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From the ECS State Policy Database 1994-2013

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Education Commission of the States • 700 Broadway, Suite 810 • Denver, CO 80203-3442 • 303.299.3600 • fax 303.296.8332 • www.ecs.org

The following summary includes policies ECS has tracked in this database since 1994. This database is made possible by your state's fiscal support of the Education Commission of the States (ECS). Most entries are legislative, although rules/regulations and executive orders that make substantive changes are included. Every effort is made to collect the latest available version of policies; in some instances, recent changes might not be reflected. For expediency purposes minimal attention has been paid to style (capitalization, punctuation) and format. To view the documents, click on the blue triangle next to the topic of interest. Please cite use of the database as: Education Commission of the States (ECS) State Policy Database, retrieved [date]. State Status/Date Level Summary 21st Century Skills Accountability Accountability--Accreditation Accountability--Measures/Indicators Accountability--Reporting Results Accountability--Rewards Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions--Learnfare Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions--No Pass No Drive Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions--No Pass No Play Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions--Takeovers Accountability--School Improvement Adult Basic Education Assessment Assessment--Accommodations Assessment--College Entrance Exams Assessment--Computer Based Assessment--End-of-Course Assessment--Formative/Interim Assessment--High Stakes/Competency Assessment--Legal Issues Assessment--NAEP (NAEP Results and NAEP Organization) Assessment--Performance Based/Portfolio Assessment--Value Added At-Risk (incl. Dropout Prevention) At-Risk (incl. Dropout Prevention)--Alternative Education At-Risk (incl. Dropout Prevention)--Drugs/Alcohol Attendance Attendance--Compulsory Attendance--Statutory Ages (Upper and Lower) Attendance--Truancy Background Checks Bilingual/ESL Brain Research Business Involvement Career/Technical Education Career/Technical Education--Career Academies/Apprenticeship Cheating Choice of Schools Choice of Schools--Charter Schools Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Charter Districts Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Closings Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Cyber Charters Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Finance Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Research Choice of Schools--Choice/Open Enrollment Choice of Schools--Choice/Open Enrollment--Research Choice of Schools--Innovation Schools Choice of Schools--Magnet or Specialized Schools Choice of Schools--Tax Credits Choice of Schools--Vouchers Choice of Schools--Vouchers--Privately Funded Civic Education Civic Education--Character Education Civic Education--Civic Knowledge and Literacy Civic Education--Curriculum/Standards Civic Education--Pledge of Allegiance Class Size Curriculum Curriculum--Alignment Curriculum--Arts Education Curriculum--Censorship Curriculum--Core Curriculum Curriculum--Drivers Education Curriculum--Environmental Education Curriculum--Excusal Curriculum--Family Living Education Curriculum--Financial Literacy/Economics Ed. Curriculum--Foreign Language/Sign Language Curriculum--Geography Education Curriculum--Health/Nutrition Education Curriculum--Home Economics Curriculum--International Education Curriculum--Language Arts Curriculum--Language Arts--Writing/Spelling Curriculum--Mathematics Curriculum--Multicultural Curriculum--Physical Education Curriculum--Science Curriculum--Sex Education Curriculum--Social Studies/History Curriculum--Speech Education Data-Driven Improvement Demographics Demographics--Condition of Children/Adults Demographics--Enrollments Desegregation Economic/Workforce Development Education Research Equity Federal Finance Finance--Adequacy/Core Cost Finance--Aid to Private Schools Finance--Bonds Finance--District Finance--Does Money Matter? Finance--Equity Finance--Facilities Finance--Federal Finance--Funding Formulas Finance--Litigation Finance--Local Foundations/Funds Finance--Lotteries Finance--Performance Funding Finance--Private Giving Finance--Resource Efficiency Finance--State Budgets/Expenditures Finance--Student Fees Finance--Taxes/Revenues Finance--Taxes/Revenues--Alternative Revenues Governance Governance--Deregulation/Waivers/Home Rule Governance--Ethics/Conflict of Interest Governance--Mandates Governance--Regional Entities Governance--School Boards Governance--School Boards--Training Governance--Site-Based Management Governance--State Boards/Chiefs/Agencies Health Health--Child Abuse Health--Mental Health Health--Nutrition Health--School Based Clinics or School Nurses Health--Suicide Prevention Health--Teen Pregnancy High School High School--Advanced Placement High School--College Readiness High School--Credit Recovery High School--Dropout Rates/Graduation Rates High School--Dual/Concurrent Enrollment High School--Early Colleges/Middle Colleges High School--Exit Exams High School--GED (General Education Development) High School--Graduation Requirements High School--International Baccalaureate Instructional Approaches Instructional Approaches--Constructivism Instructional Approaches--Grading Practices Instructional Approaches--Homeschooling Instructional Approaches--Homework/Study Skills Instructional Approaches--Official English Instructional Approaches--Problem Based Learning Instructional Approaches--Single-Sex Education Instructional Approaches--Time/Time on Task Instructional Approaches--Tracking/Ability Grouping Integrated Services/Full-Service Schools International Benchmarking Leadership Leadership--District Superintendent Leadership--District Superintendent--Compensation and Diversified Pay Leadership--Principal/School Leadership Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Certification and Licensure Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Compensation and Diversified Pay Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Evaluation and Effectiveness Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Induction Programs and Mentoring Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Preparation Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Preparation--Alternative Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Professional Development Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Recruitment and Retention Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Tenure Middle School Minority/Diversity Issues Minority/Diversity Issues--African American Minority/Diversity Issues--American Indian / Alaska Native / Native Hawaiian Minority/Diversity Issues--Hispanic No Child Left Behind No Child Left Behind--Adequate Yearly Progress No Child Left Behind--Assessment No Child Left Behind--Choice/Transfer No Child Left Behind--Consequences for Schools No Child Left Behind--Finance No Child Left Behind--Parent Involvement No Child Left Behind--Reauthorization Issues/Waivers No Child Left Behind--Report Cards No Child Left Behind--School Support No Child Left Behind--Special Populations No Child Left Behind--Supplemental Services Online Learning--Digital/Blended Learning Online Learning--Virtual Schools/Courses P-16 or P-20 P-3 P-3 Brain Development P-3 Child Care P-3 Content Standards and Assessment P-3 Data Systems P-3 Early Intervention (0-3) P-3 Ensuring Quality P-3 Evaluation/Economic Benefits P-3 Family Involvement P-3 Finance P-3 Governance P-3 Grades 1-3 P-3 Health and Mental Health P-3 Kindergarten P-3 Kindergarten--Full-Day Kindergarten P-3 Kindergarten--Full Day Kindergarten P-3 Preschool P-3 Public/Private Partnerships P-3 Special Ed./Inclusion P-3 Teaching Quality/Professional Development CA Vetoed 09/2012 P-12 Teacher Credentialing and Transitional Kindergarten A.B. 1853 From bill summary: Authorizes the Commission on Teacher Credentialing to convene a workgroup of specified members to develop program standar... More... CT Signed into law 06/2012 P-12 Early Childhood Educators Certification S.B. 39 Clarifies the staff qualification requirements for early childhood education programs serving infants, toddlers or preschool age children an... More... NH Adopted 06/2012 P-12 Teacher Certification and Preparation Programs NH ADC Ed 507.18, 34, 36, 38; NH ADC Ed 612.03, 15, 20, 30 State the requirements for teacher certification and teacher preparation programs in the area of Early Childhood Education, Classical Langua... More... OH Signed into law 06/2012 P-12 Child Care Quality S.B. 316 - Child Care Quality Requires that the "career pathways" alternative pathway for meeting child-care staff member or administrator requirements include both a fra... More... IL Adopted 05/2012 P-12 Early Childhood Block Grant 23 IL ADC 235.20, 30, 40, 45, 50, 60, 70; 23 IL ADC 235.APP. A, B, C From Illinois Register: This rulemaking resulted from the state board's application for funding under the American Recovery and Reinvestment... More... NY Signed into law 03/2012 P-12 Early Learning Teacher Certification A.B. 9057 - Early Learning Teacher Certification Part I, Section 10-c: Amends provision on regulations that the board of regents and commissioner must adopt regarding universal prekindergar... More... WA Signed into law 03/2012 P-12 Adopting Core Competencies for Early Care and Education Professionals S.B. 5715 Requires the department of early learning to: (1) Adopt core competencies for early care and education professionals and child and youth dev... More... NH Notices of Adopted Rules 10/2011 P-12 General Special Education and Early Childhood Special Education NH ADC Ed 507.39, 391; NH ADC Ed 612.07, 071 Update the requirements for certification and teacher preparation program for general special education and early childhood special educatio... More... OK Signed into law 05/2011 P-12 Professional Development, Mathematics K-3 H.B. 1918 Requires the Oklahoma Commission for Teacher Preparation to develop and administer mathematics professional development programs for any tea... More... AZ Signed into law 04/2011 P-12 Reading Instruction H.B. 2706    Requires the state board of education to adopt guidelines to include supplementary training in reading instruction as part of a school's ... More... NV Adopted 04/2011 P-12 Licensure Requirements for Early Childhood Education NAC 391.088 Repeals duplicate licensure requirements for early childhood education.... More... OK Signed into law 04/2011 P-12 P-3 Certification H.B. 1274 Allows any teacher certified to teach elementary education to be certified in early childhood education if they pass the early childhood edu... More... IL Signed into law 01/2010 P-12 Professional Development for Department of Human Services Staff; 1st Grade Start Age for Certain Students H.B. 806 Requires the department of human services to operate a comprehensive professional development system called the Gateways to Opportunity prog... More... OH Signed into law 07/2009 P-12 Teacher Preparation and Licensure H.B. 1 - Section 3319.22 and 3319.23 Repeals provision in 3319.22 that directed the state board to adopt the standards and requirements for temporary, associate, provisional and... More... OH Adopted 06/2009 P-12 Early Learning Programs OAC 3301-37-01 through -12 -01: Adds or amends definitions related to early learning programs, including of "alignment," "curriculum," "early learning program guidelin... More... GA Adopted 04/2009 P-12 Bright from the Start Program GAC 591-1-1-.16 and .31 Amends rules concerning the Bright From the Start Program, including governing body, licensure and staff.... More... MN Signed into law 05/2008 P-12 Granting Variance For Early Childhood Education S.B. 2796 Modifies teaching employment for early childhood education programs. Provides a school board must employ necessary licensed teachers for its... More... WY Signed into law 03/2008 P-12 Educational Development Scholarships H.B. 102 The bill amends the payback requirements for educational development scholarships given to assist the owners or staff of child caring facili... More... NY Adopted 12/2007 P-12 Universal Prekindergarten Programs Title 8 NYCRR Subpart 151-1 Complies with 2007 S.B. 2107, Part B, section 19, which authorizes the board of regents and the commissioner to prescribe uniform quality st... More... MD Adopted 11/2007 P-12 Child Care Center Licensing and Staff Requirements COMAR 13A.14.02.02, .18, .21-.23, .25-.27 Increases the required preservice and continued training requirements for child care center staff and change the nomenclature of child care ... More... MD Adopted 08/2007 P-12 Child Care Credential Program - Incentives COMAR 13A.14.09.02-.07, .08, .09 Provides an incentive for licensed child care program administrators to increase their program management knowledge and skills by establishi... More... HI Vetoed 07/2007 P-12 Prekindergarten and Kindergarten S.B. 613 Directs the department to encourage inclusionary prekindergarten and kindergarten classes of both special education eligible and general edu... More... WV Adopted 07/2007 P-12 Quality Early Education System Policy 2525 The most recent updates to Policy 2525: West Virginia's Universal Access to a Quality Early Education System support quality in the classroo... More... IA Signed into law 05/2007 P-12 Statewide Voluntary Preschool Program H.F. 877 Creates a statewide voluntary preschool program for four-year-old children. Provides that preschool teachers in the program must be certifie... More... IL Adopted 03/2007 P-12 Early Childhood Teacher Preparation Assistance Grant 23 IAC 70.10, .20, .30, .40, .50, .60, .70, .80. Goal of the grant program is to address the shortages experienced by all state-funded preschool education programs of teachers holding Type ... More... CA Vetoed 09/2006 P-12 Early Childhood Teacher Certification A.B. 2802 Requires the Commission on Teacher Credentialing to establish an optional early childhood education credential for kindergarten and grades 1... More... KS Adopted 08/2006 P-12 Teacher Licensure Regulations K.A.R. 91-1-201, -202, and -205 Changes licensure regulations for teachers of early childhood education. ... More... IL Signed into law 07/2006 P-12 Early Childhood Teacher Certification S.B. 2202 Amends the Teacher Certification Article of the School Code. Relates to an early childhood certificate. Provides that the student teaching p... More... CT Signed into law 06/2006 P-12 Early Childhood Workforce Expansion S.B. 455 Concerns the early childhood education workforce; expands the number of early childhood education teachers through development of an acceler... More... LA Adopted 04/2006 P-12 Early Childhood PK-3 Certification LAC 28:I.903 Adds the Early Childhood PK-3 certification through the Practitioner Teacher Program alternate program structure. http://www.doa.state.la.us... More... KY Adopted 03/2006 P-12 Early Childhood Development Scholarship Program 11 KAR 16:001 and 16:010 Establishes definitions and rules regarding the applicant selection process for the Early Childhood Development Scholarship Program. 11 KAR ... More... HI Signed into law 06/2005 P-12 Early Learning Educational Task Force S.B. 3101 Establishes and appropriates funds for an early learning educational task force to be attached to the department of education. Directs the t... More... DE Rule Adoption 04/2005 P-12 Standard Certificate Early Care And Education Teacher 14 DAC 1555 Amends regulations relating to standard certificate early care and education (ages 0-K) teacher. Changes concern the requirements for certif... More... CA Vetoed 09/2004 P-12 Preschool for All Program A.B. 712 Requires the California Children and Families Commission to complete and submit a cost study that provides an estimate of the cost of a volu... More... CA Signed into law 09/2004 P-12 Early Childhood Program Governance A.B. 2525 (multiple provisions) Deletes provision requiring the State Department of Education to take certain actions in administering child care and child development prog... More... IL Signed into law 07/2004 P-12 Great START Program for Child Care S.B. 2171 Amends the Department of Human Services Act; deletes a provision that includes beginning and ending dates for the operation of a Great START... More... AR Rule Adoption 06/2004 P-12 Better Chance Program ADE 174 Establishes general guidelines for the operation of early childhood programs funded under the Arkansas Better Chance Program and the Arkansa... More... CT Signed into law 04/2004 P-12 School Readiness Staff Qualifications H.B. 5428 Concerning school readiness staff qualifications; eases staff shortages without diminishing the quality of individuals employed for school r... More... CT Signed into law 06/2003 P-12 No Child Left Behind Act S.B. 1155 Requires testing in compliance with the No Child Left Behind Act; states an elementary teaching endorsement is valid for kindergarten to gra... More... FL Signed into law 06/2003 P-12 Child Care S.B. 2446 Revises inservice training requirements for child care personnel; requires training in early literacy and language development; requires ann... More... OR Rule Adoption 06/2003 P-12 Renewal of Authorization for Specialists OAR 581-015-1105, -1106 Amends rules to streamline the process of renewal of authorization for early childhood specialists and early childhood supervisors within th... More... MS Signed into law 04/2003 P-12 Statewide Prekindergarten/School Readiness Program Assessment S.B. 2636 Establishes oversight committee to assess all prekindergarten or school readiness programs run by any public or private school or Head Start... More... KY Adopted 03/2003 P-12 Probationary Certificate/Teachers of Children 16 KAR 2:140 Allows that if no certified early childhood education teacher is available, the superintendent may ask that a one-year probationary interdis... More... KY Adopted 03/2003 P-12 Interdisciplinary Early Childhood Education Teacher Certificate 16 KAR 2:040 Establishes rules regarding the professional certificate for interdisciplinary early childhood education, birth to primary, the teacher stan... More... NM Adopted 11/2002 P-12 Competencies for Early Childhood Education 6.61.8.10 Sets forth the competencies required for early childhood educators. ... More... FL Signed into law 06/2002 P-12 Community College Child Care Quality S.B. 1550 Increases from 40 to 45 clock hours the introductory training course requirement for operators of large family child care homes and for chil... More... GA Signed into law 05/2002 P-12 Retirement Benefits H.B. 765 Relates to service creditable toward retirement benefits under the Teachers Retirement System of Georgia; provides that any member of the Te... More... IA Signed into law 05/2002 P-12 Teacher Induction, Evaluation, Early Retirement Incentives, Administrator Preparation and Certification, Minimum Teacher Salary Requirements, Statewide Career Path Pilot Program H.B. 2549 Requires state board to establish standards for district and area education agency career development programs and for individual teacher ca... More... CT Signed into law 07/2001 P-12 Equitable wages for early childhood education professionals H.B. 6931 Concerns education and equitable wages for early childhood education professionals; increases the number of highly qualified early childhood... More... CO Signed into law 06/2001 P-12 Postsec. Early Childhood Professional Loan Repayment Program H.B. 1293 Requires the State Commission on Higher Education to establish and maintain an Early Childhood Professional Loan Repayment Program; makes su... More... OK Signed into law 06/2001 P-12 Expands Resident Teacher Program S.B. 499 Expands the resident teacher program to include early childhood teachers. (One-year residency program is required as part of the Oklahoma Te... More... FL Signed into law 05/2001 P-12 Cuts Early Childhood Programs S.B. 1162 - Omnibus The following programs have been repealed by S.B. 1162: 1) Gold Seal Quality care program, a three tiered quality rating system 2) Early... More... TX Signed into law 05/2001 P-12 T.E.A.C.H. S.B. 1294 Establishes Teacher Education and Compensation Helps (T.E.A.C.H) pilot projects to assist teachers in retaining employment in the field of c... More... NE Signed into law 04/2001 P-12 Early Childhood Education Grants L.B. 759 LB 759 changes current law pertaining to early childhood education pilot program grants. The bill provides for an Early Childhood Education ... More... WY Signed into law 02/2001 P-12 Regional Preschool Teacher Development H.B. 113 Relates to regional development preschool system teachers; includes employment as a teacher in the regional development preschool system as ... More... FL Signed into law 06/2000 P-12 Teacher Education and Compensation Helps Scholarship S.B. 212 Establishes the Teacher Education and Compensation Helps scholarship program to help low-wage early childhood staff obtain further training;... More... IL Signed into law 06/2000 P-12 Preschool special education programs H.B. 2940 Public Act No. 91-765; Amends the School Code; exempts all persons holding a special certificate with a special education endorsement from p... More... IL Signed into law 06/2000 P-12 Retaining Teachers for Child Care H.B. 4021 Public Act No. 91-831; Provides that beginning October 1, 2000, the Department of Human Services shall operate a Great Start (Strategy to At... More... MS Signed into law 05/2000 P-12 Early Childhood Teacher Licensure H.B. 419 Authorizes the State Board of Education to issue a standard license to teach in public prekindergarten through kindergarten classrooms to pe... More... NH Signed into law 05/1998 P-12 H.B. 1438 Establishes a study committee to examine the implications of implementing occupational regulation of child care and preschool Directors, Tea... More... FL Signed into law 05/1997 P-12 S.B. 630 Provides for privatization of prekindergarten early intervention program; provides minimum standards for staff-to-children ratio in licensed... More... UT Signed into law 03/1997 P-12 Early Childhood Licensing, Requirements H.B. 124 Early Childhood Licensing Relates to the licensing of day care facilities; limits licensing authority with regard to educational curricula and the training of provide... More... MA Signed into law 07/1996 P-12 H.B. 5840 Qualifications of child care providers Governor's veto overriden by Senate Relates to the qualifications of persons providing group child care; prohibits the lowering of age requirements for assistant teachers, teac... More... PR 06/1996 P-12 Kindergarten Attendance, Preschool Teachers 79 Law Early childhood education is identified as the developmental determination state of the human being for the basic information of his or her ... More... Parent/Family Parent/Family--Parent Rights Parent/Family--Research Partnerships--University/School Postsecondary Postsecondary Accountability Postsecondary Accountability--Accreditation Postsecondary Accountability--Diploma Mills Postsecondary Accountability--Licensing/Program Review and Approval Postsecondary Accountability--Student Learning Postsecondary Affordability Postsecondary Affordability--Financial Aid Postsecondary Affordability--Textbooks Postsecondary Affordability--Tuition/Fees Postsecondary Affordability--Tuition/Fees--Prepd/College Savings Plans Postsecondary Affordability--Tuition/Fees--Undocumented Immigrants Postsecondary Faculty Postsecondary Faculty--Compensation Postsecondary Faculty--Intellectual Property Postsecondary Faculty--Teaching Assistants Postsecondary Faculty--Tenure Postsecondary Finance Postsecondary Finance--Efficiency/Performance-Based Funding Postsecondary Finance--Facilities Postsecondary Finance--Revenue and Expenditures Postsecondary Governance and Structures Postsecondary Governance and Structures--Administrative/Leadership Issues Postsecondary Governance and Structures--State Executives/State Agencies Postsecondary Institutions Postsecondary Institutions--Community/Technical Colleges Postsecondary Institutions--For-Profit/Proprietary Postsecondary Institutions--Four-Year Baccalaureate Postsecondary Institutions--HBCUs/Minority-Serving Institutions Postsecondary Institutions--Private/Independent Postsecondary Online Instruction Postsecondary Participation Postsecondary Participation--Access Postsecondary Participation--Admissions Requirements Postsecondary Participation--Affirmative Action Postsecondary Participation--Enrollments (Statistics) Postsecondary Participation--Outreach Postsecondary Students Postsecondary Students--Adults Postsecondary Students--Disabled Postsecondary Students--Foster Youth Postsecondary Students--Graduate/Professional Postsecondary Students--International Postsecondary Students--Low-Income Postsecondary Students--Military Postsecondary Students--Minority Postsecondary Success Postsecondary Success--Completion Postsecondary Success--Completion--Completion Rates (Statistics) Postsecondary Success--Developmental/Remediation Postsecondary Success--Retention/Persistence Postsecondary Success--Transfer/Articulation Private Schools Privatization Privatization--Education Management Agencies (EMOs) Proficiency-Based Approaches Promising Practices Promotion/Retention Public Involvement Purposes of Public Education Reading/Literacy Reading/Literacy--Adult Literacy Religion Religion--Prayer/Meditation Religion--Scientific Creationism (Evolution) Rural Scheduling/School Calendar Scheduling/School Calendar--Day/Class Length Scheduling/School Calendar--Extended Day Programs Scheduling/School Calendar--Summer School Scheduling/School Calendar--Week Scheduling/School Calendar--Year Scheduling/School Calendar--Year Round School Climate/Culture School Safety School Safety--Bullying Prevention/Conflict Resolution School Safety--Code of Conduct School Safety--Corporal Punishment School Safety--Disaster/Emergency Preparedness School Safety--Expulsion/Suspension School Safety--No Child Left Behind--Safe Schools School Safety--Sexual Harassment and Assault School Safety--Special Education School Safety--Uniforms/Dress Codes School/District Structure/Operations School/District Structure/Operations--District Consolidation/Deconsolidation School/District Structure/Operations--District Size School/District Structure/Operations--Facilities School/District Structure/Operations--Food Service School/District Structure/Operations--Libraries School/District Structure/Operations--Org. (K-3/K-8 etc.) School/District Structure/Operations--Personnel (Non-Teaching) School/District Structure/Operations--School Size School/District Structure/Operations--Shared Services School/District Structure/Operations--Staffing Ratios School/District Structure/Operations--Transportation Service-Learning Special Education Special Education--Federal Law/Regulations Special Education--Finance Special Education--Inclusion (Mainstreaming) Special Education--Placement Special Education--Transition Special Populations--Corrections Education Special Populations--Foster Care Special Populations--Gifted and Talented Special Populations--Homeless Education Special Populations--Immigrant Education Special Populations--Migrant Education Special Populations--Military Standards Standards--Common Core State Standards Standards--Implementation State Comparisons/Statistics State Longitudinal Data Systems State Policymaking State Policymaking--Ballot Questions State Policymaking--Constitutional Clauses State Policymaking--Politics State Policymaking--Task Forces/Commissions STEM Student Achievement Student Achievement--Closing the Achievement Gap Student Achievement--State Trends Student Supports--Counseling/Guidance Student Supports--Mentoring/Tutoring Student Supports--Remediation Student Surveys Students Students--Athletics/Extracurricular Activities Students--Employment Students--Incentives Students--K-12 Exchange Students Students--Mobility Students--Records/Rights Teaching Quality Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Alternative Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Assignment Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Highly Qualified Teachers Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Natl. Bd. for Prof. Teach. Stds. Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Special Education Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--State Prof. Standards Bds. Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Substitute Teachers Teaching Quality--Compensation and Diversified Pay Teaching Quality--Compensation and Diversified Pay--Pay-for-Performance Teaching Quality--Compensation and Diversified Pay--Retirement/Benefits Teaching Quality--Evaluation and Effectiveness Teaching Quality--Induction Programs and Mentoring Teaching Quality--Paraprofessionals Teaching Quality--Preparation Teaching Quality--Professional Development Teaching Quality--Recruitment and Retention Teaching Quality--Recruitment and Retention--At-Risk Schools Teaching Quality--Recruitment and Retention--High-Needs Subjects Teaching Quality--Reduction in Force Teaching Quality--Teacher Attitudes Teaching Quality--Teacher Contracts (Not Tenure) Teaching Quality--Teacher Rights Teaching Quality--Tenure or Continuing Contract Teaching Quality--Unions/Collective Bargaining Teaching Quality--Unions/Collective Bargaining--Strikes Teaching Quality--Working Conditions Technology Technology--Computer Skills Technology--Devices/Software/Hardware Technology--Equitable Access Technology--Funding Issues Technology--Internet Safety Technology--Research/Evaluation Technology--Teacher/Faculty Training Textbooks and Open Source Urban Urban--Change/Improvements Urban--Governance Whole-School Reform Models Whole Child