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From the ECS State Policy Database 1994-2013

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Education Commission of the States • 700 Broadway, Suite 810 • Denver, CO 80203-3442 • 303.299.3600 • fax 303.296.8332 • www.ecs.org

The following summary includes policies ECS has tracked in this database since 1994. This database is made possible by your state's fiscal support of the Education Commission of the States (ECS). Most entries are legislative, although rules/regulations and executive orders that make substantive changes are included. Every effort is made to collect the latest available version of policies; in some instances, recent changes might not be reflected. For expediency purposes minimal attention has been paid to style (capitalization, punctuation) and format. To view the documents, click on the blue triangle next to the topic of interest. Please cite use of the database as: Education Commission of the States (ECS) State Policy Database, retrieved [date]. State Status/Date Level Summary 21st Century Skills Accountability Accountability--Accreditation Accountability--Measures/Indicators Accountability--Reporting Results Accountability--Rewards Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions--Learnfare Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions--No Pass No Drive Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions--No Pass No Play Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions--Takeovers Accountability--School Improvement Adult Basic Education Assessment Assessment--Accommodations Assessment--College Entrance Exams Assessment--Computer Based Assessment--End-of-Course Assessment--Formative/Interim Assessment--High Stakes/Competency Assessment--Legal Issues Assessment--NAEP (NAEP Results and NAEP Organization) Assessment--Performance Based/Portfolio Assessment--Value Added At-Risk (incl. Dropout Prevention) At-Risk (incl. Dropout Prevention)--Alternative Education At-Risk (incl. Dropout Prevention)--Drugs/Alcohol Attendance Attendance--Compulsory Attendance--Statutory Ages (Upper and Lower) Attendance--Truancy Background Checks Bilingual/ESL Brain Research Business Involvement Career/Technical Education Career/Technical Education--Career Academies/Apprenticeship Cheating Choice of Schools Choice of Schools--Charter Schools Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Charter Districts Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Closings Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Cyber Charters Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Finance Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Research Choice of Schools--Choice/Open Enrollment Choice of Schools--Choice/Open Enrollment--Research Choice of Schools--Innovation Schools Choice of Schools--Magnet or Specialized Schools Choice of Schools--Tax Credits Choice of Schools--Vouchers Choice of Schools--Vouchers--Privately Funded Civic Education Civic Education--Character Education Civic Education--Civic Knowledge and Literacy Civic Education--Curriculum/Standards Civic Education--Pledge of Allegiance Class Size Curriculum Curriculum--Alignment Curriculum--Arts Education Curriculum--Censorship Curriculum--Core Curriculum Curriculum--Drivers Education Curriculum--Environmental Education Curriculum--Excusal Curriculum--Family Living Education Curriculum--Financial Literacy/Economics Ed. Curriculum--Foreign Language/Sign Language Curriculum--Geography Education Curriculum--Health/Nutrition Education Curriculum--Home Economics Curriculum--International Education Curriculum--Language Arts Curriculum--Language Arts--Writing/Spelling Curriculum--Mathematics Curriculum--Multicultural Curriculum--Physical Education Curriculum--Science Curriculum--Sex Education Curriculum--Social Studies/History Curriculum--Speech Education Data-Driven Improvement Demographics Demographics--Condition of Children/Adults Demographics--Enrollments Desegregation Economic/Workforce Development Education Research Equity Federal Finance Finance--Adequacy/Core Cost Finance--Aid to Private Schools Finance--Bonds Finance--District Finance--Does Money Matter? Finance--Equity Finance--Facilities Finance--Federal Finance--Funding Formulas Finance--Litigation Finance--Local Foundations/Funds Finance--Lotteries Finance--Performance Funding Finance--Private Giving Finance--Resource Efficiency Finance--State Budgets/Expenditures Finance--Student Fees Finance--Taxes/Revenues Finance--Taxes/Revenues--Alternative Revenues Governance Governance--Deregulation/Waivers/Home Rule Governance--Ethics/Conflict of Interest Governance--Mandates Governance--Regional Entities Governance--School Boards Governance--School Boards--Training Governance--Site-Based Management Governance--State Boards/Chiefs/Agencies Health Health--Child Abuse Health--Mental Health Health--Nutrition Health--School Based Clinics or School Nurses Health--Suicide Prevention Health--Teen Pregnancy High School High School--Advanced Placement High School--College Readiness High School--Credit Recovery High School--Dropout Rates/Graduation Rates High School--Dual/Concurrent Enrollment High School--Early Colleges/Middle Colleges High School--Exit Exams High School--GED (General Education Development) High School--Graduation Requirements High School--International Baccalaureate Instructional Approaches Instructional Approaches--Constructivism Instructional Approaches--Grading Practices Instructional Approaches--Homeschooling Instructional Approaches--Homework/Study Skills Instructional Approaches--Official English Instructional Approaches--Problem Based Learning Instructional Approaches--Single-Sex Education Instructional Approaches--Time/Time on Task Instructional Approaches--Tracking/Ability Grouping Integrated Services/Full-Service Schools International Benchmarking Leadership Leadership--District Superintendent Leadership--District Superintendent--Compensation and Diversified Pay Leadership--Principal/School Leadership Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Certification and Licensure Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Compensation and Diversified Pay Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Evaluation and Effectiveness Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Induction Programs and Mentoring Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Preparation Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Preparation--Alternative Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Professional Development Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Recruitment and Retention Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Tenure Middle School Minority/Diversity Issues Minority/Diversity Issues--African American Minority/Diversity Issues--American Indian / Alaska Native / Native Hawaiian Minority/Diversity Issues--Hispanic No Child Left Behind No Child Left Behind--Adequate Yearly Progress No Child Left Behind--Assessment No Child Left Behind--Choice/Transfer No Child Left Behind--Consequences for Schools No Child Left Behind--Finance No Child Left Behind--Parent Involvement No Child Left Behind--Reauthorization Issues/Waivers No Child Left Behind--Report Cards No Child Left Behind--School Support No Child Left Behind--Special Populations No Child Left Behind--Supplemental Services Online Learning--Digital/Blended Learning Online Learning--Virtual Schools/Courses P-16 or P-20 P-3 P-3 Brain Development P-3 Child Care P-3 Content Standards and Assessment P-3 Data Systems P-3 Early Intervention (0-3) P-3 Ensuring Quality P-3 Evaluation/Economic Benefits P-3 Family Involvement P-3 Finance P-3 Governance NY Signed into law 07/2012 P-12 Early Intervention Coordinating Council Membership A.B. 9347 Adds the superintendent of financial services to the early intervention coordinating council; in doing so, makes council membership complia... More... HI Signed into law 06/2012 P-12 Early Learning System S.B. 2545 Provides legislative findings. Establishes the executive office on early learning, to be temporarily placed in the office of the governor, a... More... OH Signed into law 06/2012 P-12 Duties of Early Childhood Advisory Council S.B. 316 - Duties of Early Childhood Advisory Council Amends the duties of the early childhood advisory council. Repeals provision directing the council to advise the state regarding the creatio... More... IL Adopted 05/2012 P-12 Early Childhood Block Grant 23 IL ADC 235.20, 30, 40, 45, 50, 60, 70; 23 IL ADC 235.APP. A, B, C From Illinois Register: This rulemaking resulted from the state board's application for funding under the American Recovery and Reinvestment... More... FL Vetoed 04/2012 P-12 School Readiness Programs H.B. 5103 From final bill analysis: Conforms applicable statutes to the appropriations provided in the General Appropriations Act for the school readi... More... HI Signed into law 04/2012 P-12 Hawaii Early Intervention Coordinating Council S.B. 2828 Revises the Hawaii Early Intervention Coordinating Council membership and functions to be consistent with part C of the Individuals with Dis... More... LA Signed into law 04/2012 P-12 Louisiana Early Childhood Education Act. S.B. 581 Requires the state board of education to create a comprehensive and integrated network through which to manage and oversee all programs fund... More... CA Issued 02/2012 P-12 State Advisory Council on Early Childhood Education and Care E.O. B-15-12 Designates the existing Head Start and Early Learning Advisory Committee as the state advisory council on early childhood education and care... More... NM Signed into law 02/2012 P-12 Governance Structure for Child Development S.B. 187 The 2011 Early Childhood Care and Education Act created the State Early Learning Advisory Council, charged with making recommendations to en... More... NJ Issued 10/2011 P-12 Early Learning Commission E.O. 77 Creates the New Jersey Commission for Early Learning and Development. Identifies five members of the Commission: Commissioner of the Depar... More... CO Signed into law 05/2011 P-12 Colorado Early Learning Council Advisory Team S.B. 247 Repeals the Colorado Early Learning Council Advisory Team. http://www.leg.state.co.us/clics/clics2011a/csl.nsf/fsbillcont3/67F42E4F689F9AAC8... More... ND Signed into law 05/2011 P-12 Early Childhood Education Council S.B. 2150 - Multiple Provisions Makes changes to definitions and adds commissioner of commerce (or designee) and an individual representing children with disabilities to me... More... NM Signed into law 04/2011 P-12 Early Learning Act and Advisory Council S.B. 120 The Act establishes a comprehensive early childhood care and education system through an aligned continuum of state and private programs, in... More... WA Signed into law 04/2011 P-12 Early Learning Advisory Council S.B. 5389 To fully comply with requirements in the federal head start act regarding state advisory council membership, Washington must amend existing ... More... MN Issued 03/2011 P-12 The Early Learning Council E.O. 11-05 Creates the Early Learning Council to serve as the state advisory council on early childhood education and care. The council will consists o... More... IL Issued 06/2010 P-12 Office of Early Childhood Development Executive Order 8 Creates the Office of Early Childhood Development in the governor's office. Provides that the purpose of the office is to coordinate the wor... More... CO Signed into law 05/2010 P-12 Early Childhood Leadership Commission S.B. 195 Creates the Early Childhood Leadership Commission to advance a comprehensive service delivery system for children from birth to 8 years of a... More... HI Became law without governor's signature 04/2010 P-12 Early Learning Council Meetings S.B. 2121 Allows the Early Learning Council to conduct meetings by teleconference. Sets out quorum requirements and public notice and participation re... More... CO Issued 03/2010 P-12 Governor's Early Childhood Leadership Commission Exec. Order B 2010-002 The Commission is to ensure and advance a comprehensive service delivery system for children from birth to age eight using data to improve d... More... IL Signed into law 08/2009 P-12 MOUs Between State and Head Start Programs S.B. 79 Requires grantees under the Preschool for All Children program to enter into a memorandum of understanding (MOU) with the appropriate local ... More... OH Signed into law 07/2009 P-12 Early Childhood Cabinet Appointment H.B. 1 - Section 265.10.23 Directs the governor to appoint to the early childhood cabinet a representative of a board of health of a city or general health district or... More... OH Signed into law 07/2009 P-12 Center for Early Childhood Development H.B. 1 - Section 265.70.10 Directs the governor and the state superintendent to create the Center for Early Childhood Development in the department of education, compr... More... GA Adopted 04/2009 P-12 Bright from the Start Program GAC 591-1-1-.16 and .31 Amends rules concerning the Bright From the Start Program, including governing body, licensure and staff.... More... HI Veto overridden: legislature has overridden governor's veto 07/2008 P-12 Early Learning System S.B. 2878 Establishing an early learning system to be known as keiki first steps, to ensure a spectrum of high-quality early learning opportunities st... More... WA Signed into law 03/2008 P-12 Washington Head Start Program H.B. 3168 The department of early learning (DEL) is directed to develop a proposal for the implementation of a statewide Washington head start program... More... WV Issued 10/2007 P-12 Governor's "Early Care and Education" Council Executive Order No. 11-07 Orders that The Partners in Implementing an Early Care and Education System is authorized to study the issues of governance as it relates to... More... DE Signed into law 06/2007 P-12 Early Care and Education Council H.B. 126 Extends the repeal of the Early Care and Education Council; provides for annual reports to the Interagency Resource Management Committee reg... More... CO Signed into law 05/2007 P-12 Statewide Early Childhood Councils H.B. 1062 Concerns the creation of a statewide system of early childhood councils to improve and sustain availability, accessibility, capacity and qua... More... WA Signed into law 04/2007 P-12 Addresses Authority Issues S.B. 5952 From final House Bill report: The Department of Early Learning (DEL) was established in 2006 as an executive branch agency whose primary dut... More... AZ Approved by voters 07/2006 P-12 Early Childhood Development and Health Initiative V. 18 (Prop. 203) (PROPOSITION 203 I-16-2006) Increases funding for early childhood development and health programs. Purpose is to improve quality and increas... More... VT Issued 06/2006 P-12 Building Bright Futures Council E.O. 03-06 Establishes the Building Bright Futures Council, a public-private partnership, to support the creation of an integrated system of early chil... More... MD Issued 03/2006 P-12 Amends Membership of the Advisory Council for Children 01.01.2006-03 (Executive Order) Amends amend Executive Order 01.01.2005.34, which established the Advisory Council for Children; the Governor's Office for Children as a sep... More... WA Signed into law 03/2006 P-12 Department of Early Learning H.B. 2964 Finds that the early years of a child's life are critical to the child's healthy brain development and that the quality of caregiving during... More... CA Signed into law 09/2004 P-12 Early Childhood Program Governance A.B. 2525 (multiple provisions) Deletes provision requiring the State Department of Education to take certain actions in administering child care and child development prog... More... GA Signed into law 05/2004 P-12 School Readiness Office S.B. 456 Changes the name of the "Office of School Readiness" to "Bright From The Start: Georgia's Office of Early Care and Education;" makes the off... More... NH Signed into law 05/2004 P-12 Membership of the Advisory Committee on Child Care S.B. 416 Adds representatives of Early Learning New Hampshire to the advisory committee on child care and removes obsolete member references. http://... More... VA Signed into law 03/2004 P-12 Early Intervention Agencies Committee H.B. 15 Abolishes the Early Intervention Agencies Committee created to ensure the implementation of a comprehensive system for early intervention se... More... OR Signed into law 06/2003 P-12 Employment Department H.B. 2191 Includes Employment Department in development of voluntary statewide early childhood system; involves local child care resource and referral... More... OK Signed into law 04/2003 P-12 Oklahoma Partnership for School Readiness Act H.B. 1094 Creates the Oklahoma Partnership for School Readiness Act; states intent, purposes, and goals; creates the Oklahoma Partnership for School R... More... GA Signed into law 05/2002 P-12 Joint Study Committee on Early Childhood Education H.R. 1105 Creates the Joint Study Committee on Early Childhood Education. Mandates the committee to undertake a study of the importance of early chil... More... ME Signed into law 04/2002 P-12 Child Care Facility Requirements H.B. 1523 Changes the day care center references to child care facility; changes the definition of children in the laws governing nursery schools, whi... More... OK Signed into law 04/2002 P-12 Child Care Facilities Licensing Act-Single licensure process S.B. 1584 An Act relating to children; amending 10 O.S. 2001, Section 401, which relates to the Oklahoma Child Care Facilities Licensing Act; requiri... More... IN Signed into law 03/2002 P-12 Child Care Regulation H.B. 1214 Extends the expiration date of the law establishing the board for the coordination of child care regulation and the terms of board members; ... More... OR Signed into law 07/2001 P-12 Voluntary Statewide Early Childhood System H.B. 3659 Directs the Commission on Children and Families, the Department of Education and the Department of Human Services to jointly establish polic... More... FL Vetoed 05/2001 P-12 Demonstration program for prevention of learning problems in young children S.B. 1018 Relates to prevention of learning problems in young children; authorizes a demonstration program to be called Learning Gateway; creates a st... More... TX Signed into law 05/2001 P-12 Early Childhood Services S.B. 665 Relates to the creation of an office within the Health and Human Services Commission for coordinating the delivery of early childhood servic... More... CO Signed into law 03/2001 P-12 Dept. of Ed. oversight for state preschool program H.B. 1041 Concerns the duties of the Colorado Department of Education in providing oversight of the Colorado Preschool Program.... More... NJ Signed into law 11/2000 P-12 Office of Early Childhood Education A.B. 2123 Establishes a Division of Early Childhood Education in the Department of Education; states the division shall be responsible for program sta... More... NJ Signed into law 11/2000 P-12 Commission on Early Childhood Education A.B. 2122 Establishes the Commission on Early Childhood Education in but not of the Department of Education; provides for its membership and appointme... More... AL Signed into law 05/2000 P-12 Office of School Readiness and Pre-Kindergarten Program S.B. 132 Creates the Office of School Readiness within the Department of Children's Affairs; provides for the operation and management of a voluntary... More... MD Vetoed 05/2000 P-12 Early Child Care and Education Centers Grant Program S.B. 793 Establishes the Judith P. Hoyer Early Care and Education Centers and Education Enhancement Grant Program for the development of collaborativ... More... MD Signed into law 05/2000 P-12 Blue Ribbon Commission S.B. 869 Creates the Judith P. Hoyer Blue Ribbon Commission on the Financing of Early Child Care and Education; provides for the purpose, duties, and... More... HI Signed into law 04/2000 P-12 Good Beginnings Alliance H.B. 536 Expands the life of the Good Beginnings Alliance to 2010; expands the membership of the Interdepartmental Council by 2 members; expands the ... More... KY Signed into law 04/2000 P-12 Office of Early Childhood Development H.B. 240 Relates to reorganization; creates the Office of Early Childhood Development within the Office of the Governor.... More... KY Signed into law 04/2000 P-12 Early Childhood Development Authority H.B. 706 Establishes the Early Childhood Development Authority in the Office of the Governor to manage expenditures of the early childhood developmen... More... MS Signed into law 04/2000 P-12 Early Childhood Services Interagency Coordinating Council H.B. 418 Establishes an Early Childhood Services Interagency Coordinating Council; provides for the membership and organization of the Council; defin... More... AL Signed into law 05/1999 P-12 Establishes Office of School Readiness for Pre-Kindergarten Program S.B. 376 Establishes the Office of School Readiness for operation of voluntary pre-kindergarten program; provides for appointment of director and suc... More... FL Died 03/1999 P-12 Creates State School Readiness Governing Board H.B. 259 Creates State School Readiness Governing Board: Provides eligibility requirements for said program; requires performance standards and outco... More... HI Died 10/1998 P-12 Establishes Committee on Early Childhood Education and Health H.B. 2539 Establishes a committee to develop policies for integrating early childhood education, care, protection, and health services. Develops resou... More... IA Signed into law 05/1998 P-12 S.B. 2406 Establishes a school ready children grant program to be administered by community empowerment area boards and the Iowa Empowerment Board; pr... More... HI Signed into law 04/1997 P-12 S.B. 1631 Recognizes a public and private partnership between the State and a private, nonprofit corporation created as a focal point for policy devel... More... GA Signed into law 03/1996 P-12 S.B. 709 Education Excellence Reforms Enacts the "Education Reform Act of 1996"; provides that the Department of Agriculture shall carry out all functions and exercise all powers... More... P-3 Grades 1-3 P-3 Health and Mental Health P-3 Kindergarten P-3 Kindergarten--Full-Day Kindergarten P-3 Kindergarten--Full Day Kindergarten P-3 Preschool P-3 Public/Private Partnerships P-3 Special Ed./Inclusion P-3 Teaching Quality/Professional Development Parent/Family Parent/Family--Parent Rights Parent/Family--Research Partnerships--University/School Postsecondary Postsecondary Accountability Postsecondary Accountability--Accreditation Postsecondary Accountability--Diploma Mills Postsecondary Accountability--Licensing/Program Review and Approval Postsecondary Accountability--Student Learning Postsecondary Affordability Postsecondary Affordability--Financial Aid Postsecondary Affordability--Textbooks Postsecondary Affordability--Tuition/Fees Postsecondary Affordability--Tuition/Fees--Prepd/College Savings Plans Postsecondary Affordability--Tuition/Fees--Undocumented Immigrants Postsecondary Faculty Postsecondary Faculty--Compensation Postsecondary Faculty--Intellectual Property Postsecondary Faculty--Teaching Assistants Postsecondary Faculty--Tenure Postsecondary Finance Postsecondary Finance--Efficiency/Performance-Based Funding Postsecondary Finance--Facilities Postsecondary Finance--Revenue and Expenditures Postsecondary Governance and Structures Postsecondary Governance and Structures--Administrative/Leadership Issues Postsecondary Governance and Structures--State Executives/State Agencies Postsecondary Institutions Postsecondary Institutions--Community/Technical Colleges Postsecondary Institutions--For-Profit/Proprietary Postsecondary Institutions--Four-Year Baccalaureate Postsecondary Institutions--HBCUs/Minority-Serving Institutions Postsecondary Institutions--Private/Independent Postsecondary Online Instruction Postsecondary Participation Postsecondary Participation--Access Postsecondary Participation--Admissions Requirements Postsecondary Participation--Affirmative Action Postsecondary Participation--Enrollments (Statistics) Postsecondary Participation--Outreach Postsecondary Students Postsecondary Students--Adults Postsecondary Students--Disabled Postsecondary Students--Foster Youth Postsecondary Students--Graduate/Professional Postsecondary Students--International Postsecondary Students--Low-Income Postsecondary Students--Military Postsecondary Students--Minority Postsecondary Success Postsecondary Success--Completion Postsecondary Success--Completion--Completion Rates (Statistics) Postsecondary Success--Developmental/Remediation Postsecondary Success--Retention/Persistence Postsecondary Success--Transfer/Articulation Private Schools Privatization Privatization--Education Management Agencies (EMOs) Proficiency-Based Approaches Promising Practices Promotion/Retention Public Involvement Purposes of Public Education Reading/Literacy Reading/Literacy--Adult Literacy Religion Religion--Prayer/Meditation Religion--Scientific Creationism (Evolution) Rural Scheduling/School Calendar Scheduling/School Calendar--Day/Class Length Scheduling/School Calendar--Extended Day Programs Scheduling/School Calendar--Summer School Scheduling/School Calendar--Week Scheduling/School Calendar--Year Scheduling/School Calendar--Year Round School Climate/Culture School Safety School Safety--Bullying Prevention/Conflict Resolution School Safety--Code of Conduct School Safety--Corporal Punishment School Safety--Disaster/Emergency Preparedness School Safety--Expulsion/Suspension School Safety--No Child Left Behind--Safe Schools School Safety--Sexual Harassment and Assault School Safety--Special Education School Safety--Uniforms/Dress Codes School/District Structure/Operations School/District Structure/Operations--District Consolidation/Deconsolidation School/District Structure/Operations--District Size School/District Structure/Operations--Facilities School/District Structure/Operations--Food Service School/District Structure/Operations--Libraries School/District Structure/Operations--Org. (K-3/K-8 etc.) School/District Structure/Operations--Personnel (Non-Teaching) School/District Structure/Operations--School Size School/District Structure/Operations--Shared Services School/District Structure/Operations--Staffing Ratios School/District Structure/Operations--Transportation Service-Learning Special Education Special Education--Federal Law/Regulations Special Education--Finance Special Education--Inclusion (Mainstreaming) Special Education--Placement Special Education--Transition Special Populations--Corrections Education Special Populations--Foster Care Special Populations--Gifted and Talented Special Populations--Homeless Education Special Populations--Immigrant Education Special Populations--Migrant Education Special Populations--Military Standards Standards--Common Core State Standards Standards--Implementation State Comparisons/Statistics State Longitudinal Data Systems State Policymaking State Policymaking--Ballot Questions State Policymaking--Constitutional Clauses State Policymaking--Politics State Policymaking--Task Forces/Commissions STEM Student Achievement Student Achievement--Closing the Achievement Gap Student Achievement--State Trends Student Supports--Counseling/Guidance Student Supports--Mentoring/Tutoring Student Supports--Remediation Student Surveys Students Students--Athletics/Extracurricular Activities Students--Employment Students--Incentives Students--K-12 Exchange Students Students--Mobility Students--Records/Rights Teaching Quality Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Alternative Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Assignment Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Highly Qualified Teachers Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Natl. Bd. for Prof. Teach. Stds. Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Special Education Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--State Prof. Standards Bds. Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Substitute Teachers Teaching Quality--Compensation and Diversified Pay Teaching Quality--Compensation and Diversified Pay--Pay-for-Performance Teaching Quality--Compensation and Diversified Pay--Retirement/Benefits Teaching Quality--Evaluation and Effectiveness Teaching Quality--Induction Programs and Mentoring Teaching Quality--Paraprofessionals Teaching Quality--Preparation Teaching Quality--Professional Development Teaching Quality--Recruitment and Retention Teaching Quality--Recruitment and Retention--At-Risk Schools Teaching Quality--Recruitment and Retention--High-Needs Subjects Teaching Quality--Reduction in Force Teaching Quality--Teacher Attitudes Teaching Quality--Teacher Contracts (Not Tenure) Teaching Quality--Teacher Rights Teaching Quality--Tenure or Continuing Contract Teaching Quality--Unions/Collective Bargaining Teaching Quality--Unions/Collective Bargaining--Strikes Teaching Quality--Working Conditions Technology Technology--Computer Skills Technology--Devices/Software/Hardware Technology--Equitable Access Technology--Funding Issues Technology--Internet Safety Technology--Research/Evaluation Technology--Teacher/Faculty Training Textbooks and Open Source Urban Urban--Change/Improvements Urban--Governance Whole-School Reform Models Whole Child