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From the ECS State Policy Database 1994-2013

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Education Commission of the States • 700 Broadway, Suite 810 • Denver, CO 80203-3442 • 303.299.3600 • fax 303.296.8332 • www.ecs.org

The following summary includes policies ECS has tracked in this database since 1994. This database is made possible by your state's fiscal support of the Education Commission of the States (ECS). Most entries are legislative, although rules/regulations and executive orders that make substantive changes are included. Every effort is made to collect the latest available version of policies; in some instances, recent changes might not be reflected. For expediency purposes minimal attention has been paid to style (capitalization, punctuation) and format. To view the documents, click on the blue triangle next to the topic of interest. Please cite use of the database as: Education Commission of the States (ECS) State Policy Database, retrieved [date]. State Status/Date Level Summary 21st Century Skills Accountability Accountability--Accreditation Accountability--Measures/Indicators Accountability--Reporting Results Accountability--Rewards Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions--Learnfare Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions--No Pass No Drive Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions--No Pass No Play Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions--Takeovers Accountability--School Improvement Adult Basic Education Assessment Assessment--Accommodations Assessment--College Entrance Exams Assessment--Common Core/National Tests Assessment--Computer Based Assessment--End-of-Course Assessment--Formative/Interim Assessment--High Stakes/Competency Assessment--NAEP (NAEP Results and NAEP Organization) Assessment--Performance Based/Portfolio Assessment--Value Added At-Risk (incl. Dropout Prevention) At-Risk (incl. Dropout Prevention)--Alternative Education At-Risk (incl. Dropout Prevention)--Drugs/Alcohol Attendance Attendance--Compulsory Attendance--Statutory Ages (Upper and Lower) Attendance--Truancy Background Checks Bilingual/ESL Brain Research Business Involvement Career/Technical Education Career/Technical Education--Career Academies/Apprenticeship Cheating Choice of Schools Choice of Schools--Charter Schools Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Charter Districts Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Closings Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Cyber Charters Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Finance Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Research Choice of Schools--Choice/Open Enrollment Choice of Schools--Innovation Schools Choice of Schools--Magnet or Specialized Schools Choice of Schools--Tax Credits Choice of Schools--Vouchers Choice of Schools--Vouchers--Privately Funded Civic Education Civic Education--Character Education Civic Education--Civic Knowledge and Literacy Civic Education--Curriculum/Standards Civic Education--Pledge of Allegiance Class Size Counseling/Guidance Curriculum Curriculum--Alignment Curriculum--Arts Education Curriculum--Censorship Curriculum--Computer Science Curriculum--Core Curriculum Curriculum--Drivers Education Curriculum--Environmental Education Curriculum--Excusal Curriculum--Family Living Education Curriculum--Financial Literacy/Economics Ed. Curriculum--Foreign Language/Sign Language Curriculum--Geography Education Curriculum--Health/Nutrition Education Curriculum--Home Economics Curriculum--International Education Curriculum--Language Arts Curriculum--Language Arts--Writing/Spelling Curriculum--Mathematics Curriculum--Multicultural Curriculum--Physical Education Curriculum--Science Curriculum--Sex Education Curriculum--Social Studies/History Data-Driven Improvement Demographics Demographics--Condition of Children/Adults Demographics--Enrollments Desegregation Economic/Workforce Development Economic/Workforce Development--Value of an Education Education Research Equity Federal Finance Finance--Adequacy/Core Cost Finance--Aid to Private Schools Finance--Bonds Finance--District Finance--Does Money Matter? Finance--Equity Finance--Facilities Finance--Federal Finance--Funding Formulas Finance--Litigation Finance--Local Foundations/Funds Finance--Lotteries Finance--Performance Funding Finance--Private Giving Finance--Resource Efficiency Finance--State Budgets/Expenditures Finance--Student Fees Finance--Taxes/Revenues Finance--Taxes/Revenues--Alternative Revenues Governance Governance--Deregulation/Waivers/Home Rule Governance--Ethics/Conflict of Interest Governance--Mandates Governance--Regional Entities Governance--School Boards Governance--School Boards--Training Governance--Site-Based Management Governance--State Boards/Chiefs/Agencies Health Health--Child Abuse Health--Mental Health Health--Nutrition Health--School Based Clinics or School Nurses Health--Suicide Prevention Health--Teen Pregnancy High School High School--Advanced Placement High School--College Readiness High School--Credit Recovery High School--Dropout Rates/Graduation Rates High School--Dual/Concurrent Enrollment High School--Early Colleges/Middle Colleges High School--Exit Exams High School--GED (General Education Development) High School--Graduation Requirements Instructional Approaches Instructional Approaches--Constructivism Instructional Approaches--Grading Practices Instructional Approaches--Homeschooling Instructional Approaches--Homework/Study Skills Instructional Approaches--Official English Instructional Approaches--Problem Based Learning Instructional Approaches--Single-Sex Education Instructional Approaches--Teaching Across Disciplines Instructional Approaches--Time/Time on Task Instructional Approaches--Tracking/Ability Grouping Integrated Services/Full-Service Schools International Baccalaureate International Benchmarking Leadership Leadership--District Superintendent Leadership--District Superintendent--Compensation and Diversified Pay Leadership--Principal/School Leadership Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Certification and Licensure Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Compensation and Diversified Pay Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Evaluation and Effectiveness Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Induction Programs and Mentoring Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Preparation Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Preparation--Alternative Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Professional Development Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Recruitment and Retention Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Tenure Mentoring/Tutoring Middle School Minority/Diversity Issues Minority/Diversity Issues--African American Minority/Diversity Issues--American Indian / Alaska Native / Native Hawaiian Minority/Diversity Issues--Hispanic No Child Left Behind No Child Left Behind--Adequate Yearly Progress No Child Left Behind--Assessment No Child Left Behind--Choice/Transfer No Child Left Behind--Consequences for Schools No Child Left Behind--Finance No Child Left Behind--Parent Involvement No Child Left Behind--Reauthorization Issues/Waivers No Child Left Behind--Report Cards No Child Left Behind--School Support No Child Left Behind--Special Populations No Child Left Behind--Supplemental Services Online Learning--Digital/Blended Learning Online Learning--Virtual Schools/Courses P-16 or P-20 P-3 P-3 Brain Development P-3 Child Care P-3 Content Standards and Assessment P-3 Data Systems P-3 Early Intervention (0-3) P-3 English Language Learners (ELL) P-3 Ensuring Quality P-3 Evaluation/Economic Benefits P-3 Family Involvement P-3 Finance P-3 Governance P-3 Grades 1-3 P-3 Health and Mental Health P-3 Kindergarten OR Signed into law 08/2013 P-12 Early Learning Screening, Risk Assessment, Prental Care, and Special Education Inclusion H.B. 2013 (Section 1) Requires the Early Learning Council and the Department of Education to assist school districts in implementing a process that assesses children for kindergarten readiness. Requires the assistance include training on goals and implementation of the process, th... More... OR Signed into law 08/2013 P-12 Early Learning Kindergarten Readiness Partnership and Innovation Program H.B. 2013 (Section 3) Establishes the Early Learning Kindergarten Readiness Partnership and Innovation Program to improve the readiness of children for kindergarten and will be administered by the Early Learning Council. Directs the Early Learning Council to provide grants which m... More... CT Signed into law 07/2013 P-12 Reading Assessments for Teachers and State-Wide Reading Plan S.B. 1097 Requires K-3 teachers biennially to take a survey on reading instruction based on reading instruction examination approved by SBE or an alternative yet comparable reading instruction examination that is equivalent to the examination approved by the State Board... More... AZ Signed into law 06/2013 P-12 Kindergarten S.B. 1447 Provides that a school district or charter school is not eligible to receive basic state aid for pupils that had not reached five years of age before September 1 of the current school year and who repeats kindergarten in the following school year. Allows scho... More... AZ Signed into law 06/2013 P-12 Kindergarten Instruction Time S.B. 1447 Redefines half-day Kindergarten attendance from 356 hours (up from 346) to 712 (up from 692) instructional hours. http://www.azleg.gov/legtext/51leg/1r/laws/0251.pdf... More... CT Signed into law 06/2013 P-12 Student Assessments - Readiness, 3-8, 10-11 H.B. 6623 Allows students to take their final mastery examination in grade 11 as an alternative to grade 10 beginning in the 2013-14 school year. Eliminates testing requirements for endowed or incorporated high schools, but permits such schools to base promotion or grad... More... IA Signed into law 06/2013 P-12 Additional Uses for Preschool Aid; Kindergarten Readiness Assmt. H.F. 215 - Division XIV Defines additional uses for preschool aid money. Allows for community-based providers to use the money for professional development, instructional equipment, materials, and other direct costs. Unused preschool money at the end of the year is to be used to buil... More... NV Signed into law 06/2013 P-12 School Readiness Pilot S.B. 486 Appropriates state funds to create a pilot program for the assessment of school readiness and for the coordination between early childhood education programs through college and workforce readiness. http://www.leg.state.nv.us/Session/77th2013/Bills/SB/SB486_EN... More... MN Signed into law 05/2013 P-12 Early Learning Provisions H.F. 630 Defines the minimum annual number of instructional hours for half-day and full-day kindergarten (425 and 850 hours, respectively). Empowers districts to adopt early admissions policy for kindergartners. Describes the process for comprehensive cognitive, social... More... NE Signed into law 05/2013 P-12 Change in Kindergarten Cut-Off Age L.B. 410 - School Entrance The cutoff date remains five years on or before July 31 of the calendar year in which the school year for which the child is seeking admission begins. However, this bill changes from allowing to requiring admission of children who turn 5 between August 1 and ... More... UT Signed into law 04/2013 P-12 Enhanced Kindergarten and Early Intervention Interactive Computer Software Program S.B. 260 - Enhanced Kindergarten and Early Intervention Interactive Computer Software Program Primarily from bill summary: Modifies the distribution of funds for enhanced kindergarten programs to districts and charter schools. Requires the state board to select technology providers for the early intervention interactive computer software program by S... More... ID Signed into law 03/2013 P-12 Allowance for Teachers to Visit Student Parents S.B. 1057 Allows district to utilize a portion of the instructional staff allowance for teachers to visit the parents or guardians of students during the first week of the kindergarten school year. Such visits may take place at school, at the student's home or at anothe... More... CA Vetoed 09/2012 P-12 Teacher Credentialing and Transitional Kindergarten A.B. 1853 From bill summary: Authorizes the Commission on Teacher Credentialing to convene a workgroup of specified members to develop program standards for the issuance of a recognition of study in transitional kindergarten (defined as the 1st year of a two-year kinder... More... MI Signed into law 07/2012 P-12 Kindergarten Entrance Ages H.B. 4513 Updates cut-off date for entrance ages into kindergarten. For the 2013-14 school year, a child must be five years of age by November 1. For the 2014-15 school year, the child must be five years of age by October 1. For the 2015-16 school year, the child must ... More... NY Signed into law 07/2012 P-12 Kindergarten Attendance May Be Mandated in NYC A.B. 9861 Authorizes the New York City board of education to require children who turn five by December 1 to attend kindergarten. Provides exceptions. http://assembly.state.ny.us/leg/?default_fld=%0D%0A&bn=A09861&term=&Summary=Y&Memo=Y&Text=Y... More... DE Signed into law 06/2012 P-12 Kindergarten Readiness Assessment H.B. 317 Provides that the Department of Education establish a statewide readiness tool that will review a child's readiness for learning when they enter kindergarten. The tool will be phased in starting in Fall 2012 with statewide implementation no later than Fall 201... More... HI Signed into law 06/2012 P-12 Early Learning System S.B. 2545 Provides legislative findings. Establishes the executive office on early learning, to be temporarily placed in the office of the governor, and permanently established within the department of education for administrative purposes only, effective July 2015. Est... More... HI Adopted 06/2012 P-12 Research on the Correlation Between Late-Born Children and Educational Outcomes S.C.R. 80 Requests that the department of education conduct research on the correlation between children who are late-born (born after August 1) and educational outcomes. Resolves the report on the research conducted may include the raw numbers and percentages of dropou... More... IL Adopted 06/2012 P-12 Kindergarten Readiness Survey Implementation, "K" in State Standards 23 IL ADC 1.420; 23 IL ADC 1.APP. D From Illinois Register: This rulemaking resulted from the State Board of Education's application for funding under the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (ARRA) for a Race to the Top-Early Learning Challenge (RTT-ELC) grant to design and implement ... More... OH Signed into law 06/2012 P-12 Kindergarten, 1st Grade Entrance S.B. 316 - Kindergarten, 1st Grade Entrance Repeals existing requirements providing exceptions to minimum ages for admission to kindergarten or 1st grade. Replaces with provision providing an exception for a child recommended for early admittance in accordance with the district's acceleration policy. Re... More... OH Signed into law 06/2012 P-12 Birth through 3rd Grade Literacy Education S.B. 316 - Birth through 3rd Grade Literacy Education Directs the state board and the early childhood advisory council, in consultation with the governor's office of 21st century education, to develop legislative recommendations regarding the state's policies on literacy education for birth through 3rd grade with... More... CO Signed into law 05/2012 P-12 Early Literacy Assessment Tool H.B. 1345 (sec. 7) Requires the education department to issue request for proposals for the purchase of an early literacy assessment tool that teachers may use to obtain real-time assessments of the reading skill levels of K-3 students, and, based on the results, create interven... More... IA Signed into law 05/2012 P-12 Kindergarten Requirement S.F. 2284 - Division XIII This section requires that a student who is enrolled in a district and is age 5 by 9/15 be considered of compulsory attendance age unless the parent files in writing an intent to remove the child from school. http://coolice.legis.state.ia.us/linc/84/external/g... More... IL Adopted 05/2012 P-12 Early Childhood Block Grant 23 IL ADC 235.20, 30, 40, 45, 50, 60, 70; 23 IL ADC 235.APP. A, B, C From Illinois Register: This rulemaking resulted from the state board's application for funding under the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (ARRA) to design and implement early learning and development systems that are comprehensive in scope and c... More... TN Signed into law 05/2012 P-12 Kindergarten Age H.B. 2566 Sets kindergarten entrance age. Children entering kindergarten shall be five years of age on or before August 31 for the 2013-2014 school year and on or before August 15 for all school years thereafter. http://state.tn.us/sos/acts/107/pub/pc0991.pdf... More... GA Signed into law 04/2012 P-12 Age for Kindergarten or First Grade Entry for Children Moving from Abroad H.B. 706 - Age for Kindergarten or First Grade Entry for Children Moving from Abroad Clarifies that provisions for child's entry into kindergarten and 1st grade for a child who was a legal resident of one or more states two years immediately prior to moving to Georgia also apply to children residing in one or more countries two years immediate... More... KY Signed into law 04/2012 P-12 School Entrance and Lower Compusory School Ages S.B. 24 Amends school entrance ages and compulsory school ages. Effective with the 2017-18 school year, kindergarten entrance age is 5 by August 1 and lower compulsory school age is 6 by August 1 (previous date for both was October 1). Directs local boards to adopt po... More... SD Signed into law 03/2012 P-12 Fee for Early Childhood Services H.B. 1195 Permits schools to charge a fee for early childhood services for any child who is under the age of compulsory attendance pursuant to § 13-27-1 and is not enrolled in kindergarten or a more advanced grade. http://legis.state.sd.us/sessions/2012/Bills/HB1195ENR.... More... UT Signed into law 03/2012 P-12 Enhanced Kindergarten Program for At-Risk Students H.B. 513 Creates an early intervention program to provide funds for applicant school districts and charter schools to offer an enhanced kindergarten program targeted to at-risk students, focused on building age-appropriate literacy and numeracy skills using an evidence... More... WA Signed into law 03/2012 P-12 Statewide Implementation of the Washington Kindergarten Inventory of Developing Skills H.B. 2586 Requires the Washington kindergarten inventory of developing skills, beginning in the 2012-2013 school year and to the extent funds are available, to be administered at the beginning of the school year to all students enrolled in state-funded full-day kinderga... More... OH Issued 10/2011 P-12 Early Education Executive Order 2011-21K Creates the position of Early Education and Development Officer ("Officer") within the Governor's Office of 21st Century Education. Directs the Officer to work through and in conjunction with existing state agencies to (1) Define and measure kindergarten readi... More... CT Signed into law 07/2011 P-12 Closing the Achievement Gap/Early Literacy S.B. 929 Sec. 1 - Establishes a task force to address the academic achievement gaps in Connecticut by considering effective approaches to closing the achievement gaps in elementary, middle and high schools. Requires the task force to submit a master plan to the General... More... FL Signed into law 06/2011 P-12 Voluntary Prekindergarten Program H.B. 1255 - Sec. 12 Revises requirements for a good cause exemption for a Voluntary Prekindergarten (VPK) Program provider who fails to meet minimum student readiness rates for kindergarten. Eliminates the cap on the percentage of VPK providers who may fail to meet student readin... More... LA Signed into law 06/2011 P-12 School Readiness Assessments H.B. 100 Amends and reenacts existing statute relative to school readiness assessment. Provides relative to school readiness tests, inlcuding the selection, type, and content. Addresses the reporting of the results and implementation. http://www.legis.state.la.us/billd... More... OR Signed into law 06/2011 P-12 Kindergarten S.B. 248 Statutes regarding the provision of half-day and supplemental kindergarten are scheduled to sunset with the 2011-2012 school year. S.B. 248 extends the applicability of law that requires school districts to offer half-day kindergarten and allows school distric... More... ND Signed into law 05/2011 P-12 Kindergarten S.B. 2150 - Multiple Provisions Requires each board to provide at least a half-day kindergarten program for any student enrolled in the district or pay the tuition required for the student to attend a kindergarten program in another school district. Requires a kindergarten instructional cale... More... OK Signed into law 05/2011 P-12 Delays Requirement that Districts Offer Full-Day Kindergarten S.B. 260 The measure delays the requirement for the requirement for districts to provide full-day, free kindergarten until the 2013-14 school year. http://webserver1.lsb.state.ok.us/cf/2011-12%20ENR/SB/SB260%20ENR.DOC... More... AZ Signed into law 04/2011 P-12 Kindergarten S.B. 1256--Kindergarten Finance Arizona Revised Statute 15-821 is clarified. If a child who has not reached the age of five before September 1 of the current school year is admitted to kindergarten but withdraws and re-enroll the following year allows state age to be apportioned between the ... More... MS Signed into law 03/2011 P-12 Study of Earlier Kindergarten Entrance H.B. 619 Directs the department of education to conduct a survey of public school districts to determine the feasibility of enrolling children in public school kindergarten who attain five years of age on July 1, as opposed to September 1. Requires that a report of the... More... ND Signed into law 03/2011 P-12 Readiness Testing and Formative Assessments H.B. 1273 Allows districts to conduct readiness testing and formative assessments of incoming kindergarten students (within the regular school calendar or before the regular school calendar). Requires districts to provide to the parents of each incoming kindergarten stu... More... ND Signed into law 03/2011 P-12 Kindergarten Entrance H.B. 1436 Allows exceptions to the kindergarten enrollment cut-off date (age 5 by August 1) unless the child will be 5 by Dec. 1 and can demonstrate, by means of developmental and readiness screening instruments approved by the superintendent of public instruction and a... More... OH Signed into law 03/2011 P-12 All-Day Kindergarten H.B. 30 - All-Day Kindergarten Repeals provision requiring districts to provide all-day kindergarten to all students beginning in fiscal year 2011. Permits a district that did not receive for fiscal year 2009 poverty-based assistance for all-day kindergarten to charge tuition or fees for st... More... CA Signed into law 09/2010 P-12 Kindergarten Entrance Age S.B. 1381 Changes the required birthday for admission to kindergarten and first grade to November 1 for the 2012–13 school year, October 1 for the 2013–14 school year, and September 1 for the 2014–15 school year and each school year thereafter. Requires a child whose ad... More... HI Signed into law 06/2010 P-12 Kindergarten Entrance Age and Junior Kindergarten Program S.B. 2068 Amends kindergarten entrance age; provides that beginning with the 2013-14 school year, a child who is at least 5 on the first day of kindergarten may attend a public school kindergarten. Directs the department of education and the early learning council to jo... More... NE Signed into law 03/2010 P-12 Kindergarten Entrance L.B. 1006 Children are eligible for kindergarten if they are 5 years old by July 31, beginning with the 2012-13 school year. Previously, the cutoff date was Oct. 15. The bill includes an exception for children who turn 5 between Aug. 1 and Oct. 15 if they perform adequa... More... GA Adopted 12/2008 P-12 State Assessments GAC 160-3-1-.07 Eliminates reference to Georgia Kindergarten Assessment Program - Revised (GKAP-R). Provides all kindergarten students must be assessed using the Georgia Kindergarten Inventory of Developing Skills (GKIDS). Eliminates provisions that all students at grades 3, ... More... NH Signed into law 07/2008 P-12 Kindergarten Construction Aid Program S.B. 530 Extends the kindergarten construction aid program until all school districts operate a kindergarten program; allows a school district to elect a construction grant to be applied to the costs of a kindergarten facility; provides classroom transition grants to e... More... GA Adopted 09/2007 P-12 Student Assessment Programs GAC 160-3-1-.07 Adds language regarding the Assessing Comprehension and Communication in English State to State for English Language Learners (ACCESS for ELLs), an English language proficiency test administered annually to all English language learners (ELLs) to determine stu... More... HI Vetoed 07/2007 P-12 Prekindergarten and Kindergarten S.B. 613 Directs the department to encourage inclusionary prekindergarten and kindergarten classes of both special education eligible and general education students, including consideration of the following options: (1) Special education eligible preschool children ma... More... HI Signed into law 07/2004 P-12 Two-tier Kindergarten Program and Kindergarten Entrance Age S.B. 17 Establishes a junior kindergarten and kindergarten program in the department of education; establishes a pilot program for the 2005-2006 school year; requires the establishment of the program in all public elementary schools beginning with the 2006-2007 school... More... CA Signed into law 08/2003 P-12 Postsec. Community College Education Finance A.B. 1754 Relates to reimburse rates under the Child Care and Development Services Act, revenue limits for school districts and county superintendents of schools for 2003-04 and 2004-05 fiscal years, school district's school building maintenance account, school district... More... AR Signed into law 04/2003 P-12 Quality Education Act of 2003 - Accountability and Assessment H.B. 2697 (Omnibus Bill) Amends §§ 6-15-402 - 6-15-406. Creates the Arkansas Comprehensive Testing, Assessment, and Accountability Program Act; including requiring the State Board of Education to establish standards defining what students should know in content areas and a system for ... More... AR Signed into law 04/2001 P-12 Children Entering Kindergarten H.B. 2195 Requires the Department of Education to develop and conduct readiness testing for children who are entering kindergarten.... More... NH Signed into law 06/2000 P-12 Alternative Kindergarten Programs H.B. 1188 Relates to the establishment of an alternative kindergarten program within a school district; provides that school districts operating an approved alternative kindergarten program shall be eligible to receive adequate education grant distributions; provides fo... More... NH Signed into law 06/1997 P-12 Kindergarten Financial Support H.B. 50 Kindergarten Programs Increases aid for kindergarten programs; establishes a kindergarten scholarship aid program.... More... P-3 Kindergarten--Full-Day Kindergarten P-3 Kindergarten--Full Day Kindergarten P-3 Preschool P-3 Public/Private Partnerships P-3 Special Ed./Inclusion P-3 Teaching Quality/Professional Development P-3 Technology Parent/Family Parent/Family--Parent Rights Parent/Family--Research Partnerships--University/School Postsecondary Postsecondary Accountability Postsecondary Accountability--Accreditation Postsecondary Accountability--Diploma Mills Postsecondary Accountability--Licensing/Program Review and Approval Postsecondary Accountability--Student Learning Postsecondary Affordability Postsecondary Affordability--Financial Aid Postsecondary Affordability--Textbooks Postsecondary Affordability--Tuition/Fees Postsecondary Affordability--Tuition/Fees--Prepd/College Savings Plans Postsecondary Affordability--Tuition/Fees--Undocumented Immigrants Postsecondary Faculty Postsecondary Faculty--Compensation Postsecondary Faculty--Intellectual Property Postsecondary Faculty--Teaching Assistants Postsecondary Faculty--Tenure Postsecondary Finance Postsecondary Finance--Efficiency/Performance-Based Funding Postsecondary Finance--Facilities Postsecondary Finance--Revenue and Expenditures Postsecondary Governance and Structures Postsecondary Governance and Structures--Administrative/Leadership Issues Postsecondary Governance and Structures--State Executives/State Agencies Postsecondary Institutions Postsecondary Institutions--Community/Technical Colleges Postsecondary Institutions--For-Profit/Proprietary Postsecondary Institutions--Four-Year Baccalaureate Postsecondary Institutions--HBCUs/Minority-Serving Institutions Postsecondary Institutions--Private/Independent Postsecondary Online Instruction Postsecondary Participation Postsecondary Participation--Access Postsecondary Participation--Admissions Requirements Postsecondary Participation--Affirmative Action Postsecondary Participation--Enrollments (Statistics) Postsecondary Participation--Outreach Postsecondary Students Postsecondary Students--Adults Postsecondary Students--Disabled Postsecondary Students--Foster Youth Postsecondary Students--Graduate/Professional Postsecondary Students--International Postsecondary Students--Low-Income Postsecondary Students--Military Postsecondary Students--Minority Postsecondary Success Postsecondary Success--Completion Postsecondary Success--Developmental/Remediation Postsecondary Success--Retention/Persistence Postsecondary Success--Transfer/Articulation Private Schools Privatization Privatization--Education Management Agencies (EMOs) Proficiency-Based Approaches Promising Practices Promotion/Retention Public Involvement Purposes of Public Education Reading/Literacy Reading/Literacy--Adult Literacy Religion Religion--Prayer/Meditation Religion--Scientific Creationism (Evolution) Remediation (K-12) Rural Scale-Up/Replication Scheduling/School Calendar Scheduling/School Calendar--Day/Class Length Scheduling/School Calendar--Extended Day Programs Scheduling/School Calendar--Summer School Scheduling/School Calendar--Week Scheduling/School Calendar--Year Scheduling/School Calendar--Year Round School Climate/Culture School Safety School Safety--Bullying Prevention/Conflict Resolution School Safety--Code of Conduct School Safety--Corporal Punishment School Safety--Disaster/Emergency Preparedness School Safety--Expulsion/Suspension School Safety--No Child Left Behind--Safe Schools School Safety--Sexual Harassment and Assault School Safety--Special Education School Safety--Uniforms/Dress Codes School/District Structure/Operations School/District Structure/Operations--District Consolidation/Deconsolidation School/District Structure/Operations--District Size School/District Structure/Operations--Facilities School/District Structure/Operations--Food Service School/District Structure/Operations--Libraries School/District Structure/Operations--Org. (K-3/K-8 etc.) School/District Structure/Operations--Personnel (Non-Teaching) School/District Structure/Operations--School Size School/District Structure/Operations--Shared Services School/District Structure/Operations--Staffing Ratios School/District Structure/Operations--Transportation Service-Learning Social/Emotional Learning and Non-Cognitive Skills Special Education Special Education--Federal Law/Regulations Special Education--Finance Special Education--Inclusion (Mainstreaming) Special Education--Placement Special Education--Transition Special Populations--Corrections Education Special Populations--Foster Care Special Populations--Gifted and Talented Special Populations--Homeless Education Special Populations--Immigrant Education Special Populations--Migrant Education Special Populations--Military Standards Standards--Common Core State Standards Standards--Implementation State Comparisons/Statistics State Longitudinal Data Systems State Policymaking State Policymaking--Ballot Questions State Policymaking--Constitutional Clauses State Policymaking--Politics State Policymaking--Task Forces/Commissions STEM Student Achievement Student Achievement--Closing the Achievement Gap Student Surveys Students Students--Athletics/Extracurricular Activities Students--Employment Students--Incentives Students--K-12 Exchange Students Students--Mobility Students--Records/Rights Teaching Quality Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Alternative Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Assignment Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Highly Qualified Teachers Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Natl. Bd. for Prof. Teach. Stds. Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Special Education Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--State Prof. Standards Bds. Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Substitute Teachers Teaching Quality--Compensation and Diversified Pay Teaching Quality--Compensation and Diversified Pay--Pay-for-Performance Teaching Quality--Compensation and Diversified Pay--Retirement/Benefits Teaching Quality--Evaluation and Effectiveness Teaching Quality--Induction Programs and Mentoring Teaching Quality--Paraprofessionals Teaching Quality--Preparation Teaching Quality--Professional Development Teaching Quality--Recruitment and Retention Teaching Quality--Recruitment and Retention--At-Risk Schools Teaching Quality--Recruitment and Retention--High-Needs Subjects Teaching Quality--Reduction in Force Teaching Quality--Teacher Attitudes Teaching Quality--Teacher Contracts (Not Tenure) Teaching Quality--Teacher Rights Teaching Quality--Tenure or Continuing Contract Teaching Quality--Unions/Collective Bargaining Teaching Quality--Unions/Collective Bargaining--Strikes Teaching Quality--Working Conditions Technology Technology--Computer Skills Technology--Devices/Software/Hardware Technology--Equitable Access Technology--Funding Issues Technology--Internet Safety Technology--Research/Evaluation Technology--Teacher/Faculty Training Textbooks and Open Source Urban Urban--Change/Improvements Urban--Governance Whole-School Reform Models