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From the ECS State Policy Database 1994-2013

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Education Commission of the States • 700 Broadway, Suite 810 • Denver, CO 80203-3442 • 303.299.3600 • fax 303.296.8332 • www.ecs.org

The following summary includes policies ECS has tracked in this database since 1994. This database is made possible by your state's fiscal support of the Education Commission of the States (ECS). Most entries are legislative, although rules/regulations and executive orders that make substantive changes are included. Every effort is made to collect the latest available version of policies; in some instances, recent changes might not be reflected. For expediency purposes minimal attention has been paid to style (capitalization, punctuation) and format. To view the documents, click on the blue triangle next to the topic of interest. Please cite use of the database as: Education Commission of the States (ECS) State Policy Database, retrieved [date]. State Status/Date Level Summary 21st Century Skills Accountability Accountability--Accreditation Accountability--Measures/Indicators Accountability--Reporting Results Accountability--Rewards Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions--Learnfare Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions--No Pass No Drive Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions--No Pass No Play Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions--Takeovers Accountability--School Improvement Adult Basic Education Assessment Assessment--Accommodations Assessment--College Entrance Exams Assessment--Common Core/National Tests Assessment--Computer Based Assessment--End-of-Course Assessment--Formative/Interim Assessment--High Stakes/Competency Assessment--NAEP (NAEP Results and NAEP Organization) Assessment--Performance Based/Portfolio Assessment--Value Added At-Risk (incl. Dropout Prevention) At-Risk (incl. Dropout Prevention)--Alternative Education At-Risk (incl. Dropout Prevention)--Drugs/Alcohol Attendance Attendance--Compulsory Attendance--Statutory Ages (Upper and Lower) Attendance--Truancy Background Checks Bilingual/ESL Brain Research Business Involvement Career/Technical Education Career/Technical Education--Career Academies/Apprenticeship Cheating Choice of Schools Choice of Schools--Charter Schools Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Charter Districts Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Closings Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Cyber Charters Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Finance Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Research Choice of Schools--Choice/Open Enrollment Choice of Schools--Innovation Schools Choice of Schools--Magnet or Specialized Schools Choice of Schools--Tax Credits Choice of Schools--Vouchers Choice of Schools--Vouchers--Privately Funded Civic Education Civic Education--Character Education Civic Education--Civic Knowledge and Literacy Civic Education--Curriculum/Standards Civic Education--Pledge of Allegiance Class Size Counseling/Guidance Curriculum Curriculum--Alignment Curriculum--Arts Education Curriculum--Censorship Curriculum--Computer Science Curriculum--Core Curriculum Curriculum--Drivers Education Curriculum--Environmental Education Curriculum--Excusal Curriculum--Family Living Education Curriculum--Financial Literacy/Economics Ed. Curriculum--Foreign Language/Sign Language Curriculum--Geography Education Curriculum--Health/Nutrition Education Curriculum--Home Economics Curriculum--International Education Curriculum--Language Arts Curriculum--Language Arts--Writing/Spelling Curriculum--Mathematics Curriculum--Multicultural Curriculum--Physical Education Curriculum--Science Curriculum--Sex Education Curriculum--Social Studies/History Data-Driven Improvement Demographics Demographics--Condition of Children/Adults Demographics--Enrollments Desegregation Economic/Workforce Development Economic/Workforce Development--Value of an Education Education Research Equity Federal Finance Finance--Adequacy/Core Cost Finance--Aid to Private Schools Finance--Bonds Finance--District Finance--Does Money Matter? Finance--Equity Finance--Facilities Finance--Federal Finance--Funding Formulas Finance--Litigation Finance--Local Foundations/Funds Finance--Lotteries Finance--Performance Funding Finance--Private Giving Finance--Resource Efficiency Finance--State Budgets/Expenditures Finance--Student Fees Finance--Taxes/Revenues Finance--Taxes/Revenues--Alternative Revenues Governance Governance--Deregulation/Waivers/Home Rule Governance--Ethics/Conflict of Interest Governance--Mandates Governance--Regional Entities Governance--School Boards Governance--School Boards--Training Governance--Site-Based Management Governance--State Boards/Chiefs/Agencies Health Health--Child Abuse Health--Mental Health Health--Nutrition Health--School Based Clinics or School Nurses Health--Suicide Prevention Health--Teen Pregnancy High School High School--Advanced Placement High School--College Readiness High School--Credit Recovery High School--Dropout Rates/Graduation Rates High School--Dual/Concurrent Enrollment High School--Early Colleges/Middle Colleges High School--Exit Exams High School--GED (General Education Development) High School--Graduation Requirements Instructional Approaches Instructional Approaches--Constructivism Instructional Approaches--Grading Practices Instructional Approaches--Homeschooling Instructional Approaches--Homework/Study Skills Instructional Approaches--Official English Instructional Approaches--Problem Based Learning Instructional Approaches--Single-Sex Education Instructional Approaches--Teaching Across Disciplines Instructional Approaches--Time/Time on Task Instructional Approaches--Tracking/Ability Grouping Integrated Services/Full-Service Schools International Baccalaureate International Benchmarking Leadership Leadership--District Superintendent Leadership--District Superintendent--Compensation and Diversified Pay Leadership--Principal/School Leadership Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Certification and Licensure Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Compensation and Diversified Pay Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Evaluation and Effectiveness Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Induction Programs and Mentoring Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Preparation Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Preparation--Alternative Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Professional Development Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Recruitment and Retention Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Tenure Mentoring/Tutoring Middle School Minority/Diversity Issues Minority/Diversity Issues--African American Minority/Diversity Issues--American Indian / Alaska Native / Native Hawaiian Minority/Diversity Issues--Hispanic No Child Left Behind No Child Left Behind--Adequate Yearly Progress No Child Left Behind--Assessment No Child Left Behind--Choice/Transfer No Child Left Behind--Consequences for Schools No Child Left Behind--Finance No Child Left Behind--Parent Involvement No Child Left Behind--Reauthorization Issues/Waivers No Child Left Behind--Report Cards No Child Left Behind--School Support No Child Left Behind--Special Populations No Child Left Behind--Supplemental Services Online Learning--Digital/Blended Learning Online Learning--Virtual Schools/Courses P-16 or P-20 P-3 P-3 Brain Development P-3 Child Care P-3 Content Standards and Assessment P-3 Data Systems P-3 Early Intervention (0-3) P-3 English Language Learners (ELL) P-3 Ensuring Quality P-3 Evaluation/Economic Benefits P-3 Family Involvement P-3 Finance P-3 Governance P-3 Grades 1-3 P-3 Health and Mental Health P-3 Kindergarten P-3 Kindergarten--Full-Day Kindergarten P-3 Kindergarten--Full Day Kindergarten P-3 Preschool P-3 Public/Private Partnerships P-3 Special Ed./Inclusion P-3 Teaching Quality/Professional Development P-3 Technology Parent/Family Parent/Family--Parent Rights TX Signed into law 06/2013 P-12 District Requirements Before Adopting a Major Curriculum Initiative S.B. 1474 Before adopting a major curriculum initiative, including the use of a curriculum management system, requires a district to use a process that includes teacher input, provides district employees the opportunity to express opinions regarding the initiative, and ... More... TX Adopted 07/2012 P-12 Accreditation Status, Standards, and Sanctions 19 TAC 97.1065, 1067 Section 97.1065 addresses provisions relating to repurposing, alternative management, or campus closure, including actions requested by parent petition or local board request for alternative to approach identified in parent petition. Section 97.1067 addresses ... More... CA Signed into law 06/2012 P-12 Notification of Parent Rights and Responsibilities. A.B. 2262 From bill analysis: Authorizes the governing board of each school district to, at the request of parents or guardians, provide the annual notice of parent or guardian rights and responsibilities in an electronic format. Requires the notice provided in an elect... More... OH Signed into law 06/2012 P-12 Parent Trigger in Columbus S.B. 316 - Parent Trigger in Columbus From final bill analysis: Specifies that the provisions of the "parent trigger" restructuring petition, under the Columbus pilot program, prevail over the general restructuring law for low-performing schools, if a district school becomes subject to both, unles... More... AZ Signed into law 05/2010 P-12 Parents' Bill of Rights S.B. 1309 Creates the Parents' Bill of Rights; prohibits the State, a political subdivision of the State, or any other governmental entity from infringing on the rights of a parent, including the right to direct the education or religious training for a child, to make h... More... CA Vetoed 10/2009 P-12 Bringing Interpreter to School Meetings A.B. 1510 Authorizes parents or guardians of English learners to bring an oral language interpreter to all conferences, meetings or proceedings held at a district building or schoolsite or sponsored by the district or school, except when prohibited by state or federal l... More... IL Signed into law 08/2009 P-12 Visiting a Student with Disabilities at School H.B. 628 Amends the Children with Disabilities Article of the School Code. Provides that a parent, an independent educational evaluator, or a qualified professional retained by or on behalf of a parent or child must be afforded reasonable access of sufficient duration ... More... NC Signed into law 06/2009 P-12 Parental Notice Requirements for Suspension and Expulsion H.B. 218 Modifies notice requirements that must be given to a parent when a child is recommended for suspension of more than 10 days or an expulson from school; requires written notice to the student's parent by the end of the workday during which the suspension for mo... More... MO Signed into law 05/2009 P-12 Parents Rights S.B. 291--Parents' Bill of Rights Requires the Department of Elementary and Secondary Education to produce "The Parents' Bill of Rights" to inform parents of children with individualized education programs of their educational rights under federal and state law by January 1, 2010. The publicat... More... LA Signed into law 07/2008 P-12 Parental Information Requests and Complaints S.B. 440 Requires public schools to provide parents or guardians with information regarding making complaints or requesting information; provides for the responsibilities of schools and school governing authorities to provide such information; relates to parental notif... More... TN Signed into law 06/2008 P-12 Parent Notification H.B. 3162 Provides that if a student is a victim of child abuse or sexual abuse that occurred on school grounds or under the schools care, then the principal must verbally notify the parents and provide all school information and records relevant to the alleged abuse. h... More... MD Signed into law 05/2008 P-12 Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System S.B. 473 Requires the State Department of Education to require local school systems to utilize passive parental consent before administering the Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System survey designed to identify and document certain behaviors and conditions including ... More... GA Adopted 12/2007 P-12 Special Education GAC 160-4-7 Revises rules regarding special education, including the rights of children and parents and assists educational agencies to provides for such and education. Purpose for Exceptional Students Rules: http://www.doe.k12.ga.us/_documents/doe/legalservices/160-4-7... More... IN Signed into law 04/2007 P-12 Student Interrogation and Convictions H.B. 1382 Requires a parent to be notified if a student is being interrogated by the police on school property regarding an investigation in which the student may be a suspect. Requires a law enforcement agency to notify the chief administrative officer of the school or... More... UT Signed into law 03/2007 P-12 Psychiatric Evaluations & Medical Recommendations for Students H.B. 202 Prohibits school personnel from conducting a psychiatric or behavioral health evaluation or mental health screening, test, evaluation, or assessment of a student, except if required under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act; prohibits school person... More... HI Signed into law 07/2006 P-12 Assistance to Limited English Proficient Persons H.B. 2778 Requires each state agency and all covered entities to take reasonable steps to ensure limited English proficient persons have meaningful access to services, programs, and activities. Requires steps to include competent, timely oral language services and writ... More... IA Signed into law 06/2006 P-12 K-3 Diagnostic Assessments S.B. 2272 - Section 5 If the diagnostic assessments administered to K-3 students indicate that a child is reading below grade level, requires the district to submit a report of the assessment results to the parent, which the parent must sign and return to the district. Provides th... More... GA Signed into law 05/2006 P-12 Student Codes of Conduct S.B. 413 Section 4 - 7 Defines 'clubs and organizations' and 'competitive interscholastic activity'. Requires local boards to include information regarding school clubs and organizations in the student code of conduct distributed annually at the beginning of each school year. Requ... More... VT Signed into law 05/2006 P-12 Student and Parent Awareness H.B. 538 Directs the commissioner of education to send annually to each superintendent a list of information that schools must provide to the electorate, community members, parents and students under state and federal law. Directs school boards to inform high school st... More... MN Signed into law 07/2005 P-12 Parental review of basic skills test H.F. 141 - Multiple Components The commissioner must adopt and publish a policy to provide public and parental access for review of basic skills tests, Minnesota Comprehensive Assessments, or any other such statewide test and assessment. Upon receiving a written request, the commissioner m... More... MN Signed into law 07/2005 P-12 Psychotropic drugs H.F. 141 - Multiple Components School officials must not use the refusal of a parent or guardian to consent to the administration of psychotropic drugs to their student or to consent to a psychiatric evaluation, screening or examination of the student as a ground, by itself, to prohibit the... More... FL Vetoed 05/2005 P-12 Psychotropic Medication H.B. 209 Defines term "psychotropic medication." Prohibits a recipient of state funds from requiring student to be prescribed or administered psychotropic medication as condition of receipt of educational services. Requires that, before a student is evaluated for the p... More... AZ Signed into law 04/2005 P-12 School Accountability and Crime Reporting S.B. 1044 Authorizes local boards to adopt guidelines for the standardization of the format of school accountability report cards required by section 15-746 http://www.azleg.state.az.us/FormatDocument.asp?inDoc=/ars/15/00746.htm&Title=15&DocType=ARS Authorizes local bo... More... UT Vetoed 03/2005 P-12 Medical Recommendations for Children H.B. 42 Prohibits school personnel from making certain medical recommendations for a minor, including the use of psychotropic drugs; prohibits the removal of a minor from parental custody based on a parent's refusal to consent to the administration of psychotropic dru... More... AR Signed into law 02/2005 P-12 Honor Roll Programs S.B. 250 An act to ensure the continuation of district honor roll and academic achievement recognition programs. Specifies that no district may be prohibited from identifying students for honor roll, for valedictorian and salutatorian, or for other academic honors. All... More... CA Vetoed 09/2004 P-12 Pupils: Interrogation A.B. 1012 Requires the principal of a school to take immediate steps to seek the consent of the parent or guardian of an elementary school pupil prior to making the pupil available to a peace officer for questioning. Prohibits making the pupil available for questioning ... More... CA Signed into law 09/2004 P-12 Parent of Suspended Pupil Allowed to Attend Portion of School Day A.B. 2855 (multiple provisions) Repeals mandate and replaces with policy authorizing school district governing boards to adopt a policy permitting a parent or guardian of a pupil who has been suspended by a teacher to attend a portion of the school day in the classroom from which the pupil w... More... CA Signed into law 09/2004 P-12 District Uniform Complaint Process S.B. 550 (multiple provisions) SEC. 12: Requires a school district to use its uniform complaint process to help identify and resolve any deficiencies related to instructional materials, conditions of facilities that are not maintained in a clean and safe manner or in good repair, and teache... More... NE Signed into law 03/2004 P-12 School Districts L.B. 172 Eliminates a requirement for school districts to provide abortion information.... More... HI Signed into law 05/2003 P-12 Employee Leave Benefits S.B. 205 Requires public employers to provide at least two hours of paid (including travel time) leave during normal business hours to attend parent-teacher conference or parent-caregiver conference; limits employee to no more than two conferences per child in a calen... More... AR Signed into law 04/2003 P-12 Parental Authorization for Surveys or Questions S.B. 895 Requires parental authorization for surveys or questionnaires administered to students requesting any personally identifiable information. http://www.arkleg.state.ar.us/ftproot/bills/2003/public/SB895.pdf... More... AL Active 10/2002 P-12 Reporting to Parents N/A "Parents Right to Know" annotated document about NCLB. http://www.alsde.edu/html/doc_download.asp?id=20029308446&section=57... More... CA Active 10/2002 P-12 Parental Notification for NCLB N/A Parental notification requirements for NCLB: (http://www.cde.ca.gov/govaffairs/attacha.html)... More... FL Signed into law 05/2002 P-12 Education Code Re-Write: K-12 Student and Parent Rights S.B. 20E Inserts "directory" section to inform students and parents of their rights pertaining to a number of areas, including nondiscrimination, student records, discipline, safety, etc. See Bill section 92, page 173, line 19 ff. http://www.leg.state.fl.us/data/sessi... More... VA Signed into law 02/2002 P-12 Student Surveys H.B. 357 Requires local school boards to develop and implement policies to prohibit the administration of questionnaires or surveys to public school students during the regular school day or at school-sponsored events without written, informed parental consent for the ... More... NJ Signed into law 01/2002 P-12 Survey Limitations A.B. 3359 Allows school districts to administer certain surveys to students only after receiving written informed parental consent; requires consent if the information revealed relates to political affiliations, mental or psychological problems, sexual behavior and atti... More... AR Signed into law 04/2001 P-12 Parental notification of non-certified teachers S.B. 416 Requires parental notification of an assignment of a non-certified teacher to teach a class for more than thirty consecutive days.... More... HI Signed into law 04/2001 P-12 Foster Parent's Rights S.B. 1104 Relates to authority of foster parents to provide consents for the foster child's educational and recreational needs.... More... UT Vetoed 03/2001 P-12 Includes Noncustodial Parent in Communications H.B. 168 Requires a public school to notify the custodial and attempt to notify the noncustodial parent of a student who is injured or becomes ill at the school and requires medical treatment for the injury or illness at a facility not located on the school premises.... More... UT Vetoed 03/2001 P-12 Notification of Noncustodial Parent S.B. 222 Requires a peace officer, case worker or school to inform a custodial and noncustodial parent when a minor is taken into custody or suspended or expelled from school.... More... VA Signed into law 02/2001 P-12 Parent Rights Concerning Special Education H.B. 1226 Relates to publication of procedure for changing special education placements. Directs the Board of Education to publicize and disseminate, to parents of students who are enrolled in special education programs or for whom a special education placement has been... More... CA Signed into law 07/2000 P-12 A.B. 2453 Chapter No. 67; Authorizes foster family agencies, with jurisdiction over currently enrolled or former pupils, to access records of grades and transcripts, and individualized education plans maintained by school districts or private schools of those pupils.... More... CA Signed into law 07/2000 P-12 Parents Rights S.B. 1689 Relates to existing law which requires at the beginning of the first semester or quarter, the governing board of each school district to notify parents or guardians of minor pupils of specified rights and responsibilities of the parent or guardian. Requires th... More... VA Signed into law 03/2000 P-12 Parent Rights H.B. 536 Conforms current law to the requirements of the federal Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA) by directing schools to annually notify parents of students currently enrolled and in attendance of their rights under FERPA and related regulations.... More... Parent/Family--Research Partnerships--University/School Postsecondary Postsecondary Accountability Postsecondary Accountability--Accreditation Postsecondary Accountability--Diploma Mills Postsecondary Accountability--Licensing/Program Review and Approval Postsecondary Accountability--Student Learning Postsecondary Affordability Postsecondary Affordability--Financial Aid Postsecondary Affordability--Textbooks Postsecondary Affordability--Tuition/Fees Postsecondary Affordability--Tuition/Fees--Prepd/College Savings Plans Postsecondary Affordability--Tuition/Fees--Undocumented Immigrants Postsecondary Faculty Postsecondary Faculty--Compensation Postsecondary Faculty--Intellectual Property Postsecondary Faculty--Teaching Assistants Postsecondary Faculty--Tenure Postsecondary Finance Postsecondary Finance--Efficiency/Performance-Based Funding Postsecondary Finance--Facilities Postsecondary Finance--Revenue and Expenditures Postsecondary Governance and Structures Postsecondary Governance and Structures--Administrative/Leadership Issues Postsecondary Governance and Structures--State Executives/State Agencies Postsecondary Institutions Postsecondary Institutions--Community/Technical Colleges Postsecondary Institutions--For-Profit/Proprietary Postsecondary Institutions--Four-Year Baccalaureate Postsecondary Institutions--HBCUs/Minority-Serving Institutions Postsecondary Institutions--Private/Independent Postsecondary Online Instruction Postsecondary Participation Postsecondary Participation--Access Postsecondary Participation--Admissions Requirements Postsecondary Participation--Affirmative Action Postsecondary Participation--Enrollments (Statistics) Postsecondary Participation--Outreach Postsecondary Students Postsecondary Students--Adults Postsecondary Students--Disabled Postsecondary Students--Foster Youth Postsecondary Students--Graduate/Professional Postsecondary Students--International Postsecondary Students--Low-Income Postsecondary Students--Military Postsecondary Students--Minority Postsecondary Success Postsecondary Success--Completion Postsecondary Success--Developmental/Remediation Postsecondary Success--Retention/Persistence Postsecondary Success--Transfer/Articulation Private Schools Privatization Privatization--Education Management Agencies (EMOs) Proficiency-Based Approaches Promising Practices Promotion/Retention Public Involvement Purposes of Public Education Reading/Literacy Reading/Literacy--Adult Literacy Religion Religion--Prayer/Meditation Religion--Scientific Creationism (Evolution) Remediation (K-12) Rural Scale-Up/Replication Scheduling/School Calendar Scheduling/School Calendar--Day/Class Length Scheduling/School Calendar--Extended Day Programs Scheduling/School Calendar--Summer School Scheduling/School Calendar--Week Scheduling/School Calendar--Year Scheduling/School Calendar--Year Round School Climate/Culture School Safety School Safety--Bullying Prevention/Conflict Resolution School Safety--Code of Conduct School Safety--Corporal Punishment School Safety--Disaster/Emergency Preparedness School Safety--Expulsion/Suspension School Safety--No Child Left Behind--Safe Schools School Safety--Sexual Harassment and Assault School Safety--Special Education School Safety--Uniforms/Dress Codes School/District Structure/Operations School/District Structure/Operations--District Consolidation/Deconsolidation School/District Structure/Operations--District Size School/District Structure/Operations--Facilities School/District Structure/Operations--Food Service School/District Structure/Operations--Libraries School/District Structure/Operations--Org. (K-3/K-8 etc.) School/District Structure/Operations--Personnel (Non-Teaching) School/District Structure/Operations--School Size School/District Structure/Operations--Shared Services School/District Structure/Operations--Staffing Ratios School/District Structure/Operations--Transportation Service-Learning Social/Emotional Learning and Non-Cognitive Skills Special Education Special Education--Federal Law/Regulations Special Education--Finance Special Education--Inclusion (Mainstreaming) Special Education--Placement Special Education--Transition Special Populations--Corrections Education Special Populations--Foster Care Special Populations--Gifted and Talented Special Populations--Homeless Education Special Populations--Immigrant Education Special Populations--Migrant Education Special Populations--Military Standards Standards--Common Core State Standards Standards--Implementation State Comparisons/Statistics State Longitudinal Data Systems State Policymaking State Policymaking--Ballot Questions State Policymaking--Constitutional Clauses State Policymaking--Politics State Policymaking--Task Forces/Commissions STEM Student Achievement Student Achievement--Closing the Achievement Gap Student Surveys Students Students--Athletics/Extracurricular Activities Students--Employment Students--Incentives Students--K-12 Exchange Students Students--Mobility Students--Records/Rights Teaching Quality Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Alternative Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Assignment Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Highly Qualified Teachers Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Natl. Bd. for Prof. Teach. Stds. Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Special Education Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--State Prof. Standards Bds. Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Substitute Teachers Teaching Quality--Compensation and Diversified Pay Teaching Quality--Compensation and Diversified Pay--Pay-for-Performance Teaching Quality--Compensation and Diversified Pay--Retirement/Benefits Teaching Quality--Evaluation and Effectiveness Teaching Quality--Induction Programs and Mentoring Teaching Quality--Paraprofessionals Teaching Quality--Preparation Teaching Quality--Professional Development Teaching Quality--Recruitment and Retention Teaching Quality--Recruitment and Retention--At-Risk Schools Teaching Quality--Recruitment and Retention--High-Needs Subjects Teaching Quality--Reduction in Force Teaching Quality--Teacher Attitudes Teaching Quality--Teacher Contracts (Not Tenure) Teaching Quality--Teacher Rights Teaching Quality--Tenure or Continuing Contract Teaching Quality--Unions/Collective Bargaining Teaching Quality--Unions/Collective Bargaining--Strikes Teaching Quality--Working Conditions Technology Technology--Computer Skills Technology--Devices/Software/Hardware Technology--Equitable Access Technology--Funding Issues Technology--Internet Safety Technology--Research/Evaluation Technology--Teacher/Faculty Training Textbooks and Open Source Urban Urban--Change/Improvements Urban--Governance Whole-School Reform Models