ECS
From the ECS State Policy Database
1994-2012

Education Commission of the States • 700 Broadway, Suite 810 • Denver, CO 80203-3442 • 303.299.3600 • fax 303.296.8332 • www.ecs.org

The following summary includes policies ECS has tracked in this database since 1994. This database is made possible by your state's fiscal support of the Education Commission of the States (ECS). Most entries are legislative, although rules/regulations and executive orders that make substantive changes are included. Every effort is made to collect the latest available version of policies; in some instances, recent changes might not be reflected. For expediency purposes minimal attention has been paid to style (capitalization, punctuation) and format. To view the documents, click on the blue triangle next to the topic of interest.

Please cite use of the database as: Education Commission of the States (ECS) State Policy Database, retrieved [date].

State Status/Date Level Summary
+ 21st Century Skills
+ Accountability
+ Accountability--Accreditation
+ Accountability--Measures/Indicators
+ Accountability--Reporting Results
+ Accountability--Rewards
+ Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions
+ Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions--Learnfare
+ Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions--No Pass No Drive
+ Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions--No Pass No Play
+ Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions--Takeovers
+ Accountability--School Improvement
+ Adult Basic Education
+ Assessment
+ Assessment--Accommodations
+ Assessment--College Entrance Exams
+ Assessment--Computer Based
+ Assessment--End-of-Course
+ Assessment--Formative/Interim
+ Assessment--High Stakes/Competency
+ Assessment--Legal Issues
+ Assessment--NAEP (NAEP Results and NAEP Organization)
+ Assessment--Performance Based/Portfolio
+ Assessment--Value Added
+ At-Risk (incl. Dropout Prevention)
+ At-Risk (incl. Dropout Prevention)--Alternative Education
+ At-Risk (incl. Dropout Prevention)--Drugs/Alcohol
+ Attendance
+ Attendance--Compulsory
+ Attendance--Statutory Ages (Upper and Lower)
+ Attendance--Truancy
+ Background Checks
+ Bilingual/ESL
+ Brain Research
+ Business Involvement
+ Career/Technical Education
+ Career/Technical Education--Career Academies/Apprenticeship
+ Cheating
+ Choice of Schools
+ Choice of Schools--Charter Schools
+ Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Charter Districts
+ Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Closings
+ Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Cyber Charters
+ Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Finance
+ Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Research
+ Choice of Schools--Choice/Open Enrollment
+ Choice of Schools--Choice/Open Enrollment--Research
+ Choice of Schools--Innovation Schools
+ Choice of Schools--Magnet or Specialized Schools
+ Choice of Schools--Tax Credits
+ Choice of Schools--Vouchers
+ Choice of Schools--Vouchers--Privately Funded
+ Civic Education
+ Civic Education--Character Education
+ Civic Education--Civic Knowledge and Literacy
+ Civic Education--Curriculum/Standards
+ Civic Education--Pledge of Allegiance
+ Class Size
+ Curriculum
+ Curriculum--Alignment
+ Curriculum--Arts Education
+ Curriculum--Censorship
+ Curriculum--Core Curriculum
+ Curriculum--Drivers Education
+ Curriculum--Environmental Education
+ Curriculum--Excusal
+ Curriculum--Family Living Education
+ Curriculum--Financial Literacy/Economics Ed.
+ Curriculum--Foreign Language/Sign Language
+ Curriculum--Geography Education
+ Curriculum--Health/Nutrition Education
+ Curriculum--Home Economics
+ Curriculum--International Education
+ Curriculum--Language Arts
+ Curriculum--Language Arts--Writing/Spelling
+ Curriculum--Mathematics
+ Curriculum--Multicultural
+ Curriculum--Physical Education
+ Curriculum--Science
+ Curriculum--Sex Education
+ Curriculum--Social Studies/History
+ Curriculum--Speech Education
+ Data-Driven Improvement
+ Demographics
+ Demographics--Condition of Children/Adults
+ Demographics--Enrollments
+ Desegregation
+ Economic/Workforce Development
+ Education Research
+ Equity
+ Federal
+ Finance
+ Finance--Adequacy/Core Cost
+ Finance--Aid to Private Schools
+ Finance--Bonds
+ Finance--District
+ Finance--Does Money Matter?
+ Finance--Equity
+ Finance--Facilities
+ Finance--Federal
+ Finance--Funding Formulas
+ Finance--Litigation
+ Finance--Local Foundations/Funds
+ Finance--Lotteries
+ Finance--Performance Funding
+ Finance--Private Giving
+ Finance--Resource Efficiency
+ Finance--State Budgets/Expenditures
+ Finance--Student Fees
+ Finance--Taxes/Revenues
+ Finance--Taxes/Revenues--Alternative Revenues
+ Governance
+ Governance--Deregulation/Waivers/Home Rule
+ Governance--Ethics/Conflict of Interest
+ Governance--Mandates
+ Governance--Regional Entities
+ Governance--School Boards
+ Governance--School Boards--Training
+ Governance--Site-Based Management
+ Governance--State Boards/Chiefs/Agencies
+ Health
+ Health--Child Abuse
+ Health--Mental Health
+ Health--Nutrition
+ Health--School Based Clinics or School Nurses
+ Health--Suicide Prevention
+ Health--Teen Pregnancy
+ High School
+ High School--Advanced Placement
+ High School--College Readiness
+ High School--Credit Recovery
+ High School--Dropout Rates/Graduation Rates
+ High School--Dual/Concurrent Enrollment
+ High School--Early Colleges/Middle Colleges
+ High School--Exit Exams
+ High School--GED (General Education Development)
+ High School--Graduation Requirements
+ High School--International Baccalaureate
+ Instructional Approaches
+ Instructional Approaches--Constructivism
+ Instructional Approaches--Grading Practices
+ Instructional Approaches--Homeschooling
+ Instructional Approaches--Homework/Study Skills
+ Instructional Approaches--Official English
+ Instructional Approaches--Problem Based Learning
+ Instructional Approaches--Single-Sex Education
+ Instructional Approaches--Time/Time on Task
+ Instructional Approaches--Tracking/Ability Grouping
+ Integrated Services/Full-Service Schools
+ International Benchmarking
+ Leadership
+ Leadership--District Superintendent
+ Leadership--District Superintendent--Compensation and Diversified Pay
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Certification and Licensure
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Compensation and Diversified Pay
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Evaluation and Effectiveness
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Induction Programs and Mentoring
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Preparation
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Preparation--Alternative
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Professional Development
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Recruitment and Retention
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Tenure
+ Middle School
+ Minority/Diversity Issues
+ Minority/Diversity Issues--African American
+ Minority/Diversity Issues--American Indian / Alaska Native / Native Hawaiian
+ Minority/Diversity Issues--Hispanic
+ No Child Left Behind
+ No Child Left Behind--Adequate Yearly Progress
+ No Child Left Behind--Assessment
+ No Child Left Behind--Choice/Transfer
+ No Child Left Behind--Consequences for Schools
+ No Child Left Behind--Finance
+ No Child Left Behind--Parent Involvement
+ No Child Left Behind--Reauthorization Issues/Waivers
+ No Child Left Behind--Report Cards
+ No Child Left Behind--School Support
- No Child Left Behind--Special Populations
MDSigned into law 04/2010P-12Requires the state department of education to review the Alternate School Assessment, survey certain teachers regarding satisfaction or lack thereof and solicit recommendations as part of the review. http://mlis.state.md.us/2010rs/bills/sb/sb0557t.pdf
Title: S.B. 557
Source: http://mlis.state.md.us

AKAdopted 08/2008P-12Repeals the alternate performance standards to comply with federal guidelines for students with significant cognitive disabilities.
Title: 4 AAC 04.160, .210(k)(2), .790(7)
Source: http://touchngo.com/lglcntr/akstats/AAC/Title04.htm

MOAdopted 07/2008P-12Proposes rules regarding standards to administer a program of grants to local public school districts for the provision of early childhood screening, parent education and programs for developmentally delayed children. MISSOURI 17888
http://www.sos.mo.gov/adrules/csr/current/5csr/5c50-270.pdf
Title: 5 CSR 50-270.010
Source: http://www.sos.mo.gov/adrules/csr/current/5csr/5c50-270.pdf

CAVetoed 09/2007P-12Relates to Charter School Act of 1992. Revises the description of the procedures relating to pupil suspension or expulsion. Requires a description of how the school intends to serve pupils with disabilities and the qualification and planned professional development of teachers and administrators who will serve this population. Requires a petition to define and demonstrate the ability and training to develop a special education program and the capacity to serve special education pupils.
http://www.assembly.ca.gov/acs/acsframeset2text.htm

Veto message: http://info.sen.ca.gov/pub/07-08/bill/asm/ab_1251-1300/ab_1281_vt_20071010.html
Title: A.B. 1281
Source: http://www.assembly.ca.gov

TXAdopted 09/2007P-12Revise the process of applying for a bilingual exception and/or an English as a second language (ESL) waiver. Other adopted amendments add language regarding the transfer of students out of a special language program in accordance with House Bill 1, 79th Texas Legislature, Third Called Session, 2006; provide clarification on serving students who receive both special language and special education services; and address submission of information for summer school programs. Language was also repealed to remove monitoring requirements no longer authorized in statute. The amendment to 19 TAC §89.1225, Testing and Classification of Students, was adopted with changes.
http://www.tea.state.tx.us/rules/commissioner/adopted/0807/89-1205-ltradopt.html
Title: 19 TAC Chapter 89
Source: http://www.tea.state.tx.us/rules

CATo governor 07/2007P-12Amends existing law that establishes within the Department of Education an American Indian Education Unit to provide technical support to, and administrative oversight of, American Indian education programs. Requires the Superintendent of Public Instruction to request input from the American Indian Education Oversight Committee regarding changes to the 1975 guidelines prior to the submission of the guidelines to the Board of Education. Relates to the funding levels for each center. Establishes criteria for establishing an American Indian Education Center including: 1) potential impact; 2) number of pupils K-12 within the community of the applicant; 3) degree of commitment to the purpose of American Indian education demonstrated by allocation of staff, fiscal and material resources and integration of existing resources and services; 4) extent and degree of collaborative efforts among local community resources, organizations, schools and tribal communities; and 5) existing centers developed by the department are to receive priority based on demonstrated impact of each program. Chapter No. 170
http://info.sen.ca.gov/pub/07-08/bill/sen/sb_0251-0300/sb_273_cfa_20070509_113106_sen_floor.html
Title: S.B. 273
Source: http://www.assembly.ca.gov

LAAdopted 07/2007P-12Amends the following Sections of Bulletin 111:
• §1301 Reward Eligibility: Changes one requirement for exemplary academic growth to 2.0 points improvement in a subgroup assessment index rather than growth in a subgroup performance score
• §4313 Corrective Actions: Adds detail for how school districts that have been identified for district improvement can exit corrective actions
• §4903 Local Superintendent and Board Responsibilities and §4905 Contracting and Employing a District Superintendent: Repeals both of these items, reflecting the legislature's repeal of C and D only of R.S. 17:10.6, Act 687, Reg. Session 2006.
http://www.doa.louisiana.gov/osr/reg/0707/0707RUL.pdf
Title: LAC 28:LXXXIII.1301, 4313, 4903, and 4905
Source: www.doa.louisiana.gov

IDSigned into law 04/2007P-12Directs the state department of education to distribute $750,000 on a one-time basis to schools in which the population of English language learners failed to meet adequate yearly progress (AYP) in math or reading, to improve the English language skills of English language learners. Directs the department to develop the program elements governing the use of these funds, modeled on the training, intervention and remediation elements of the state's early literacy intervention program. Requires the superintendent of public instruction to report to the joint finance-appropriations committee and the house of representatives and the senate education committees, by February 1, 2008, on the program design, uses of funds, and effectiveness of the program. Session Law Chapter 352
http://www3.state.id.us/oasis/S1237.html
Title: S.B. 1237 (Section 9)
Source: www3.state.id.us

LAAdopted 02/2007P-12Makes changes to the state accountability system to take advantage of new and existing flexibility outlined in guidance for No Child Left Behind and to address situations, including changes necessitated in response to the hurricanes of 2005, which were not considered when the accountability policy was initially written. Provides that a school in which a repeating 4th grade student or Option I 8th grade student scores at a higher achievement level on a LEAP test of math, English language arts, science or social studies than any previous attempt (of the same test) will receive 50 incentive points per improved subject in its accountability index. Allows a student to earn a maximum of 200 incentive points for his/her school. Also provides that a 4th or 8th grade student in a summer school program who scores at a higher achievement level on a LEAP test of math or English language arts than any previous attempt (of the same test) will earn 50 incentive points per improved subject.

Provides methodology for calculating a 9-12 assessment index. Provides that scores of an English language learner who has been enrolled in a U.S. school for less than one year not be included in school performance score calculations. Amends language regarding the annual measurable objective (AMO), safe harbor, inclusion of alternate assessment results and determinations of a student's proficiency in English. Amends provisions awarding schools and districts a one year exclusion from the subgroup component in accountability due to a natural disaster.

Pages 4-6 of 50: http://www.doa.louisiana.gov/osr/reg/0702/0702rul.pdf
Title: LAC 28:LXXXIII.307, 409, 515, 703-707, 3905, 4001, and 4527
Source: www.doa.louisiana.gov

VARule Adoption 07/2006P-12Amends regulations establishing standards for accrediting public schools in Virginia. The amendments include additional options for students to meet the requirements for graduation; change the methodology for calculating accreditation ratings; create greater flexibility for transfer students; add more rigorous benchmarks for accreditation; and better define sanctions for schools, superintendents, and school boards if a school loses its accreditation. Revisions also require all elementary and middle schools to require students to participate in a program of physical fitness during the regular school year in accordance with guidelines established by the Board of Education. Changes made to the proposed regulations (i) add defined terms and clarify existing terms; (ii) clarify that students who are limited English proficient (LEP) may be granted an exemption from Standards of Learning (SOL) testing in the areas of writing, science, and history and social science; (iii)add a provision encouraging elementary schools to provide instruction in foreign languages; (iv) allow advanced courses to include Cambridge courses, in addition to Advanced Placement, International Baccalaureate, and college level courses for degree credit; (v) beginning with the academic year 2008-2009, limit middle school teachers to a teaching load of no more than 25 class periods a week; (vi) restore language removed in the proposed regulation regarding teachers of block programs that encompass more than one class period with no more than 120 student periods per day may teach 30 class periods per week; (vii) add a provision for one planning period per day or equivalent for middle and secondary teachers; (viii) cross reference the responsibility of the division superintendent in reporting compliance with preaccreditation eligibility requirements; and (ix) repeal Appendix I, which is expired. http://legis.state.va.us/codecomm/register/vol22/iss24/f8v20131.doc


Title: 8 VAC 20-131-10 thru -320 non seq.
Source: http://legis.state.va.us/codecomm/register/vol22/iss24/v22i24.pdf (pg. 137 of 336)

AZSigned into law 05/2006P-12All students with disabilities in grades 2-12 will ge included in all state and district assessments, with appropriate accommodations and alternate assessments when necessary, as designated by IEP. Also addresses evaluation of students with disabilities and parental notice policies. Relates to special education; relates to standardized testing for monitoring education progress; provides that all students with disabilities shall be included in all general state and district assessments, with appropriate accommodations and alternate assessments where necessary and as indicated in their respective individual education program.
http://www.azleg.gov/legtext/47leg/2r/bills/sb1380s.pdf
Title: S.B. 1380
Source: Arizona Legislature

VASigned into law 03/2006P-12Requires the Board and Department of Education to collect certain statewide data on Virginia's public school students with limited English proficiency and school division programs for such LEP students, analyze the data, and recommend steps to resolve the issues relating to the requirements for obtaining a high school diploma and students with limited English proficiency that will retain high academic standards and accountability, while assisting such students in their endeavors to obtain an education and to become productive Virginians.
http://leg1.state.va.us/cgi-bin/legp504.exe?061+ful+CHAP0526
Title: S.B. 683
Source: http://leg1.state.va.us

AKAdopted 02/2006P-12Amends rules to the Department of Education and Early Development, dealing with setting out qualifications for special education teachers to meet highly qualified status under the No Child Left Behind Act. Requires school districts to ensure that special education teachers employed by the district meet highly qualified teacher status. Sets requirements for teachers and school districts regarding highly qualified status for special education teachers.
Title: 4 AAC 04.210(j), (k)
Source: Lexis-Nexis/StateNew

+ No Child Left Behind--Supplemental Services
+ Online Learning--Digital/Blended Learning
+ Online Learning--Virtual Schools/Courses
+ P-16 or P-20
+ P-3
+ P-3 Brain Development
+ P-3 Child Care
+ P-3 Content Standards and Assessment
+ P-3 Data Systems
+ P-3 Early Intervention (0-3)
+ P-3 Ensuring Quality
+ P-3 Evaluation/Economic Benefits
+ P-3 Family Involvement
+ P-3 Finance
+ P-3 Governance
+ P-3 Grades 1-3
+ P-3 Health and Mental Health
+ P-3 Kindergarten
+ P-3 Kindergarten--Full-Day Kindergarten
+ P-3 Kindergarten--Full Day Kindergarten
+ P-3 Preschool
+ P-3 Public/Private Partnerships
+ P-3 Special Ed./Inclusion
+ P-3 Teaching Quality/Professional Development
+ Parent/Family
+ Parent/Family--Parent Rights
+ Parent/Family--Research
+ Partnerships--University/School
+ Postsecondary
+ Postsecondary Accountability
+ Postsecondary Accountability--Accreditation
+ Postsecondary Accountability--Diploma Mills
+ Postsecondary Accountability--Licensing/Program Review and Approval
+ Postsecondary Accountability--Student Learning
+ Postsecondary Affordability
+ Postsecondary Affordability--Financial Aid
+ Postsecondary Affordability--Textbooks
+ Postsecondary Affordability--Tuition/Fees
+ Postsecondary Affordability--Tuition/Fees--Prepd/College Savings Plans
+ Postsecondary Affordability--Tuition/Fees--Undocumented Immigrants
+ Postsecondary Faculty
+ Postsecondary Faculty--Compensation
+ Postsecondary Faculty--Intellectual Property
+ Postsecondary Faculty--Teaching Assistants
+ Postsecondary Faculty--Tenure
+ Postsecondary Finance
+ Postsecondary Finance--Efficiency/Performance-Based Funding
+ Postsecondary Finance--Facilities
+ Postsecondary Finance--Revenue and Expenditures
+ Postsecondary Governance and Structures
+ Postsecondary Governance and Structures--Administrative/Leadership Issues
+ Postsecondary Governance and Structures--State Executives/State Agencies
+ Postsecondary Institutions
+ Postsecondary Institutions--Community/Technical Colleges
+ Postsecondary Institutions--For-Profit/Proprietary
+ Postsecondary Institutions--Four-Year Baccalaureate
+ Postsecondary Institutions--HBCUs/Minority-Serving Institutions
+ Postsecondary Institutions--Private/Independent
+ Postsecondary Online Instruction
+ Postsecondary Participation
+ Postsecondary Participation--Access
+ Postsecondary Participation--Admissions Requirements
+ Postsecondary Participation--Affirmative Action
+ Postsecondary Participation--Enrollments (Statistics)
+ Postsecondary Participation--Outreach
+ Postsecondary Students
+ Postsecondary Students--Adults
+ Postsecondary Students--Disabled
+ Postsecondary Students--Foster Youth
+ Postsecondary Students--Graduate/Professional
+ Postsecondary Students--International
+ Postsecondary Students--Low-Income
+ Postsecondary Students--Military
+ Postsecondary Students--Minority
+ Postsecondary Success
+ Postsecondary Success--Completion
+ Postsecondary Success--Completion--Completion Rates (Statistics)
+ Postsecondary Success--Developmental/Remediation
+ Postsecondary Success--Retention/Persistence
+ Postsecondary Success--Transfer/Articulation
+ Private Schools
+ Privatization
+ Privatization--Education Management Agencies (EMOs)
+ Proficiency-Based Approaches
+ Promising Practices
+ Promotion/Retention
+ Public Attitudes
+ Public Involvement
+ Purposes of Public Education
+ Reading/Literacy
+ Reading/Literacy--Adult Literacy
+ Religion
+ Religion--Prayer/Meditation
+ Religion--Scientific Creationism (Evolution)
+ Rural
+ Scheduling/School Calendar
+ Scheduling/School Calendar--Day/Class Length
+ Scheduling/School Calendar--Extended Day Programs
+ Scheduling/School Calendar--Summer School
+ Scheduling/School Calendar--Week
+ Scheduling/School Calendar--Year
+ Scheduling/School Calendar--Year Round
+ School Climate/Culture
+ School Safety
+ School Safety--Bullying Prevention/Conflict Resolution
+ School Safety--Code of Conduct
+ School Safety--Corporal Punishment
+ School Safety--Disaster/Emergency Preparedness
+ School Safety--Expulsion/Suspension
+ School Safety--No Child Left Behind--Safe Schools
+ School Safety--Sexual Harassment and Assault
+ School Safety--Special Education
+ School Safety--Uniforms/Dress Codes
+ School/District Structure/Operations
+ School/District Structure/Operations--District Consolidation/Deconsolidation
+ School/District Structure/Operations--District Size
+ School/District Structure/Operations--Facilities
+ School/District Structure/Operations--Food Service
+ School/District Structure/Operations--Libraries
+ School/District Structure/Operations--Org. (K-3/K-8 etc.)
+ School/District Structure/Operations--Personnel (Non-Teaching)
+ School/District Structure/Operations--School Size
+ School/District Structure/Operations--Shared Services
+ School/District Structure/Operations--Staffing Ratios
+ School/District Structure/Operations--Transportation
+ Service-Learning
+ Special Education
+ Special Education--Federal Law/Regulations
+ Special Education--Finance
+ Special Education--Inclusion (Mainstreaming)
+ Special Education--Placement
+ Special Education--Transition
+ Special Populations--Corrections Education
+ Special Populations--Foster Care
+ Special Populations--Gifted and Talented
+ Special Populations--Homeless Education
+ Special Populations--Immigrant Education
+ Special Populations--Migrant Education
+ Special Populations--Military
+ Standards
+ Standards--Common Core State Standards
+ Standards--Implementation
+ State Comparisons/Statistics
+ State Longitudinal Data Systems
+ State Policymaking
+ State Policymaking--Ballot Questions
+ State Policymaking--Constitutional Clauses
+ State Policymaking--Politics
+ State Policymaking--Task Forces/Commissions
+ STEM
+ Student Achievement
+ Student Achievement--Closing the Achievement Gap
+ Student Achievement--State Trends
+ Student Supports
+ Student Supports--Counseling/Guidance
+ Student Supports--Mentoring/Tutoring
+ Student Supports--Remediation
+ Student Surveys
+ Students
+ Students--Athletics/Extracurricular Activities
+ Students--Employment
+ Students--Incentives
+ Students--K-12 Exchange Students
+ Students--Mobility
+ Students--Records/Rights
+ Teaching Quality
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Alternative
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Assignment
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Highly Qualified Teachers
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Natl. Bd. for Prof. Teach. Stds.
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Special Education
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--State Prof. Standards Bds.
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Substitute Teachers
+ Teaching Quality--Compensation and Diversified Pay
+ Teaching Quality--Compensation and Diversified Pay--Pay-for-Performance
+ Teaching Quality--Compensation and Diversified Pay--Retirement/Benefits
+ Teaching Quality--Evaluation and Effectiveness
+ Teaching Quality--Induction Programs and Mentoring
+ Teaching Quality--Paraprofessionals
+ Teaching Quality--Preparation
+ Teaching Quality--Professional Development
+ Teaching Quality--Recruitment and Retention
+ Teaching Quality--Recruitment and Retention--At-Risk Schools
+ Teaching Quality--Recruitment and Retention--High-Needs Subjects
+ Teaching Quality--Reduction in Force
+ Teaching Quality--Teacher Attitudes
+ Teaching Quality--Teacher Contracts (Not Tenure)
+ Teaching Quality--Teacher Rights
+ Teaching Quality--Tenure or Continuing Contract
+ Teaching Quality--Unions/Collective Bargaining
+ Teaching Quality--Unions/Collective Bargaining--Strikes
+ Teaching Quality--Working Conditions
+ Technology
+ Technology--Computer Skills
+ Technology--Devices/Software/Hardware
+ Technology--Equitable Access
+ Technology--Funding Issues
+ Technology--Internet Safety
+ Technology--Research/Evaluation
+ Technology--Teacher/Faculty Training
+ Textbooks and Open Source
+ Urban
+ Urban--Change/Improvements
+ Urban--Governance
+ Whole-School Reform Models
+ Whole Child