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From the ECS State Policy Database 1994-2013

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Education Commission of the States • 700 Broadway, Suite 810 • Denver, CO 80203-3442 • 303.299.3600 • fax 303.296.8332 • www.ecs.org

The following summary includes policies ECS has tracked in this database since 1994. This database is made possible by your state's fiscal support of the Education Commission of the States (ECS). Most entries are legislative, although rules/regulations and executive orders that make substantive changes are included. Every effort is made to collect the latest available version of policies; in some instances, recent changes might not be reflected. For expediency purposes minimal attention has been paid to style (capitalization, punctuation) and format. To view the documents, click on the blue triangle next to the topic of interest. Please cite use of the database as: Education Commission of the States (ECS) State Policy Database, retrieved [date]. State Status/Date Level Summary 21st Century Skills Accountability Accountability--Accreditation Accountability--Measures/Indicators Accountability--Reporting Results Accountability--Rewards Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions--Learnfare Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions--No Pass No Drive Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions--No Pass No Play Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions--Takeovers Accountability--School Improvement Adult Basic Education Assessment Assessment--Accommodations Assessment--College Entrance Exams Assessment--Common Core/National Tests Assessment--Computer Based Assessment--End-of-Course Assessment--Formative/Interim Assessment--High Stakes/Competency Assessment--NAEP (NAEP Results and NAEP Organization) Assessment--Performance Based/Portfolio Assessment--Value Added At-Risk (incl. Dropout Prevention) At-Risk (incl. Dropout Prevention)--Alternative Education At-Risk (incl. Dropout Prevention)--Drugs/Alcohol Attendance Attendance--Compulsory Attendance--Statutory Ages (Upper and Lower) Attendance--Truancy Background Checks Bilingual/ESL Brain Research Business Involvement Career/Technical Education Career/Technical Education--Career Academies/Apprenticeship Cheating Choice of Schools Choice of Schools--Charter Schools Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Charter Districts Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Closings Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Cyber Charters Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Finance Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Research Choice of Schools--Choice/Open Enrollment Choice of Schools--Innovation Schools Choice of Schools--Magnet or Specialized Schools Choice of Schools--Tax Credits Choice of Schools--Vouchers Choice of Schools--Vouchers--Privately Funded Civic Education Civic Education--Character Education Civic Education--Civic Knowledge and Literacy Civic Education--Curriculum/Standards Civic Education--Pledge of Allegiance Class Size Counseling/Guidance Curriculum Curriculum--Alignment Curriculum--Arts Education Curriculum--Censorship Curriculum--Computer Science Curriculum--Core Curriculum Curriculum--Drivers Education Curriculum--Environmental Education Curriculum--Excusal Curriculum--Family Living Education Curriculum--Financial Literacy/Economics Ed. Curriculum--Foreign Language/Sign Language Curriculum--Geography Education Curriculum--Health/Nutrition Education Curriculum--Home Economics Curriculum--International Education Curriculum--Language Arts Curriculum--Language Arts--Writing/Spelling Curriculum--Mathematics Curriculum--Multicultural Curriculum--Physical Education Curriculum--Science Curriculum--Sex Education Curriculum--Social Studies/History Data-Driven Improvement Demographics Demographics--Condition of Children/Adults Demographics--Enrollments Desegregation Economic/Workforce Development Economic/Workforce Development--Value of an Education Education Research Equity Federal Finance Finance--Adequacy/Core Cost Finance--Aid to Private Schools Finance--Bonds Finance--District Finance--Does Money Matter? Finance--Equity Finance--Facilities Finance--Federal Finance--Funding Formulas Finance--Litigation Finance--Local Foundations/Funds Finance--Lotteries Finance--Performance Funding Finance--Private Giving Finance--Resource Efficiency Finance--State Budgets/Expenditures Finance--Student Fees Finance--Taxes/Revenues Finance--Taxes/Revenues--Alternative Revenues Governance Governance--Deregulation/Waivers/Home Rule Governance--Ethics/Conflict of Interest Governance--Mandates Governance--Regional Entities Governance--School Boards Governance--School Boards--Training Governance--Site-Based Management Governance--State Boards/Chiefs/Agencies Health Health--Child Abuse Health--Mental Health Health--Nutrition Health--School Based Clinics or School Nurses Health--Suicide Prevention Health--Teen Pregnancy High School High School--Advanced Placement High School--College Readiness High School--Credit Recovery High School--Dropout Rates/Graduation Rates High School--Dual/Concurrent Enrollment High School--Early Colleges/Middle Colleges High School--Exit Exams High School--GED (General Education Development) High School--Graduation Requirements Instructional Approaches Instructional Approaches--Constructivism Instructional Approaches--Grading Practices Instructional Approaches--Homeschooling Instructional Approaches--Homework/Study Skills Instructional Approaches--Official English Instructional Approaches--Problem Based Learning Instructional Approaches--Single-Sex Education Instructional Approaches--Teaching Across Disciplines Instructional Approaches--Time/Time on Task Instructional Approaches--Tracking/Ability Grouping Integrated Services/Full-Service Schools International Baccalaureate International Benchmarking Leadership Leadership--District Superintendent Leadership--District Superintendent--Compensation and Diversified Pay Leadership--Principal/School Leadership Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Certification and Licensure Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Compensation and Diversified Pay Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Evaluation and Effectiveness Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Induction Programs and Mentoring Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Preparation Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Preparation--Alternative Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Professional Development Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Recruitment and Retention Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Tenure Mentoring/Tutoring Middle School Minority/Diversity Issues Minority/Diversity Issues--African American Minority/Diversity Issues--American Indian / Alaska Native / Native Hawaiian Minority/Diversity Issues--Hispanic No Child Left Behind No Child Left Behind--Adequate Yearly Progress No Child Left Behind--Assessment No Child Left Behind--Choice/Transfer No Child Left Behind--Consequences for Schools No Child Left Behind--Finance No Child Left Behind--Parent Involvement No Child Left Behind--Reauthorization Issues/Waivers No Child Left Behind--Report Cards No Child Left Behind--School Support No Child Left Behind--Special Populations No Child Left Behind--Supplemental Services Online Learning--Digital/Blended Learning Online Learning--Virtual Schools/Courses P-16 or P-20 P-3 P-3 Brain Development P-3 Child Care P-3 Content Standards and Assessment P-3 Data Systems P-3 Early Intervention (0-3) OR Signed into law 08/2013 P-12 Early Learning Screening, Risk Assessment, Prental Care, and Special Education Inclusion H.B. 2013 (Section 1) Requires the Early Learning Council and the Department of Education to assist school districts in implementing a process that assesses children for kindergarten readiness. Requires the assistance include training on goals and implementation of the process, th... More... IL Signed into law 06/2013 P-12 Early Intervention Services S.B. 626 Provides that a policy of accident and health insurance that provides coverage for early intervention services must conform to the following criteria: the use of private health insurance to pay for early intervention services under Part C of the federal Indivi... More... ME Signed into law 06/2013 P-12 Implements Recommendations of Government Oversight Committee and the Office of Program Evaluation and Government Accountability Regarding Child Development Services H.P. 27 Implements recommendations of the Government Oversight Committee stemming from the report on child development services issued by the Office of Program Evaluation and Government Accountability in July 2012. Requires improved reporting to the Legislature on key... More... TX Signed into law 06/2013 P-12 Home Visiting S.B. 426 Directs the commission to create a strategic plan to serve at-risk pregnant women and families with children under the age of six through home visiting programs that improve outcomes for parents and families. Provides program details. http://www.capitol.state... More... CO Signed into law 05/2013 P-12 Early Head Start Grant Program H.B. 1291 Creates the Colorado Early Head Start (EHS) Grant Program in the Office of Early Childhood to expand enrollment of infants, toddlers and pregnant mothers in center- or home-based Early Head Start, improve quality care, provide tiered reimbursement to providers... More... NE Signed into law 05/2013 P-12 Learning Communities and Learning Community Coordinating Councils L.B. 585 Changes provisions relating to learning communities. There is currently only one learning community in the state which is composed of 11 member districts in Douglas/Sarpy counties. The transportation of students in a learning community is changed by the bill. ... More... NE Signed into law 04/2013 P-12 Education Innovation Fund and Early Childhood Education Endowment L.B. 495 From the Fiscal Note: LB 495 changes the allocation of the Education Innovation Fund in FY2013-14 through FY2015-16. The fund is derived from lottery proceeds. The bill provides a new appropriation of $1 million per year for the three year period from the fund... More... NM Signed into law 04/2013 P-12 Home Visiting Accountability Act S.B. 365 Directs the department to provide statewide home visiting services using a standards-based program. Provides definitions for home visiting programs and systems, standards based program, and eligible families. Requires home visiting programs to do two or more o... More... AR Signed into law 03/2013 P-12 Home Visiting Program S.B. 491 Requires the State Child Abuse and Neglect Prevention Board (in conjunction with the Department of Health and Department of Human Services) to implement a voluntary family-focused home visiting services to promote prenatal care to assure health births for chil... More... IL Signed into law 08/2012 P-12 Early Intervention Services and Illinois Interagency Council on Early Intervention S.B. 820 Amends provisions regarding early intervention services. Provides services are to be provided in natural environments to the maximum extent possible unless justification is provided consistent with federal regulations (prior language did not include this quali... More... NY Signed into law 07/2012 P-12 Early Intervention Coordinating Council Membership A.B. 9347 Adds the superintendent of financial services to the early intervention coordinating council; in doing so, makes council membership compliant with federal requirement that at least one member represent the agency responsible for the state regulation of privat... More... HI Signed into law 04/2012 P-12 Hawaii Early Intervention Coordinating Council S.B. 2828 Revises the Hawaii Early Intervention Coordinating Council membership and functions to be consistent with part C of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act of 2004 requirements regarding the state interagency coordinating council. http://www.capitol.ha... More... FL Signed into law 06/2010 P-12 Specialized Instructional Services for Children with Disabilities H.B. 1505 - Sec. 4 Creates a new statutory section regarding specialized instructional services for children with disabilities; details eligibility requirements for specialized instructional services; allows the parent of a child eligible for the prekindergarten program for chil... More... CA Signed into law 08/2009 P-12 Disputes between a Regional Center and Generic Agency A.B. 140 Relates to services for individuals with developmental disabilities. Establishes procedures for the resolution of disputes between a regional center and a generic agency over provision of, or payment for, services that are contained in an individualized family... More... CA Signed into law 07/2009 P-12 Cost-Containment for Certain Special Education Services A.B. 9D From Legislative Counsel's Digest: In providing early intervention services and support to all eligible infants and toddlers and their families, requires a family's private insurance for medical services or a health care service plan identified in the indivi... More... TX Signed into law 06/2009 P-12 Interagency Task Force for Children with Special Needs S.B. 1824 Defines "children with special needs" as children younger than 22 diagnosed with a chronic illness, intellectual or other developmental disability, or serious mental illness. Creates the Interagency Task Force for Children with Special Needs to improve the coo... More... FL Adopted 02/2009 P-12 PRE KINDERGARTEN DISABILITIES TEACHERS FAC 6A-4.01792 Amends rule to add certification in elementary education grade K-6 as an appropriate base coverage for certification in the pre-k disabilities endorsement. The effect is more flexibility for certification for teachers who want to serve the prekindergarten leve... More... CA Vetoed 09/2008 P-12 Autism S.B. 1475 Requires the State Department of Developmental Services to establish a pilot project to provide methods, instruments, and systems of care between regional centers and school districts for the early identification and assessment of children with Autism Spectrum... More... LA Signed into law 06/2008 P-12 Comprehensive Revision of Special Education Legislation H.B. 1053 Provides for comprehensive revision of the educational opportunities for children with exceptionalities provisions. The following are the major changes, as set forth in the digest (http://www.legis.state.la.us/billdata/streamdocument.asp?did=488156) of the ree... More... WA Signed into law 03/2008 P-12 Interdistrict Transfers for Employees' Children with Special Education Needs H.B. 2137 School districts must allow the children of full-time classified and certificated employees to enroll in a district that offers early education intervention services for special education students, provided that the child qualifies for such services. http://a... More... MI Issued 11/2007 P-12 Coordinating Council for Infants and Toddlers With Developmental Disabilities Executive Order 43 (EXECUTIVE ORDER NO. 2007-43) Creates the Interagency Coordinating Council For Infants and Toddlers With Developmental Disabilities; includes early intervention services. http://www.michigan.gov/textonly/0,2964,7-168-21975-180618--,00.html... More... HI Vetoed 07/2007 P-12 Prekindergarten and Kindergarten S.B. 613 Directs the department to encourage inclusionary prekindergarten and kindergarten classes of both special education eligible and general education students, including consideration of the following options: (1) Special education eligible preschool children ma... More... HI Became law without governor's signature 07/2007 P-12 Hawaii 3-5 Transition Task Force H.B. 531 Establishes a "Hawaii 3-5 transition" task force to study the feasibility of expanding Hawaii's early intervention section to continue services for children ages 3-5. Directs the task force, in completing the feasibility study, to:      (1)  Identify the pote... More... OK Issued 07/2007 P-12 Governance Adjustment for Federal Funding E.O. 32 (Amended Executive Order 2006-04) Makes the state department of education the lead agency for administration of Part C of the federal Individuals with Disabilities Educatin Act -- to take advantage of the federal government providing the State with the opportu... More... ME Signed into law 06/2007 P-12 Preschool Children with Disabilities S.B. 99 Expands the opportunity of preschool children with disabilities to continue to have a free and appropriate public education provided through the Child Development Services System; extends the window of eligibility, allowing children who reach 5 years of age be... More... NJ Signed into law 06/2007 P-12 Early Intervention for Autism A.B. 4056; S.B. 2568 Concerns Early Intervention Program services for children with autism. Requires Department of Health and Senior Services, in conjunction with the Departments of Education and Human Services, to establish a Statewide system of early intervention services for el... More... HI Signed into law 04/2007 P-12 Funds for Early Intervention Services S.B. 1459 (Governor's Package Bill) Appropriates $5,299,809 from the general fund for early intervention services for infants and children from birth to three years of age with developmental delay or ones at biological or environmental risk for developmental delay. http... More... NY Signed into law 04/2007 P-12 Temporary Task Force on Preschool Special Education S.B. 2107 - Part B, Section 59 Establishes a temporary task force on preschool special education, to be chaired by the commissioner of education or his/her designated representative, and consisting of the following members: (1) The commissioner of education or his/her designated representa... More... WA Signed into law 03/2006 P-12 Birth to 3 Early Intervention Services H.B. 1107 Finds an urgent and substantial need to enhance the development of all infants and toddlers with disabilities in Washington in order to minimize developmental delays and to maximize individual potential for learning and functioning. Requires that, by September... More... OK Signed into law 04/2005 P-12 Eligibility for Early Intervention S.B. 390 Relates to the Oklahoma Early Intervention Act; modifies eligibility for early intervention services; authorizes State Board of Education to modify certain eligibility definitions as required to receive certain federal assistance. http://www2.lsb.state.ok.us/2... More... ME Rule Adoption 08/2004 P-12 Early Intervention and Special Education for Children 05-071-180 Establishes rule to allow parents of preschool children with disabilities who are already receiving free appropriate public education (FAPE) services from Child Development Services and who turn five between September 1st and October 15th to choose not to enro... More... MO Rule Adoption 02/2004 P-12 Missouri's Services for Infants and Toddlers/Disability 5 CSR 70-742.141 Establishes rules describing Missouri's services for infants and toddlers with disabilities. MISSOURI REG 14733 (SN)... More... LA Emergency Rule Adoption 10/2003 P-12 Early and Periodic Screening, Diagnosis and Treatment LAC 50:XV.Chapter 81 Establishes emergency rules concerning early and periodic screening, diagnosis and treatment program early intervention services for infants and toddlers with disabilities. LOUISIANA REG 9136 (SN)... More... KY Emergency Rule Adoption 12/2002 P-12 Early Intervention Program Assessment/Service Planning 911 KAR 2:130E Establishes emergency rules pertaining to early intervention program assessment and service planning. http://www.lrc.state.ky.us/kar/911/002/130E.htm... More... MO Signed into law 06/2002 P-12 Preference to Child's Birth-3 Service Provider S.B. 874 Requires school districts that provide early childhood special education to give preference to a child's birth to age 3 service provider when making the transition to early childhood special education, unless this would result in a cost which exceeds the avera... More... WY Signed into law 02/2001 P-12 Preschoolers with Disabilities H.B. 23 Relates to preschool education for children with disabilities; modifies the distribution of federal funds available to the state for preschool special education programs as specified.... More... GA Signed into law 03/2000 P-12 Omnibus Bill - Early Intervention and Special Education Students H.B. 1187 There is created an Early Intervention Program in kindergarten and a Primary Grades Early Intervention Program in grades 1-3. These programs are for students performing below grade level. Special education students are eligible for this program, but may only b... More... KY Signed into law 02/2000 P-12 Early Childhood Special Education H.B. 51 Relates to the Federal Individuals with Disabilities Education Act; provides that rights for infants, toddlers, and parents served by the State Early Intervention System are mandated by participation in Part C of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act... More... VA Signed into law 04/1998 P-12 H.B. 916 Infant Hearing Test Clarifies the requirements of the infant hearing impairment identification system; emphasizes that newborns are to be tested; requires current screening technology, of all infants who fail the initial hearing test and any follow-up test; authorizes reporting o... More... WV Signed into law 05/1997 P-12 H.B. 2885 Early Intervention Service for Children with Developmental Delays Relates to early intervention services for children with developmental delays.... More... CA Signed into law 10/1995 P-12 A.B. 575 Ineligibility to Provide Special Education (Effective: 10/16/95) Specifies that public hospitals, state-licensed children's hospitals, psychiatric hospitals, proprietary hospitals, or health facilities for medical purposes located either within and outside of the State that did not provide special educ... More... P-3 English Language Learners (ELL) P-3 Ensuring Quality P-3 Evaluation/Economic Benefits P-3 Family Involvement P-3 Finance P-3 Governance P-3 Grades 1-3 P-3 Health and Mental Health P-3 Kindergarten P-3 Kindergarten--Full-Day Kindergarten P-3 Kindergarten--Full Day Kindergarten P-3 Preschool P-3 Public/Private Partnerships P-3 Special Ed./Inclusion P-3 Teaching Quality/Professional Development P-3 Technology Parent/Family Parent/Family--Parent Rights Parent/Family--Research Partnerships--University/School Postsecondary Postsecondary Accountability Postsecondary Accountability--Accreditation Postsecondary Accountability--Diploma Mills Postsecondary Accountability--Licensing/Program Review and Approval Postsecondary Accountability--Student Learning Postsecondary Affordability Postsecondary Affordability--Financial Aid Postsecondary Affordability--Textbooks Postsecondary Affordability--Tuition/Fees Postsecondary Affordability--Tuition/Fees--Prepd/College Savings Plans Postsecondary Affordability--Tuition/Fees--Undocumented Immigrants Postsecondary Faculty Postsecondary Faculty--Compensation Postsecondary Faculty--Intellectual Property Postsecondary Faculty--Teaching Assistants Postsecondary Faculty--Tenure Postsecondary Finance Postsecondary Finance--Efficiency/Performance-Based Funding Postsecondary Finance--Facilities Postsecondary Finance--Revenue and Expenditures Postsecondary Governance and Structures Postsecondary Governance and Structures--Administrative/Leadership Issues Postsecondary Governance and Structures--State Executives/State Agencies Postsecondary Institutions Postsecondary Institutions--Community/Technical Colleges Postsecondary Institutions--For-Profit/Proprietary Postsecondary Institutions--Four-Year Baccalaureate Postsecondary Institutions--HBCUs/Minority-Serving Institutions Postsecondary Institutions--Private/Independent Postsecondary Online Instruction Postsecondary Participation Postsecondary Participation--Access Postsecondary Participation--Admissions Requirements Postsecondary Participation--Affirmative Action Postsecondary Participation--Enrollments (Statistics) Postsecondary Participation--Outreach Postsecondary Students Postsecondary Students--Adults Postsecondary Students--Disabled Postsecondary Students--Foster Youth Postsecondary Students--Graduate/Professional Postsecondary Students--International Postsecondary Students--Low-Income Postsecondary Students--Military Postsecondary Students--Minority Postsecondary Success Postsecondary Success--Completion Postsecondary Success--Developmental/Remediation Postsecondary Success--Retention/Persistence Postsecondary Success--Transfer/Articulation Private Schools Privatization Privatization--Education Management Agencies (EMOs) Proficiency-Based Approaches Promising Practices Promotion/Retention Public Involvement Purposes of Public Education Reading/Literacy Reading/Literacy--Adult Literacy Religion Religion--Prayer/Meditation Religion--Scientific Creationism (Evolution) Remediation (K-12) Rural Scale-Up/Replication Scheduling/School Calendar Scheduling/School Calendar--Day/Class Length Scheduling/School Calendar--Extended Day Programs Scheduling/School Calendar--Summer School Scheduling/School Calendar--Week Scheduling/School Calendar--Year Scheduling/School Calendar--Year Round School Climate/Culture School Safety School Safety--Bullying Prevention/Conflict Resolution School Safety--Code of Conduct School Safety--Corporal Punishment School Safety--Disaster/Emergency Preparedness School Safety--Expulsion/Suspension School Safety--No Child Left Behind--Safe Schools School Safety--Sexual Harassment and Assault School Safety--Special Education School Safety--Uniforms/Dress Codes School/District Structure/Operations School/District Structure/Operations--District Consolidation/Deconsolidation School/District Structure/Operations--District Size School/District Structure/Operations--Facilities School/District Structure/Operations--Food Service School/District Structure/Operations--Libraries School/District Structure/Operations--Org. (K-3/K-8 etc.) School/District Structure/Operations--Personnel (Non-Teaching) School/District Structure/Operations--School Size School/District Structure/Operations--Shared Services School/District Structure/Operations--Staffing Ratios School/District Structure/Operations--Transportation Service-Learning Social/Emotional Learning and Non-Cognitive Skills Special Education Special Education--Federal Law/Regulations Special Education--Finance Special Education--Inclusion (Mainstreaming) Special Education--Placement Special Education--Transition Special Populations--Corrections Education Special Populations--Foster Care Special Populations--Gifted and Talented Special Populations--Homeless Education Special Populations--Immigrant Education Special Populations--Migrant Education Special Populations--Military Standards Standards--Common Core State Standards Standards--Implementation State Comparisons/Statistics State Longitudinal Data Systems State Policymaking State Policymaking--Ballot Questions State Policymaking--Constitutional Clauses State Policymaking--Politics State Policymaking--Task Forces/Commissions STEM Student Achievement Student Achievement--Closing the Achievement Gap Student Surveys Students Students--Athletics/Extracurricular Activities Students--Employment Students--Incentives Students--K-12 Exchange Students Students--Mobility Students--Records/Rights Teaching Quality Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Alternative Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Assignment Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Highly Qualified Teachers Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Natl. Bd. for Prof. Teach. Stds. Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Special Education Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--State Prof. Standards Bds. Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Substitute Teachers Teaching Quality--Compensation and Diversified Pay Teaching Quality--Compensation and Diversified Pay--Pay-for-Performance Teaching Quality--Compensation and Diversified Pay--Retirement/Benefits Teaching Quality--Evaluation and Effectiveness Teaching Quality--Induction Programs and Mentoring Teaching Quality--Paraprofessionals Teaching Quality--Preparation Teaching Quality--Professional Development Teaching Quality--Recruitment and Retention Teaching Quality--Recruitment and Retention--At-Risk Schools Teaching Quality--Recruitment and Retention--High-Needs Subjects Teaching Quality--Reduction in Force Teaching Quality--Teacher Attitudes Teaching Quality--Teacher Contracts (Not Tenure) Teaching Quality--Teacher Rights Teaching Quality--Tenure or Continuing Contract Teaching Quality--Unions/Collective Bargaining Teaching Quality--Unions/Collective Bargaining--Strikes Teaching Quality--Working Conditions Technology Technology--Computer Skills Technology--Devices/Software/Hardware Technology--Equitable Access Technology--Funding Issues Technology--Internet Safety Technology--Research/Evaluation Technology--Teacher/Faculty Training Textbooks and Open Source Urban Urban--Change/Improvements Urban--Governance Whole-School Reform Models