ECS
From the ECS State Policy Database
1994-2012

Education Commission of the States • 700 Broadway, Suite 810 • Denver, CO 80203-3442 • 303.299.3600 • fax 303.296.8332 • www.ecs.org

The following summary includes policies ECS has tracked in this database since 1994. This database is made possible by your state's fiscal support of the Education Commission of the States (ECS). Most entries are legislative, although rules/regulations and executive orders that make substantive changes are included. Every effort is made to collect the latest available version of policies; in some instances, recent changes might not be reflected. For expediency purposes minimal attention has been paid to style (capitalization, punctuation) and format. To view the documents, click on the blue triangle next to the topic of interest.

Please cite use of the database as: Education Commission of the States (ECS) State Policy Database, retrieved [date].

State Status/Date Level Summary
+ 21st Century Skills
+ Accountability
+ Accountability--Accreditation
+ Accountability--Measures/Indicators
+ Accountability--Reporting Results
+ Accountability--Rewards
+ Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions
+ Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions--Learnfare
+ Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions--No Pass No Drive
+ Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions--No Pass No Play
+ Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions--Takeovers
+ Accountability--School Improvement
+ Adult Basic Education
+ Assessment
+ Assessment--Accommodations
+ Assessment--College Entrance Exams
+ Assessment--Computer Based
+ Assessment--End-of-Course
+ Assessment--Formative/Interim
+ Assessment--High Stakes/Competency
+ Assessment--Legal Issues
+ Assessment--NAEP (NAEP Results and NAEP Organization)
+ Assessment--Performance Based/Portfolio
+ Assessment--Value Added
+ At-Risk (incl. Dropout Prevention)
+ At-Risk (incl. Dropout Prevention)--Alternative Education
+ At-Risk (incl. Dropout Prevention)--Drugs/Alcohol
+ Attendance
+ Attendance--Compulsory
+ Attendance--Statutory Ages (Upper and Lower)
+ Attendance--Truancy
+ Background Checks
+ Bilingual/ESL
+ Brain Research
+ Business Involvement
+ Career/Technical Education
+ Career/Technical Education--Career Academies/Apprenticeship
+ Cheating
+ Choice of Schools
+ Choice of Schools--Charter Schools
+ Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Charter Districts
+ Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Closings
+ Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Cyber Charters
+ Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Finance
+ Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Research
+ Choice of Schools--Choice/Open Enrollment
+ Choice of Schools--Choice/Open Enrollment--Research
+ Choice of Schools--Innovation Schools
+ Choice of Schools--Magnet or Specialized Schools
+ Choice of Schools--Tax Credits
+ Choice of Schools--Vouchers
+ Choice of Schools--Vouchers--Privately Funded
+ Civic Education
+ Civic Education--Character Education
+ Civic Education--Civic Knowledge and Literacy
+ Civic Education--Curriculum/Standards
+ Civic Education--Pledge of Allegiance
+ Class Size
+ Curriculum
+ Curriculum--Alignment
+ Curriculum--Arts Education
+ Curriculum--Censorship
+ Curriculum--Core Curriculum
+ Curriculum--Drivers Education
+ Curriculum--Environmental Education
+ Curriculum--Excusal
+ Curriculum--Family Living Education
+ Curriculum--Financial Literacy/Economics Ed.
+ Curriculum--Foreign Language/Sign Language
+ Curriculum--Geography Education
+ Curriculum--Health/Nutrition Education
+ Curriculum--Home Economics
+ Curriculum--International Education
+ Curriculum--Language Arts
+ Curriculum--Language Arts--Writing/Spelling
+ Curriculum--Mathematics
+ Curriculum--Multicultural
+ Curriculum--Physical Education
+ Curriculum--Science
+ Curriculum--Sex Education
+ Curriculum--Social Studies/History
+ Curriculum--Speech Education
+ Data-Driven Improvement
+ Demographics
+ Demographics--Condition of Children/Adults
+ Demographics--Enrollments
+ Desegregation
+ Economic/Workforce Development
+ Education Research
+ Equity
+ Federal
+ Finance
+ Finance--Adequacy/Core Cost
+ Finance--Aid to Private Schools
+ Finance--Bonds
+ Finance--District
+ Finance--Does Money Matter?
+ Finance--Equity
+ Finance--Facilities
+ Finance--Federal
+ Finance--Funding Formulas
+ Finance--Litigation
+ Finance--Local Foundations/Funds
+ Finance--Lotteries
+ Finance--Performance Funding
+ Finance--Private Giving
+ Finance--Resource Efficiency
+ Finance--State Budgets/Expenditures
+ Finance--Student Fees
+ Finance--Taxes/Revenues
+ Finance--Taxes/Revenues--Alternative Revenues
+ Governance
+ Governance--Deregulation/Waivers/Home Rule
+ Governance--Ethics/Conflict of Interest
+ Governance--Mandates
+ Governance--Regional Entities
+ Governance--School Boards
+ Governance--School Boards--Training
+ Governance--Site-Based Management
+ Governance--State Boards/Chiefs/Agencies
+ Health
+ Health--Child Abuse
+ Health--Mental Health
+ Health--Nutrition
+ Health--School Based Clinics or School Nurses
+ Health--Suicide Prevention
+ Health--Teen Pregnancy
+ High School
+ High School--Advanced Placement
+ High School--College Readiness
+ High School--Credit Recovery
+ High School--Dropout Rates/Graduation Rates
+ High School--Dual/Concurrent Enrollment
+ High School--Early Colleges/Middle Colleges
+ High School--Exit Exams
+ High School--GED (General Education Development)
+ High School--Graduation Requirements
+ High School--International Baccalaureate
+ Instructional Approaches
+ Instructional Approaches--Constructivism
+ Instructional Approaches--Grading Practices
+ Instructional Approaches--Homeschooling
+ Instructional Approaches--Homework/Study Skills
+ Instructional Approaches--Official English
+ Instructional Approaches--Problem Based Learning
+ Instructional Approaches--Single-Sex Education
+ Instructional Approaches--Time/Time on Task
+ Instructional Approaches--Tracking/Ability Grouping
+ Integrated Services/Full-Service Schools
+ International Benchmarking
+ Leadership
+ Leadership--District Superintendent
+ Leadership--District Superintendent--Compensation and Diversified Pay
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Certification and Licensure
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Compensation and Diversified Pay
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Evaluation and Effectiveness
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Induction Programs and Mentoring
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Preparation
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Preparation--Alternative
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Professional Development
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Recruitment and Retention
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Tenure
+ Middle School
+ Minority/Diversity Issues
+ Minority/Diversity Issues--African American
+ Minority/Diversity Issues--American Indian / Alaska Native / Native Hawaiian
+ Minority/Diversity Issues--Hispanic
+ No Child Left Behind
+ No Child Left Behind--Adequate Yearly Progress
+ No Child Left Behind--Assessment
+ No Child Left Behind--Choice/Transfer
+ No Child Left Behind--Consequences for Schools
+ No Child Left Behind--Finance
+ No Child Left Behind--Parent Involvement
+ No Child Left Behind--Reauthorization Issues/Waivers
+ No Child Left Behind--Report Cards
+ No Child Left Behind--School Support
+ No Child Left Behind--Special Populations
+ No Child Left Behind--Supplemental Services
+ Online Learning--Digital/Blended Learning
+ Online Learning--Virtual Schools/Courses
+ P-16 or P-20
+ P-3
+ P-3 Brain Development
+ P-3 Child Care
+ P-3 Content Standards and Assessment
+ P-3 Data Systems
+ P-3 Early Intervention (0-3)
+ P-3 Ensuring Quality
+ P-3 Evaluation/Economic Benefits
+ P-3 Family Involvement
+ P-3 Finance
+ P-3 Governance
+ P-3 Grades 1-3
+ P-3 Health and Mental Health
+ P-3 Kindergarten
+ P-3 Kindergarten--Full-Day Kindergarten
+ P-3 Kindergarten--Full Day Kindergarten
+ P-3 Preschool
+ P-3 Public/Private Partnerships
+ P-3 Special Ed./Inclusion
+ P-3 Teaching Quality/Professional Development
+ Parent/Family
+ Parent/Family--Parent Rights
+ Parent/Family--Research
+ Partnerships--University/School
+ Postsecondary
+ Postsecondary Accountability
+ Postsecondary Accountability--Accreditation
+ Postsecondary Accountability--Diploma Mills
+ Postsecondary Accountability--Licensing/Program Review and Approval
+ Postsecondary Accountability--Student Learning
+ Postsecondary Affordability
+ Postsecondary Affordability--Financial Aid
+ Postsecondary Affordability--Textbooks
+ Postsecondary Affordability--Tuition/Fees
+ Postsecondary Affordability--Tuition/Fees--Prepd/College Savings Plans
+ Postsecondary Affordability--Tuition/Fees--Undocumented Immigrants
+ Postsecondary Faculty
+ Postsecondary Faculty--Compensation
- Postsecondary Faculty--Intellectual Property
TXSigned into law 06/2011Postsec.Specifies that information maintained by or for an institution of higher education that would reveal the institution's plans or negotiations for commercialization or a proposed research agreement, contract or grant, or that consists of unpublished research or data that may be commercialized, is not subject to Chapter 552, Government Code [Public Information], unless the information has been published, is patented or is otherwise subject to an executed license, sponsored research agreement, or research contract or grant. Page 26 of 38: http://www.legis.state.tx.us/tlodocs/82R/billtext/pdf/SB00005F.pdf#navpanes=0
Title: S.B. 5 - Postsecondary Information Not Subject to Public Information Provisions
Source: www.legis.state.tx.us

CASigned into law 10/2009Postsec.Requires the department of general services to negotiate and establish a model contract with standard contract provisions with both the regents of the University of California (UC) and the trustees of the California State University (CSU) by July 2010. Requires the trustees, and urges the regents to negotiate and establish with the department of general services the model contract applicable to their university by July 1, 2010.
Defines "contract" to mean a research, training or service agreement between the state and the UC or CSU, or a grant from the state to the UC or CSU for research, training or service. Requires that, to the extent feasible, these standard contract provisions include, but are not necessarily limited to, provisions relating to specified legal issues. Requires that the standard provisions in a model contract agreed upon be used in contracts entered into between the UC or CSU and the state, unless both contracting parties mutually determine that a specific standard contract provision is inappropriate or inadequate for a specific contract. Authorizes the department of general services to use the services of any state agency, defined to include every state office, officer, department, division, bureau, board and commission, in implementing the bill. Makes the universities responsible for the department's costs related to this legislation. http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/pub/09-10/bill/asm/ab_0001-0050/ab_20_bill_20091011_chaptered.pdf
Title: A.B. 20
Source: www.leginfo.ca.gov

OHSigned into law 07/2009Postsec.Defines "entrepreneurial project" as an effort to develop or commercialize technology through research or technology transfer or investment by an institution of higher education or others. Defines "stock or other ownership" as equity or other ownership rights held or received in return for the grant of rights to intellectual property developed by an institution of higher education. Declares that it is the state's public policy for institutions of higher education to facilitate and assist with establishing and developing entrepreneurial projects or to cooperate with any governmental agency in doing so. Specifies the actions a higher education institution's board of trustees may take in furtherance of such public policy. Pages 1488-1489 of 3120: http://www.legislature.state.oh.us/BillText128/128_HB_1_EN_N.pdf
Title: H.B. 1 - Section 3345.35
Source: www.legislature.state.oh.us

TXSigned into law 06/2009Postsec.Creates a select interim committee to study the feasibility of maintaining a searchable electronic database or other data collection regarding specialized technology research projects at Texas public universities or other facilities operated by a state agency, so as to facilitate coordination by universities and facilities on the projects and improve access to and awareness of the specialized research and technologies developed at those institutions and facilities. Requires the study to consider, among other issues, the information the data collection would include, such as (1) a list of projects involving (a) Energy research, including methods of creation, storage, distribution and conservation of energy; (b) Biomedical science research, including research that involves stem cells or human cloning; (c) Nanotechnology research, including nanomedicine; (d) Other specialized technology research; (2) other relevant information, inculding available technology and patents obtained, and public grants or contracts awarded. Also requires the study to examine the current state of public access to information about specialized technology research projects, and best methods of facilitating access to the information. Directs the committee to report its findings and recommendations to the governor, lieutenant governor and speaker of the house by December 2010. Requires the committee's recommendations to include specific legislation to address the need for and feasibility of establishing a
data collection as determined by the committee's findings. Provides the committee is abolished January 16, 2011. Pages 29-32 of 36: http://www.legis.state.tx.us/tlodocs/81R/billtext/pdf/HB00051F.pdf
Title: H.B. 51 - Section 18
Source: www.legis.state.tx.us

NMSigned into law 04/2007P-12
Postsec.
Changes the calculation for minimum salaries of school principals and assistant school principals.
http://legis.state.nm.us/Sessions/07%20Regular/final/HB0035.pdf
Title: H.B. 35
Source: http://legis.state.nm.us

UTSigned into law 03/2006Postsec.Recommends that the governor consider the allocation of economic development funds for Centers of Excellence to be matched by industry and federal grants on at least a two-for-one basis for colleges and universities in the state that offer any doctoral degrees; requires the Governor's Office of Economic Development to develop a process to determine whether to require the return of economic development Centers of Excellence grant moneys from a higher education institution if the technology that is developed from grant proceeds is licensed to a licensee that does not maintain a manufacturing or service location in the state from which the technology is exploited or transfers the manufacturing or service location out of state within a five-year period after the issuance of the license.
http://www.le.state.ut.us/~2006/bills/sbillenr/sb0112.pdf
Title: S.B. 112
Source: http://www.le.state.ut.us/

VASigned into law 03/2006Postsec.
Community College
Defines "qualifying institution" as an institution of higher education in the Commonwealth or its associated intellectual property foundation that adopts a policy regarding the ownership, protection, assignment, and use of intellectual property pursuant to § 23-4.3. Requires that boards of visitors of state-supported institutions of higher education and the State Board for Community Colleges adopt policies regarding the ownership, protection, assignment, and use of intellectual property. Binds all employees of state-supported higher education institutions to intellectual property policies of the institution employing them. Requires the boards of visitors of state-supported institutions of higher education, including the State Board for Community Colleges, to provide a copy of their intellectual property policies to the Governor and the Joint Commission on Technology and Science. Defines "intellectual property" as (i) a potentially patentable machine, article of manufacture, composition of matter, process, or improvement in any of those; (ii) an issued patent; (iii) a legal right that inheres in a patent; or (iv) anything that is copyrightable. Authorizes boards of visitors, the State Board for Community Colleges, or their designees to assign any interest they possess in intellectual property or in materials in which the institution claims an interest, provided such assignment is in accordance with the terms of the institution's intellectual property policies. Requires The president of each state-supported institution of higher education, including the chancellor of the Virginia Community College System, to report annually to the Governor and the Joint Commission on Technology and Science regarding the assignment of any intellectual property interests by that institution.
This bill reflects the Governor's substitute language.
http://leg1.state.va.us/cgi-bin/legp504.exe?061+ful+CHAP0077
Title: H.B. 134
Source: http://leg1.state.va.us

NMSigned into law 04/2005Postsec.
Community College
Creates the technology research collaborative; relates to higher education. Included in the act is:

"The purposes of the collaborative are to: (1) establish advanced technology centers based on the wealth of scientific and technical talent that
exists in the member institutions; (2) develop and create new intellectual property for the state and encourage new opportunities for business and increased jobs; (3) commercialize the intellectual property; and (4) create a work force to support enterprises based on the intellectual property."

http://legis.state.nm.us/Sessions/05%20Regular/final/SB0169.pdf
Title: S.B. 169
Source: http://legis.state.nm.us/

UTApproved by voters 11/2004Postsec.Authorizes the state or a public institution of higher education to acquire an ownership interest in a private business in exchange for rights to intellectual property developed by the state or public institution of higher education. http://vote-smart.org/election_ballot_measures_detail.php?ballot_id=M000001123
Title: Constitutional Amendment 2
Source: http://vote-smart.org/index.htm

AKSigned into law 04/2004Postsec.Provides that the president of the University of Alaska may approve a contract between the University of Alaska and an employee that authorizes the employee to conduct research or other development of intellectual property and to develop, operate, or own a business related to or resulting from the research conducted during the employment; provides that the business may be jointly owned by the employee and the University of Alaska. http://www.legis.state.ak.us/basis/get_bill_text.asp?hsid=HB0282Z&session=23
Title: H.B. 282
Source: Alaska Legislative Web site

RISigned into law 07/2003Postsec.This act would provide that researchers at institutions of higher education may form relationships with or hold interests in commercial ventures stemming from their research. The act would provide procedures for approval of such relationships and for the development of conflict of interest regulations and guidelines governing such relationships. http://www.rilin.state.ri.us/PublicLaws/law03/law03158.htm
Title: H.B. 6154, S.B. 864
Source: StateNet

VASigned into law 03/2003Postsec.Authorization to transfer interest in patents and copyrights owned by institutions of higher education.
Title: H.B. 2285
Source: StateNet

ORApproved by voters 05/2002P-12
Postsec.
(Ballot Measure No. 10) Proposes a Constitutional Amendment in that the state may hold and dispose of stock received in exchange for technology created in whole or in part by a public institution of post- secondary education received prior to December 5, 2002, as a state asset invested in the creation or development of technology or resources within Oregon.
Title: V. 1
Source: Lexis-Nexis/StateNet

VASigned into law 04/2002Postsec.Directs the Research and Technology Advisory Commission to develop and adopt a statewide policy and uniform standard for the commercialization of intellectual property developed through university research.
Title: H.B. 530
Source: Lexis-Nexis/StateNet

+ Postsecondary Faculty--Teaching Assistants
+ Postsecondary Faculty--Tenure
+ Postsecondary Finance
+ Postsecondary Finance--Efficiency/Performance-Based Funding
+ Postsecondary Finance--Facilities
+ Postsecondary Finance--Revenue and Expenditures
+ Postsecondary Governance and Structures
+ Postsecondary Governance and Structures--Administrative/Leadership Issues
+ Postsecondary Governance and Structures--State Executives/State Agencies
+ Postsecondary Institutions
+ Postsecondary Institutions--Community/Technical Colleges
+ Postsecondary Institutions--For-Profit/Proprietary
+ Postsecondary Institutions--Four-Year Baccalaureate
+ Postsecondary Institutions--HBCUs/Minority-Serving Institutions
+ Postsecondary Institutions--Private/Independent
+ Postsecondary Online Instruction
+ Postsecondary Participation
+ Postsecondary Participation--Access
+ Postsecondary Participation--Admissions Requirements
+ Postsecondary Participation--Affirmative Action
+ Postsecondary Participation--Enrollments (Statistics)
+ Postsecondary Participation--Outreach
+ Postsecondary Students
+ Postsecondary Students--Adults
+ Postsecondary Students--Disabled
+ Postsecondary Students--Foster Youth
+ Postsecondary Students--Graduate/Professional
+ Postsecondary Students--International
+ Postsecondary Students--Low-Income
+ Postsecondary Students--Military
+ Postsecondary Students--Minority
+ Postsecondary Success
+ Postsecondary Success--Completion
+ Postsecondary Success--Completion--Completion Rates (Statistics)
+ Postsecondary Success--Developmental/Remediation
+ Postsecondary Success--Retention/Persistence
+ Postsecondary Success--Transfer/Articulation
+ Private Schools
+ Privatization
+ Privatization--Education Management Agencies (EMOs)
+ Proficiency-Based Approaches
+ Promising Practices
+ Promotion/Retention
+ Public Attitudes
+ Public Involvement
+ Purposes of Public Education
+ Reading/Literacy
+ Reading/Literacy--Adult Literacy
+ Religion
+ Religion--Prayer/Meditation
+ Religion--Scientific Creationism (Evolution)
+ Rural
+ Scheduling/School Calendar
+ Scheduling/School Calendar--Day/Class Length
+ Scheduling/School Calendar--Extended Day Programs
+ Scheduling/School Calendar--Summer School
+ Scheduling/School Calendar--Week
+ Scheduling/School Calendar--Year
+ Scheduling/School Calendar--Year Round
+ School Climate/Culture
+ School Safety
+ School Safety--Bullying Prevention/Conflict Resolution
+ School Safety--Code of Conduct
+ School Safety--Corporal Punishment
+ School Safety--Disaster/Emergency Preparedness
+ School Safety--Expulsion/Suspension
+ School Safety--No Child Left Behind--Safe Schools
+ School Safety--Sexual Harassment and Assault
+ School Safety--Special Education
+ School Safety--Uniforms/Dress Codes
+ School/District Structure/Operations
+ School/District Structure/Operations--District Consolidation/Deconsolidation
+ School/District Structure/Operations--District Size
+ School/District Structure/Operations--Facilities
+ School/District Structure/Operations--Food Service
+ School/District Structure/Operations--Libraries
+ School/District Structure/Operations--Org. (K-3/K-8 etc.)
+ School/District Structure/Operations--Personnel (Non-Teaching)
+ School/District Structure/Operations--School Size
+ School/District Structure/Operations--Shared Services
+ School/District Structure/Operations--Staffing Ratios
+ School/District Structure/Operations--Transportation
+ Service-Learning
+ Special Education
+ Special Education--Federal Law/Regulations
+ Special Education--Finance
+ Special Education--Inclusion (Mainstreaming)
+ Special Education--Placement
+ Special Education--Transition
+ Special Populations--Corrections Education
+ Special Populations--Foster Care
+ Special Populations--Gifted and Talented
+ Special Populations--Homeless Education
+ Special Populations--Immigrant Education
+ Special Populations--Migrant Education
+ Special Populations--Military
+ Standards
+ Standards--Common Core State Standards
+ Standards--Implementation
+ State Comparisons/Statistics
+ State Longitudinal Data Systems
+ State Policymaking
+ State Policymaking--Ballot Questions
+ State Policymaking--Constitutional Clauses
+ State Policymaking--Politics
+ State Policymaking--Task Forces/Commissions
+ STEM
+ Student Achievement
+ Student Achievement--Closing the Achievement Gap
+ Student Achievement--State Trends
+ Student Supports
+ Student Supports--Counseling/Guidance
+ Student Supports--Mentoring/Tutoring
+ Student Supports--Remediation
+ Student Surveys
+ Students
+ Students--Athletics/Extracurricular Activities
+ Students--Employment
+ Students--Incentives
+ Students--K-12 Exchange Students
+ Students--Mobility
+ Students--Records/Rights
+ Teaching Quality
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Alternative
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Assignment
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Highly Qualified Teachers
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Natl. Bd. for Prof. Teach. Stds.
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Special Education
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--State Prof. Standards Bds.
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Substitute Teachers
+ Teaching Quality--Compensation and Diversified Pay
+ Teaching Quality--Compensation and Diversified Pay--Pay-for-Performance
+ Teaching Quality--Compensation and Diversified Pay--Retirement/Benefits
+ Teaching Quality--Evaluation and Effectiveness
+ Teaching Quality--Induction Programs and Mentoring
+ Teaching Quality--Paraprofessionals
+ Teaching Quality--Preparation
+ Teaching Quality--Professional Development
+ Teaching Quality--Recruitment and Retention
+ Teaching Quality--Recruitment and Retention--At-Risk Schools
+ Teaching Quality--Recruitment and Retention--High-Needs Subjects
+ Teaching Quality--Reduction in Force
+ Teaching Quality--Teacher Attitudes
+ Teaching Quality--Teacher Contracts (Not Tenure)
+ Teaching Quality--Teacher Rights
+ Teaching Quality--Tenure or Continuing Contract
+ Teaching Quality--Unions/Collective Bargaining
+ Teaching Quality--Unions/Collective Bargaining--Strikes
+ Teaching Quality--Working Conditions
+ Technology
+ Technology--Computer Skills
+ Technology--Devices/Software/Hardware
+ Technology--Equitable Access
+ Technology--Funding Issues
+ Technology--Internet Safety
+ Technology--Research/Evaluation
+ Technology--Teacher/Faculty Training
+ Textbooks and Open Source
+ Urban
+ Urban--Change/Improvements
+ Urban--Governance
+ Whole-School Reform Models
+ Whole Child