ECS
From the ECS State Policy Database
1994-2012

Education Commission of the States • 700 Broadway, Suite 810 • Denver, CO 80203-3442 • 303.299.3600 • fax 303.296.8332 • www.ecs.org

The following summary includes policies ECS has tracked in this database since 1994. This database is made possible by your state's fiscal support of the Education Commission of the States (ECS). Most entries are legislative, although rules/regulations and executive orders that make substantive changes are included. Every effort is made to collect the latest available version of policies; in some instances, recent changes might not be reflected. For expediency purposes minimal attention has been paid to style (capitalization, punctuation) and format. To view the documents, click on the blue triangle next to the topic of interest.

Please cite use of the database as: Education Commission of the States (ECS) State Policy Database, retrieved [date].

State Status/Date Level Summary
+ 21st Century Skills
+ Accountability
+ Accountability--Accreditation
+ Accountability--Measures/Indicators
+ Accountability--Reporting Results
+ Accountability--Rewards
+ Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions
+ Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions--Learnfare
+ Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions--No Pass No Drive
+ Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions--No Pass No Play
+ Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions--Takeovers
+ Accountability--School Improvement
+ Adult Basic Education
+ Assessment
+ Assessment--Accommodations
+ Assessment--College Entrance Exams
+ Assessment--Computer Based
+ Assessment--End-of-Course
+ Assessment--Formative/Interim
+ Assessment--High Stakes/Competency
+ Assessment--Legal Issues
+ Assessment--NAEP (NAEP Results and NAEP Organization)
+ Assessment--Performance Based/Portfolio
+ Assessment--Value Added
+ At-Risk (incl. Dropout Prevention)
+ At-Risk (incl. Dropout Prevention)--Alternative Education
+ At-Risk (incl. Dropout Prevention)--Drugs/Alcohol
+ Attendance
+ Attendance--Compulsory
+ Attendance--Statutory Ages (Upper and Lower)
+ Attendance--Truancy
+ Background Checks
+ Bilingual/ESL
+ Brain Research
+ Business Involvement
+ Career/Technical Education
+ Career/Technical Education--Career Academies/Apprenticeship
+ Cheating
+ Choice of Schools
+ Choice of Schools--Charter Schools
+ Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Charter Districts
+ Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Closings
+ Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Cyber Charters
+ Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Finance
+ Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Research
+ Choice of Schools--Choice/Open Enrollment
+ Choice of Schools--Choice/Open Enrollment--Research
+ Choice of Schools--Innovation Schools
+ Choice of Schools--Magnet or Specialized Schools
+ Choice of Schools--Tax Credits
+ Choice of Schools--Vouchers
+ Choice of Schools--Vouchers--Privately Funded
+ Civic Education
+ Civic Education--Character Education
+ Civic Education--Civic Knowledge and Literacy
+ Civic Education--Curriculum/Standards
+ Civic Education--Pledge of Allegiance
+ Class Size
+ Curriculum
+ Curriculum--Alignment
+ Curriculum--Arts Education
+ Curriculum--Censorship
+ Curriculum--Core Curriculum
+ Curriculum--Drivers Education
+ Curriculum--Environmental Education
+ Curriculum--Excusal
+ Curriculum--Family Living Education
+ Curriculum--Financial Literacy/Economics Ed.
+ Curriculum--Foreign Language/Sign Language
+ Curriculum--Geography Education
+ Curriculum--Health/Nutrition Education
+ Curriculum--Home Economics
+ Curriculum--International Education
+ Curriculum--Language Arts
+ Curriculum--Language Arts--Writing/Spelling
+ Curriculum--Mathematics
+ Curriculum--Multicultural
+ Curriculum--Physical Education
+ Curriculum--Science
+ Curriculum--Sex Education
+ Curriculum--Social Studies/History
+ Curriculum--Speech Education
+ Data-Driven Improvement
+ Demographics
+ Demographics--Condition of Children/Adults
+ Demographics--Enrollments
+ Desegregation
+ Economic/Workforce Development
+ Education Research
+ Equity
+ Federal
+ Finance
+ Finance--Adequacy/Core Cost
+ Finance--Aid to Private Schools
+ Finance--Bonds
+ Finance--District
+ Finance--Does Money Matter?
+ Finance--Equity
+ Finance--Facilities
+ Finance--Federal
+ Finance--Funding Formulas
+ Finance--Litigation
+ Finance--Local Foundations/Funds
+ Finance--Lotteries
+ Finance--Performance Funding
+ Finance--Private Giving
+ Finance--Resource Efficiency
+ Finance--State Budgets/Expenditures
+ Finance--Student Fees
+ Finance--Taxes/Revenues
+ Finance--Taxes/Revenues--Alternative Revenues
+ Governance
+ Governance--Deregulation/Waivers/Home Rule
+ Governance--Ethics/Conflict of Interest
+ Governance--Mandates
+ Governance--Regional Entities
+ Governance--School Boards
+ Governance--School Boards--Training
+ Governance--Site-Based Management
+ Governance--State Boards/Chiefs/Agencies
+ Health
+ Health--Child Abuse
+ Health--Mental Health
+ Health--Nutrition
+ Health--School Based Clinics or School Nurses
+ Health--Suicide Prevention
+ Health--Teen Pregnancy
+ High School
+ High School--Advanced Placement
+ High School--College Readiness
+ High School--Credit Recovery
+ High School--Dropout Rates/Graduation Rates
+ High School--Dual/Concurrent Enrollment
+ High School--Early Colleges/Middle Colleges
+ High School--Exit Exams
+ High School--GED (General Education Development)
+ High School--Graduation Requirements
+ High School--International Baccalaureate
+ Instructional Approaches
+ Instructional Approaches--Constructivism
+ Instructional Approaches--Grading Practices
+ Instructional Approaches--Homeschooling
+ Instructional Approaches--Homework/Study Skills
+ Instructional Approaches--Official English
+ Instructional Approaches--Problem Based Learning
+ Instructional Approaches--Single-Sex Education
+ Instructional Approaches--Time/Time on Task
+ Instructional Approaches--Tracking/Ability Grouping
+ Integrated Services/Full-Service Schools
+ International Benchmarking
+ Leadership
+ Leadership--District Superintendent
+ Leadership--District Superintendent--Compensation and Diversified Pay
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Certification and Licensure
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Compensation and Diversified Pay
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Evaluation and Effectiveness
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Induction Programs and Mentoring
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Preparation
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Preparation--Alternative
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Professional Development
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Recruitment and Retention
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Tenure
+ Middle School
+ Minority/Diversity Issues
+ Minority/Diversity Issues--African American
+ Minority/Diversity Issues--American Indian / Alaska Native / Native Hawaiian
+ Minority/Diversity Issues--Hispanic
+ No Child Left Behind
+ No Child Left Behind--Adequate Yearly Progress
+ No Child Left Behind--Assessment
+ No Child Left Behind--Choice/Transfer
+ No Child Left Behind--Consequences for Schools
+ No Child Left Behind--Finance
- No Child Left Behind--Parent Involvement
NVSigned into law 06/2007P-12Establishes an Advisory Council on Parental Involvement and prescribes the membership and duties of the council. State accountability law requires that support teams must be established for each public school that is designated as demonstrating need for improvement for 3 consecutive years or more. Requires each support team to review certain information pertaining to the school and revise the school's plan to improve accordingly. Authorizes a teacher in an elementary school to provide to each parent and legal guardian of a pupil enrolled in the school a report containing certain information about the pupil and the involvement of the parent or legal guardian in the education of his child. Requires principals of schools designated as demonstrating need for improvement for 3 consecutive years or more to provide aggregate information concerning the educational involvement accords to the support team established for the school. Requires provision of the code of honor relating to cheating to the pupil as well as his parent or legal guardian for their signature on that document.
http://www.leg.state.nv.us/74th/Bills/SB/SB143_EN.pdf
Title: S.B. 143
Source: http://www.leg.state.nv.us

MOSigned into law 05/2005P-12This act requires the State Board of Education to adopt a policy by December 1, 2005, that encourages effective involvement by parents and families in support of the education of their children. The act delineates elements and goals for the development of the policy adopted by the State Board. Further, the act requires the Board of Education of each school district to adopt policies no later than March 1, 2006, that encourage effective involvement by parents and families in support of their children and the education of their children. This act is identical to SB 1208 (2004)

http://www.senate.mo.gov/05info/BTS_Web/Bill.aspx?SessionType=R&BillID=21100
Title: S.B. 480
Source: StateNet

MISigned into law 05/2004P-12Creates a parent involvement plan within school districts and public school academies designed to encourage parental participation.

http://www.michiganlegislature.org/documents/2003-2004/publicact/pdf/2004-PA-0107.pdf
Title: S.B. 307
Source: StateNet

TNSigned into law 05/2004P-12Povides for notification to parents of student subgroups not making adequate yearly progress of option to transfer their children to another school in that system.
http://www.state.tn.us/sos/acts/103/pub/pc0680.pdf

Title: S.B. 2207
Source: http://www.legislature.state.tn.us

LASigned into law 07/2003P-12Provides for the establishment of a 2-year parental involvement demonstration program in local school systems, beginning with the 2003-04 school year. Program is to be funded with available funds (if they exist) from the Temporary Assistance to Needy Families program, to establish programs in Title I-recipient schools chosen by the independent review panel from all schools identified by local board as having either lower scores on latest state assessment than the year before OR less than a five point improvement in such scores for use in determining the school's performance score as part of state accountability program. Independent panel review board must choose a cross section of elementary, middle and high schools, considering both test scores and an assessment of school readiness. Requires every participating school to submit to an official comprehensive evaluation of its parental involvement program by an independant parent review board. Allows schools that succeed in meaningful parent involvement to be eligible for awards. Requires schools found to be in noncompliance to comply with provisions of this section by one year from date of official review, if no waiver has been granted by the independent parent review board. Noncompliance may result in assignment of technical support and in random monitoring by the independent parent review board. Defines purpose, criteria and duties of independent parent review board. Requires state board to select an independent parent review board from applications from qualifying organizations. States that the independent parent review board must annual evaluate the effectiveness of a participating school's parent involvement policy in improving the school's academic quality, and that the findings resulting from such evaluations are to be considered public information and may be included in the state's report card.
http://www.legis.state.la.us/leg_docs/03RS/CVT1/OUT/0000KT46.PDF
Title: S.B. 706
Source: www.legis.state.la.us

FLSigned into law 06/2003P-12Creates Family & School Partnership for Student Achievement Act; requires support for implementation by school district and school personnel; requires Department of Education to develop guidelines for parent guide to assist parents; provides additional notification
requirements to parents of students in kindergarten through grade 12 focusing on academics, especially reading, high expectations for students, citizenship and communication. http://www.leg.state.fl.us/house/Session/index.cfm?Mode=Bills&BI_Mode=ViewBillInfo&BillNum=1522&Chamber=Senate&Year=2003&Title=%2D%3EBill%2520Info%3AS%25201522%2D%3ESession%25202003
Title: S.B. 1522
Source: Florida Legislative Web site

MDRule Adoption 06/2003P-12A. Local School System Improvement.
(1) The State Board, upon the recommendation of the State Superintendent of Schools or upon its own motion, shall identify for improvement any local school system that for 2 consecutive years fails to make AYP in reading, in mathematics, or as applicable, in the attendance rate or in the graduation rate.
(2) Before identifying a local school system for improvement, the State Board shall:
(a) Provide the local school system with an opportunity to review the data on which the proposed identification is based;
(b) Give the local school system an opportunity to provide supporting evidence if the system believes that the proposed identification is in error for statistically significant reasons; and
(c) Make a final determination of the status of the local school system with respect to identification not later than 30 days after it provides the system with the opportunity to review the data on which the identification is based.
(3) The State Board shall promptly provide parents of each student enrolled in the schools served by the local school system identified for improvement notice, the results of the review, the reasons for identification of the school system for improvement, and how parents can participate in upgrading the quality of the local school system.
(4) Within 3 months of identification, the local school system shall revise applicable components of the school system master plan to:
(a) Incorporate scientifically based research strategies that strengthen the core academic program in the schools in the system;
(b) Identify actions that have the likelihood of improving student achievement to meet the State's proficiency standards;
(c) Address professional development needs of staff in schools not making AYP;
(d) Include specific measurable achievement goals and targets for each of the subgroups of students;
(e) Address the fundamental teaching and learning needs in schools and specific academic problems of low-achieving schools;
(f) Incorporate as appropriate activities before school, after school, during the summer, and during an extended school year;
(g) Specify the responsibilities of the local school system under the plan; and
(h) Include strategies to promote effective parental involvement in the school.
(5) The local school system shall implement the plan not later than the school year following the year in which the school system was identified for improvement.
(6) Technical Assistance.
(a) The Department shall, if requested, provide technical assistance grounded in scientifically based research that better enables the local school system to develop and implement its plan and work with schools needing improvement.
(b) The Department may use an entity to provide the technical assistance.
B. Local School System Corrective Action.
(1) The State Board, upon the recommendation of the State Superintendent of Schools or upon its own motion, shall identify a local school system for corrective action if a local school system does not make AYP in reading, in mathematics, or as applicable, in the attendance rate or in the graduation rate for 2 consecutive years after identification of the school system for school improvement.
(2) Before identifying a local school system for corrective action, the State Board shall:
(a) Provide the local school system with an opportunity to review the data on which the proposed identification is based;
(b) Give the local school system an opportunity to provide supporting evidence if the system believes that the proposed identification is in error for statistically significant reasons; and
(c) Make a final determination of the status of the local school system with respect to identification not later than 30 days after it provides the system with the opportunity to review the data on which the identification is based.
(3) For a local school system identified for corrective action, the State Board and the State Superintendent of Schools shall continue to make available technical assistance and shall take at least one of the following corrective actions:
(a) Defer, reduce, or redirect State and federal programmatic and administrative funds including per pupil funding;
(b) Order the local school system to institute and fully implement a new curriculum aligned with the voluntary State curriculum that is based on State and local academic content and achievement standards, including high quality professional development based on scientifically based research;
(c) Order the local school system to replace school principals and executive officers who are relevant to the failure to make AYP with qualified personnel approved by the State Board and the State Superintendent of Schools;
(d) Remove particular schools from the direct control of the local school board and establish alternative arrangements for public governance and supervision of such schools;
(e) Order a reorganization of the local school system as approved by the State Board and the State Superintendent of Schools that groups specified schools under the direct supervision of an executive officer approved by the State Superintendent of Schools who reports directly to the local school superintendent or chief executive officer;
(f) Through court proceeding, appoint a receiver or trustee to administer the affairs of the local school system in place of the superintendent and school board; or
(g) With legislative authorization, abolish or restructure the local school system.
(4) The State Board shall publish and disseminate to parents and the public information on any corrective action the State Board takes.
(5) The State Board may delay implementation of corrective action if a local school system makes AYP for 1 year or its failure to make AYP is due to exceptional circumstances such as acts of nature or an unforeseen decline in financial resources beyond the control of the local school system. A period of delay under this subsection may not be taken into account in determining the number of consecutive years of failure to make AYP.
(6) If a local school system makes AYP for 2 consecutive years beginning after the date of identification, the State Board shall not identify the local school system for improvement or for corrective action for the succeeding school year.
C. Hearings.
(1) If the State Superintendent of Schools recommends that a local school system be placed under corrective action, the State Superintendent of Schools shall provide a written explanation of the basis for the recommendation.
(2) Within 10 days of the date of the recommendation by the State Superintendent of Schools, the local board of education may file a written request for a hearing before the State Board. If a hearing is requested, the hearing shall be scheduled promptly.
(3) The hearing shall proceed in the following manner:
(a) The State Superintendent of Schools or designee shall describe the rationale for the recommendation and submit supporting documentation;
(b) The local board of education through a designee shall present the board's position with respect to the recommendation and submit supporting documentation;
(c) Members of the school community and parents of students in the school may file written comments regarding the recommendations;
(d) The State Board may ask questions during each presentation; and
(e) Counsel may be present and assist each board, but staff members shall make the presentations.
(4) The State Board shall determine by a preponderance of the evidence if the State Superintendent of Schools has provided a sufficient and reasonable basis to support the State Superintendent's recommendation.
D. Transition.
(1) For the 2003-04 school year, the State Board shall identify for corrective action any local school system that as of January 8, 2002, has had 25 percent or more of its schools under local or State reconstitution for more than 3 school years.
(2) For the 2003-04 school year, the State Board shall identify for improvement any local school system that as of September 1, 2003, has 25 percent or more of its schools newly identified for school improvement or corrective action.
Title: COMAR 13A.01.04.08
Source: Westlaw

TXSigned into law 05/2003P-12NCLB requires any school receiving federal Elementary and Secondary Education Act Title I, Part A funding to notify parents
regarding teachers who do not meet the NCLB Act's definition of "highly qualified." Currently, the Texas Education Code essentially duplicates
this requirement. H.B. 673 eliminates the requirement for duplicate notices. http://www.capitol.state.tx.us/cgi-bin/tlo/textframe.cmd?LEG=78&SESS=R&CHAMBER=H&BILLTYPE=B&BILLSUFFIX=00673&VERSION=5&TYPE=B

Title: H.B. 673
Source: http://www.capitol.state.tx.us

ARSigned into law 03/2003P-12Requires public schools to create a parental involvement plan. http://www.arkleg.state.ar.us/ftproot/bills/2003/public/HB1387.pdf
Title: H.B. 1387
Source: State legislative web site

+ No Child Left Behind--Reauthorization Issues/Waivers
+ No Child Left Behind--Report Cards
+ No Child Left Behind--School Support
+ No Child Left Behind--Special Populations
+ No Child Left Behind--Supplemental Services
+ Online Learning--Digital/Blended Learning
+ Online Learning--Virtual Schools/Courses
+ P-16 or P-20
+ P-3
+ P-3 Brain Development
+ P-3 Child Care
+ P-3 Content Standards and Assessment
+ P-3 Data Systems
+ P-3 Early Intervention (0-3)
+ P-3 Ensuring Quality
+ P-3 Evaluation/Economic Benefits
+ P-3 Family Involvement
+ P-3 Finance
+ P-3 Governance
+ P-3 Grades 1-3
+ P-3 Health and Mental Health
+ P-3 Kindergarten
+ P-3 Kindergarten--Full-Day Kindergarten
+ P-3 Kindergarten--Full Day Kindergarten
+ P-3 Preschool
+ P-3 Public/Private Partnerships
+ P-3 Special Ed./Inclusion
+ P-3 Teaching Quality/Professional Development
+ Parent/Family
+ Parent/Family--Parent Rights
+ Parent/Family--Research
+ Partnerships--University/School
+ Postsecondary
+ Postsecondary Accountability
+ Postsecondary Accountability--Accreditation
+ Postsecondary Accountability--Diploma Mills
+ Postsecondary Accountability--Licensing/Program Review and Approval
+ Postsecondary Accountability--Student Learning
+ Postsecondary Affordability
+ Postsecondary Affordability--Financial Aid
+ Postsecondary Affordability--Textbooks
+ Postsecondary Affordability--Tuition/Fees
+ Postsecondary Affordability--Tuition/Fees--Prepd/College Savings Plans
+ Postsecondary Affordability--Tuition/Fees--Undocumented Immigrants
+ Postsecondary Faculty
+ Postsecondary Faculty--Compensation
+ Postsecondary Faculty--Intellectual Property
+ Postsecondary Faculty--Teaching Assistants
+ Postsecondary Faculty--Tenure
+ Postsecondary Finance
+ Postsecondary Finance--Efficiency/Performance-Based Funding
+ Postsecondary Finance--Facilities
+ Postsecondary Finance--Revenue and Expenditures
+ Postsecondary Governance and Structures
+ Postsecondary Governance and Structures--Administrative/Leadership Issues
+ Postsecondary Governance and Structures--State Executives/State Agencies
+ Postsecondary Institutions
+ Postsecondary Institutions--Community/Technical Colleges
+ Postsecondary Institutions--For-Profit/Proprietary
+ Postsecondary Institutions--Four-Year Baccalaureate
+ Postsecondary Institutions--HBCUs/Minority-Serving Institutions
+ Postsecondary Institutions--Private/Independent
+ Postsecondary Online Instruction
+ Postsecondary Participation
+ Postsecondary Participation--Access
+ Postsecondary Participation--Admissions Requirements
+ Postsecondary Participation--Affirmative Action
+ Postsecondary Participation--Enrollments (Statistics)
+ Postsecondary Participation--Outreach
+ Postsecondary Students
+ Postsecondary Students--Adults
+ Postsecondary Students--Disabled
+ Postsecondary Students--Foster Youth
+ Postsecondary Students--Graduate/Professional
+ Postsecondary Students--International
+ Postsecondary Students--Low-Income
+ Postsecondary Students--Military
+ Postsecondary Students--Minority
+ Postsecondary Success
+ Postsecondary Success--Completion
+ Postsecondary Success--Completion--Completion Rates (Statistics)
+ Postsecondary Success--Developmental/Remediation
+ Postsecondary Success--Retention/Persistence
+ Postsecondary Success--Transfer/Articulation
+ Private Schools
+ Privatization
+ Privatization--Education Management Agencies (EMOs)
+ Proficiency-Based Approaches
+ Promising Practices
+ Promotion/Retention
+ Public Attitudes
+ Public Involvement
+ Purposes of Public Education
+ Reading/Literacy
+ Reading/Literacy--Adult Literacy
+ Religion
+ Religion--Prayer/Meditation
+ Religion--Scientific Creationism (Evolution)
+ Rural
+ Scheduling/School Calendar
+ Scheduling/School Calendar--Day/Class Length
+ Scheduling/School Calendar--Extended Day Programs
+ Scheduling/School Calendar--Summer School
+ Scheduling/School Calendar--Week
+ Scheduling/School Calendar--Year
+ Scheduling/School Calendar--Year Round
+ School Climate/Culture
+ School Safety
+ School Safety--Bullying Prevention/Conflict Resolution
+ School Safety--Code of Conduct
+ School Safety--Corporal Punishment
+ School Safety--Disaster/Emergency Preparedness
+ School Safety--Expulsion/Suspension
+ School Safety--No Child Left Behind--Safe Schools
+ School Safety--Sexual Harassment and Assault
+ School Safety--Special Education
+ School Safety--Uniforms/Dress Codes
+ School/District Structure/Operations
+ School/District Structure/Operations--District Consolidation/Deconsolidation
+ School/District Structure/Operations--District Size
+ School/District Structure/Operations--Facilities
+ School/District Structure/Operations--Food Service
+ School/District Structure/Operations--Libraries
+ School/District Structure/Operations--Org. (K-3/K-8 etc.)
+ School/District Structure/Operations--Personnel (Non-Teaching)
+ School/District Structure/Operations--School Size
+ School/District Structure/Operations--Shared Services
+ School/District Structure/Operations--Staffing Ratios
+ School/District Structure/Operations--Transportation
+ Service-Learning
+ Special Education
+ Special Education--Federal Law/Regulations
+ Special Education--Finance
+ Special Education--Inclusion (Mainstreaming)
+ Special Education--Placement
+ Special Education--Transition
+ Special Populations--Corrections Education
+ Special Populations--Foster Care
+ Special Populations--Gifted and Talented
+ Special Populations--Homeless Education
+ Special Populations--Immigrant Education
+ Special Populations--Migrant Education
+ Special Populations--Military
+ Standards
+ Standards--Common Core State Standards
+ Standards--Implementation
+ State Comparisons/Statistics
+ State Longitudinal Data Systems
+ State Policymaking
+ State Policymaking--Ballot Questions
+ State Policymaking--Constitutional Clauses
+ State Policymaking--Politics
+ State Policymaking--Task Forces/Commissions
+ STEM
+ Student Achievement
+ Student Achievement--Closing the Achievement Gap
+ Student Achievement--State Trends
+ Student Supports
+ Student Supports--Counseling/Guidance
+ Student Supports--Mentoring/Tutoring
+ Student Supports--Remediation
+ Student Surveys
+ Students
+ Students--Athletics/Extracurricular Activities
+ Students--Employment
+ Students--Incentives
+ Students--K-12 Exchange Students
+ Students--Mobility
+ Students--Records/Rights
+ Teaching Quality
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Alternative
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Assignment
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Highly Qualified Teachers
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Natl. Bd. for Prof. Teach. Stds.
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Special Education
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--State Prof. Standards Bds.
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Substitute Teachers
+ Teaching Quality--Compensation and Diversified Pay
+ Teaching Quality--Compensation and Diversified Pay--Pay-for-Performance
+ Teaching Quality--Compensation and Diversified Pay--Retirement/Benefits
+ Teaching Quality--Evaluation and Effectiveness
+ Teaching Quality--Induction Programs and Mentoring
+ Teaching Quality--Paraprofessionals
+ Teaching Quality--Preparation
+ Teaching Quality--Professional Development
+ Teaching Quality--Recruitment and Retention
+ Teaching Quality--Recruitment and Retention--At-Risk Schools
+ Teaching Quality--Recruitment and Retention--High-Needs Subjects
+ Teaching Quality--Reduction in Force
+ Teaching Quality--Teacher Attitudes
+ Teaching Quality--Teacher Contracts (Not Tenure)
+ Teaching Quality--Teacher Rights
+ Teaching Quality--Tenure or Continuing Contract
+ Teaching Quality--Unions/Collective Bargaining
+ Teaching Quality--Unions/Collective Bargaining--Strikes
+ Teaching Quality--Working Conditions
+ Technology
+ Technology--Computer Skills
+ Technology--Devices/Software/Hardware
+ Technology--Equitable Access
+ Technology--Funding Issues
+ Technology--Internet Safety
+ Technology--Research/Evaluation
+ Technology--Teacher/Faculty Training
+ Textbooks and Open Source
+ Urban
+ Urban--Change/Improvements
+ Urban--Governance
+ Whole-School Reform Models
+ Whole Child