indian Education Unit. Adds duties to the Unit and the State Department of Education. Authorizes American Indian edu... More... MT Adopted 09/2006 P-12 Science Content Standards and Performance Descriptors ARM 10.54.5010 through 10.54.5098 non-seq Proposes to amend rules relating to science content standards andperformance descriptors. Includes references to Montana Native Americans an... More... AZ Signed into law 06/2006 P-12 Office of Indian Eduation S.B. 1363 Establishes the office of Indian education in the department of education; provides for personnel; provides for assistance to schools and In... More... OR Adopted 02/2006 P-12 Postsec. Definition of Resident OAR 575-060-0005 Amends rules regarding the definition of resident. Extends the definition of resident to include students who are enrolled members of federa... More... SD Signed into law 02/2006 Postsec. Community College Resident Tuition for Students in Schools Operated by US Bureau of Indian Affairs S.B. 88 Adds a new section: Any student who is a graduate of an accredited high school operated by the United States Bureau of Indian Affairs in the... More... NC Signed into law 07/2005 Postsec. Historically american indian university H.B. 371 AN ACT designating the university of north carolina at pembroke as North Carolina's historically american indian university. http://www.ncl... More... NM Signed into law 04/2005 P-12 American Indian School Curriculum S.B. 215 Adds that the Indian education division shall: develop or select for implementation a challenging, sequential, culturally relevant curriculu... More... WA To governor 04/2005 P-12 Tribal History H.B. 1495 Encourages that Washington's tribal history be taught in the common schools. Also adds a new section that requires, beginning in 2006, and a... More... MT Signed into law 03/2005 Postsec. Community College Nonbeneficiary Students H.B. 16 Relates to funding for nonbeneficiary students attending tribally controlled community colleges. http://data.opi.state.mt.us/bills/2005/b... More... CA Vetoed 09/2004 P-12 Racial Mascots Act A.B. 858 Establishes the Racial Mascots Act. Prohibits public schools from using the term Redskins as a school or athletic team name, mascot, or nick... More... ND Rule Adoption 07/2004 P-12 Educator's Professional License NDAC 67.1-02-02-, -04, -05, -07, -09 Establishes rules regarding initial licenses, distance learning instructor - definition - qualifications - licensure, two-year and five-year... More... AZ Signed into law 06/2004 P-12 Native American History S.B. 1365 Provides an additional duty of incorporating instruction of Native American history into appropriate existing curricula; provides that the i... More... HI Signed into law 06/2004 P-12 Study on Host Culture Charter School District S.B. 3148 Requires a study of the feasibility of establishing a host culture charter school district and a charter school district in order to solidif... More... HI Signed into law 06/2004 P-12 Hawaiian Language Program H.B. 2667 Establishes a Hawaiian language medium education program. http://www.capitol.hawaii.gov/sessioncurrent/bills/hb2667_cd1_.htm... More... AZ Signed into law 05/2004 P-12 State Board for Charter Schools H.B. 2580 Amends the membership of the State Board for Charter Schools to include at least one resident of an Indian reservation, a charter school tea... More... NM Signed into law 04/2003 P-12 Indian Education Act S.B. 115 Enacts the Indian Education Act; prescribes powers and duties including the creation of an Indian education division in the department of ed... More... NM Pocket Veto by GOVERNOR. 04/2003 P-12 Indian Education Act H.B. 150 Enacts the Indian Education Act; prescribes powers and duties. http://legis.state.nm.us/Sessions/03%20Regular/FinalVersions/house/HB0150AFS... More... AZ Rejected by voters 11/2002 Postsec. Tribal State Gaming Compact, College Scholarship and Elderly Care Act of 2002 Proposition 200 Creates the Tribal State Gaming Compact, College Scholarship and Elderly Care Act of 2002; allows Indian tribes to contribute a portion of g... More... ID Approved by voters 11/2002 P-12 An initiative defining tribal video gaming machines and providing for amendment of state-tribal gaming compact providing for their use. Proposition 1 Indian Gaming and Self-Reliance Act provides a tribal contribution of 5% of annual net gaming income for educational programs and schools on... More... ID Signed into law 07/2002 P-12 Tribal language teaching S.B. 1411 Creates new section relating the importance of native language preservation, and providing that the State Board of Education will adopt rule... More... NM Vetoed 03/2002 P-12 Indian Education Act S.B. 198 Enacts to the Indian Education Act. Creates the "Indian education division" within the department of education to (A.) provide assistance t... More... NM Vetoed 02/2002 P-12 Indian Education Act H.B. 28 Enacts the Indian Education Act; prescribes powers and duties. The purpose of the Indian Education Act is to: (A) ensure equitable educatio... More... NM Signed into law 02/2002 P-12 Native American Language Teachers H.B. 204 Provides for a Native American Language Teacher certificate.... More... CA Signed into law 09/2001 P-12 Indian Education Program S.B. 1031 Extends the Indian Education Program until 2007. Requires each California Indian education center, as a condition of receipt of annual fundi... More... CA Vetoed 09/2000 P-12 Indian Education Center Program A.B. 1746 Makes it the goal, subject to an appropriation for those purposes in the annual Budget Act, of California Indian education centers, in addit... More... AZ Signed into law 04/2000 P-12 Joint Legislative Study Committee on Reservation Schools H.B. 2579 Establishes a 13 member Joint Legislative Study Committee on Reservation Schools which is repealed December 31, 2000; charges the committee ... More... Minority/Diversity Issues--Hispanic No Child Left Behind No Child Left Behind--Adequate Yearly Progress No Child Left Behind--Assessment No Child Left Behind--Choice/Transfer No Child Left Behind--Consequences for Schools No Child Left Behind--Finance No Child Left Behind--Parent Involvement No Child Left Behind--Reauthorization Issues/Waivers No Child Left Behind--Report Cards No Child Left Behind--School Support No Child Left Behind--Special Populations No Child Left Behind--Supplemental Services Online Learning--Digital/Blended Learning Online Learning--Virtual Schools/Courses P-16 or P-20 P-3 P-3 Brain Development P-3 Child Care P-3 Content Standards and Assessment P-3 Data Systems P-3 Early Intervention (0-3) P-3 Ensuring Quality P-3 Evaluation/Economic Benefits P-3 Family Involvement P-3 Finance P-3 Governance P-3 Grades 1-3 P-3 Health and Mental Health P-3 Kindergarten P-3 Kindergarten--Full-Day Kindergarten P-3 Kindergarten--Full Day Kindergarten P-3 Preschool P-3 Public/Private Partnerships P-3 Special Ed./Inclusion P-3 Teaching Quality/Professional Development Parent/Family Parent/Family--Parent Rights Parent/Family--Research Partnerships--University/School Postsecondary Postsecondary Accountability Postsecondary Accountability--Accreditation Postsecondary Accountability--Diploma Mills Postsecondary Accountability--Licensing/Program Review and Approval Postsecondary Accountability--Student Learning Postsecondary Affordability Postsecondary Affordability--Financial Aid Postsecondary Affordability--Textbooks Postsecondary Affordability--Tuition/Fees Postsecondary Affordability--Tuition/Fees--Prepd/College Savings Plans Postsecondary Affordability--Tuition/Fees--Undocumented Immigrants Postsecondary Faculty Postsecondary Faculty--Compensation Postsecondary Faculty--Intellectual Property Postsecondary Faculty--Teaching Assistants Postsecondary Faculty--Tenure Postsecondary Finance Postsecondary Finance--Efficiency/Performance-Based Funding Postsecondary Finance--Facilities Postsecondary Finance--Revenue and Expenditures Postsecondary Governance and Structures Postsecondary Governance and Structures--Administrative/Leadership Issues Postsecondary Governance and Structures--State Executives/State Agencies Postsecondary Institutions Postsecondary Institutions--Community/Technical Colleges Postsecondary Institutions--For-Profit/Proprietary Postsecondary Institutions--Four-Year Baccalaureate Postsecondary Institutions--HBCUs/Minority-Serving Institutions Postsecondary Institutions--Private/Independent Postsecondary Online Instruction Postsecondary Participation Postsecondary Participation--Access Postsecondary Participation--Admissions Requirements Postsecondary Participation--Affirmative Action Postsecondary Participation--Enrollments (Statistics) Postsecondary Participation--Outreach Postsecondary Students Postsecondary Students--Adults Postsecondary Students--Disabled Postsecondary Students--Foster Youth Postsecondary Students--Graduate/Professional Postsecondary Students--International Postsecondary Students--Low-Income Postsecondary Students--Military Postsecondary Students--Minority Postsecondary Success Postsecondary Success--Completion Postsecondary Success--Completion--Completion Rates (Statistics) Postsecondary Success--Developmental/Remediation Postsecondary Success--Retention/Persistence Postsecondary Success--Transfer/Articulation Private Schools Privatization Privatization--Education Management Agencies (EMOs) Proficiency-Based Approaches Promising Practices Promotion/Retention Public Involvement Purposes of Public Education Reading/Literacy Reading/Literacy--Adult Literacy Religion Religion--Prayer/Meditation Religion--Scientific Creationism (Evolution) Rural Scheduling/School Calendar Scheduling/School Calendar--Day/Class Length Scheduling/School Calendar--Extended Day Programs Scheduling/School Calendar--Summer School Scheduling/School Calendar--Week Scheduling/School Calendar--Year Scheduling/School Calendar--Year Round School Climate/Culture School Safety School Safety--Bullying Prevention/Conflict Resolution School Safety--Code of Conduct School Safety--Corporal Punishment School Safety--Disaster/Emergency Preparedness School Safety--Expulsion/Suspension School Safety--No Child Left Behind--Safe Schools School Safety--Sexual Harassment and Assault School Safety--Special Education School Safety--Uniforms/Dress Codes School/District Structure/Operations School/District Structure/Operations--District Consolidation/Deconsolidation School/District Structure/Operations--District Size School/District Structure/Operations--Facilities School/District Structure/Operations--Food Service School/District Structure/Operations--Libraries School/District Structure/Operations--Org. (K-3/K-8 etc.) School/District Structure/Operations--Personnel (Non-Teaching) School/District Structure/Operations--School Size School/District Structure/Operations--Shared Services School/District Structure/Operations--Staffing Ratios School/District Structure/Operations--Transportation Service-Learning Special Education Special Education--Federal Law/Regulations Special Education--Finance Special Education--Inclusion (Mainstreaming) Special Education--Placement Special Education--Transition Special Populations--Corrections Education Special Populations--Foster Care Special Populations--Gifted and Talented Special Populations--Homeless Education Special Populations--Immigrant Education Special Populations--Migrant Education Special Populations--Military Standards Standards--Common Core State Standards Standards--Implementation State Comparisons/Statistics State Longitudinal Data Systems State Policymaking State Policymaking--Ballot Questions State Policymaking--Constitutional Clauses State Policymaking--Politics State Policymaking--Task Forces/Commissions STEM Student Achievement Student Achievement--Closing the Achievement Gap Student Achievement--State Trends Student Supports--Counseling/Guidance Student Supports--Mentoring/Tutoring Student Supports--Remediation Student Surveys Students Students--Athletics/Extracurricular Activities Students--Employment Students--Incentives Students--K-12 Exchange Students Students--Mobility Students--Records/Rights Teaching Quality Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Alternative Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Assignment Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Highly Qualified Teachers Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Natl. Bd. for Prof. Teach. Stds. Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Special Education Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--State Prof. Standards Bds. Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Substitute Teachers Teaching Quality--Compensation and Diversified Pay Teaching Quality--Compensation and Diversified Pay--Pay-for-Performance Teaching Quality--Compensation and Diversified Pay--Retirement/Benefits Teaching Quality--Evaluation and Effectiveness Teaching Quality--Induction Programs and Mentoring Teaching Quality--Paraprofessionals Teaching Quality--Preparation Teaching Quality--Professional Development Teaching Quality--Recruitment and Retention Teaching Quality--Recruitment and Retention--At-Risk Schools Teaching Quality--Recruitment and Retention--High-Needs Subjects Teaching Quality--Reduction in Force Teaching Quality--Teacher Attitudes Teaching Quality--Teacher Contracts (Not Tenure) Teaching Quality--Teacher Rights Teaching Quality--Tenure or Continuing Contract Teaching Quality--Unions/Collective Bargaining Teaching Quality--Unions/Collective Bargaining--Strikes Teaching Quality--Working Conditions Technology Technology--Computer Skills Technology--Devices/Software/Hardware Technology--Equitable Access Technology--Funding Issues Technology--Internet Safety Technology--Research/Evaluation Technology--Teacher/Faculty Training Textbooks and Open Source Urban Urban--Change/Improvements Urban--Governance Whole-School Reform Models Whole Child