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From the ECS State Policy Database 1994-2013

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Education Commission of the States • 700 Broadway, Suite 810 • Denver, CO 80203-3442 • 303.299.3600 • fax 303.296.8332 • www.ecs.org

The following summary includes policies ECS has tracked in this database since 1994. This database is made possible by your state's fiscal support of the Education Commission of the States (ECS). Most entries are legislative, although rules/regulations and executive orders that make substantive changes are included. Every effort is made to collect the latest available version of policies; in some instances, recent changes might not be reflected. For expediency purposes minimal attention has been paid to style (capitalization, punctuation) and format. To view the documents, click on the blue triangle next to the topic of interest. Please cite use of the database as: Education Commission of the States (ECS) State Policy Database, retrieved [date]. State Status/Date Level Summary 21st Century Skills Accountability Accountability--Accreditation Accountability--Measures/Indicators Accountability--Reporting Results Accountability--Rewards Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions--Learnfare Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions--No Pass No Drive Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions--No Pass No Play Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions--Takeovers Accountability--School Improvement Adult Basic Education Assessment Assessment--Accommodations Assessment--College Entrance Exams Assessment--Common Core/National Tests Assessment--Computer Based Assessment--End-of-Course Assessment--Formative/Interim Assessment--High Stakes/Competency Assessment--NAEP (NAEP Results and NAEP Organization) Assessment--Performance Based/Portfolio Assessment--Value Added At-Risk (incl. Dropout Prevention) At-Risk (incl. Dropout Prevention)--Alternative Education At-Risk (incl. Dropout Prevention)--Drugs/Alcohol Attendance Attendance--Compulsory Attendance--Statutory Ages (Upper and Lower) Attendance--Truancy Background Checks Bilingual/ESL Brain Research Business Involvement Career/Technical Education Career/Technical Education--Career Academies/Apprenticeship Cheating Choice of Schools Choice of Schools--Charter Schools Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Charter Districts Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Closings Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Cyber Charters Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Finance Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Research Choice of Schools--Choice/Open Enrollment Choice of Schools--Innovation Schools Choice of Schools--Magnet or Specialized Schools Choice of Schools--Tax Credits Choice of Schools--Vouchers Choice of Schools--Vouchers--Privately Funded Civic Education Civic Education--Character Education Civic Education--Civic Knowledge and Literacy Civic Education--Curriculum/Standards Civic Education--Pledge of Allegiance Class Size Counseling/Guidance Curriculum Curriculum--Alignment Curriculum--Arts Education Curriculum--Censorship Curriculum--Computer Science Curriculum--Core Curriculum Curriculum--Drivers Education Curriculum--Environmental Education Curriculum--Excusal Curriculum--Family Living Education Curriculum--Financial Literacy/Economics Ed. Curriculum--Foreign Language/Sign Language Curriculum--Geography Education Curriculum--Health/Nutrition Education Curriculum--Home Economics Curriculum--International Education Curriculum--Language Arts Curriculum--Language Arts--Writing/Spelling Curriculum--Mathematics Curriculum--Multicultural Curriculum--Physical Education Curriculum--Science Curriculum--Sex Education Curriculum--Social Studies/History Data-Driven Improvement Demographics Demographics--Condition of Children/Adults Demographics--Enrollments Desegregation Economic/Workforce Development Economic/Workforce Development--Value of an Education Education Research Equity Federal Finance Finance--Adequacy/Core Cost Finance--Aid to Private Schools Finance--Bonds Finance--District Finance--Does Money Matter? Finance--Equity Finance--Facilities Finance--Federal Finance--Funding Formulas Finance--Litigation Finance--Local Foundations/Funds Finance--Lotteries Finance--Performance Funding Finance--Private Giving Finance--Resource Efficiency Finance--State Budgets/Expenditures Finance--Student Fees Finance--Taxes/Revenues Finance--Taxes/Revenues--Alternative Revenues Governance Governance--Deregulation/Waivers/Home Rule Governance--Ethics/Conflict of Interest Governance--Mandates Governance--Regional Entities Governance--School Boards Governance--School Boards--Training Governance--Site-Based Management Governance--State Boards/Chiefs/Agencies Health Health--Child Abuse Health--Mental Health Health--Nutrition Health--School Based Clinics or School Nurses Health--Suicide Prevention Health--Teen Pregnancy High School High School--Advanced Placement High School--College Readiness High School--Credit Recovery High School--Dropout Rates/Graduation Rates High School--Dual/Concurrent Enrollment High School--Early Colleges/Middle Colleges High School--Exit Exams High School--GED (General Education Development) High School--Graduation Requirements Instructional Approaches Instructional Approaches--Constructivism Instructional Approaches--Grading Practices Instructional Approaches--Homeschooling Instructional Approaches--Homework/Study Skills Instructional Approaches--Official English Instructional Approaches--Problem Based Learning Instructional Approaches--Single-Sex Education Instructional Approaches--Teaching Across Disciplines Instructional Approaches--Time/Time on Task Instructional Approaches--Tracking/Ability Grouping Integrated Services/Full-Service Schools International Baccalaureate International Benchmarking Leadership Leadership--District Superintendent Leadership--District Superintendent--Compensation and Diversified Pay Leadership--Principal/School Leadership Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Certification and Licensure Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Compensation and Diversified Pay Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Evaluation and Effectiveness Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Induction Programs and Mentoring Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Preparation Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Preparation--Alternative Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Professional Development Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Recruitment and Retention Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Tenure Mentoring/Tutoring Middle School Minority/Diversity Issues Minority/Diversity Issues--African American Minority/Diversity Issues--American Indian / Alaska Native / Native Hawaiian Minority/Diversity Issues--Hispanic No Child Left Behind No Child Left Behind--Adequate Yearly Progress No Child Left Behind--Assessment No Child Left Behind--Choice/Transfer No Child Left Behind--Consequences for Schools No Child Left Behind--Finance No Child Left Behind--Parent Involvement No Child Left Behind--Reauthorization Issues/Waivers No Child Left Behind--Report Cards No Child Left Behind--School Support No Child Left Behind--Special Populations No Child Left Behind--Supplemental Services Online Learning--Digital/Blended Learning Online Learning--Virtual Schools/Courses P-16 or P-20 P-3 P-3 Brain Development P-3 Child Care P-3 Content Standards and Assessment P-3 Data Systems P-3 Early Intervention (0-3) P-3 English Language Learners (ELL) P-3 Ensuring Quality P-3 Evaluation/Economic Benefits P-3 Family Involvement P-3 Finance P-3 Governance P-3 Grades 1-3 P-3 Health and Mental Health P-3 Kindergarten P-3 Kindergarten--Full-Day Kindergarten P-3 Kindergarten--Full Day Kindergarten P-3 Preschool P-3 Public/Private Partnerships P-3 Special Ed./Inclusion P-3 Teaching Quality/Professional Development P-3 Technology Parent/Family Parent/Family--Parent Rights Parent/Family--Research Partnerships--University/School Postsecondary Postsecondary Accountability Postsecondary Accountability--Accreditation Postsecondary Accountability--Diploma Mills Postsecondary Accountability--Licensing/Program Review and Approval Postsecondary Accountability--Student Learning Postsecondary Affordability Postsecondary Affordability--Financial Aid Postsecondary Affordability--Textbooks Postsecondary Affordability--Tuition/Fees Postsecondary Affordability--Tuition/Fees--Prepd/College Savings Plans Postsecondary Affordability--Tuition/Fees--Undocumented Immigrants Postsecondary Faculty Postsecondary Faculty--Compensation Postsecondary Faculty--Intellectual Property Postsecondary Faculty--Teaching Assistants Postsecondary Faculty--Tenure Postsecondary Finance Postsecondary Finance--Efficiency/Performance-Based Funding Postsecondary Finance--Facilities OR Signed into law 08/2013 Postsec. Finance Agreements to Purchase or Improve Property S.B. 266 Allows for the Oregon University system to enter into "Finance Agreements" to purchase or improve property. Provides through the agreements another way for the Oregon system to borrow without tapping into the bonds which are capped by the state. Directs that i... More... TX Signed into law 06/2013 Postsec. Energy Savings Performance Contracts S.B. 533 From fiscal note: Amends provisions regarding energy savings performance contracts and guidelines for contracts established by the Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board. Requires the coordinating board to review any reports submitted by institutions of hig... More... TX Signed into law 06/2013 Postsec. Economic Development Corporation Funds for State College Housing H.B. 2473 From fiscal note: Allows an economic development corporation to spend tax proceeds for expenditures that are for the development or construction of housing facilities on or adjacent to the campus of a public state college. Bill text: http://www.capitol.state.t... More... TX Signed into law 06/2013 Postsec. Partnerships between the Texas State Technical College System and Public Junior Colleges H.B. 2760 Permits the higher education coordinating board and a public junior college to enter into a partnership to coordinate the management and operations of the institutions and to enhance the delivery of technical education programs statewide. Requires that such a ... More... TX Signed into law 06/2013 Postsec. Facilities Owned by a Political Subdivision and Used Exclusively by Branch Campus H.B. 2474 - Facilities Owned by a Political Subdivision and Used Exclusively by Branch Campus Adds to the permissible uses of the proceeds of a junior college district branch campus maintenance tax the making of lease payments, under an agreement between the applicable junior college district and the political subdivision that levies the tax, to the po... More... NM Vetoed 03/2013 Postsec. Property Tax Relating to County Higher Education Facilities H.B. 593 Adds a new section to the Property Tax Code authorizing certain counties, subject to election by qualified electors, to impose a property tax of up to 1.5 mills for certain expenses relating to county higher education facilities. Requires that the tax procee... More... AR Signed into law 02/2013 Postsec. Community College Community College Facilities S.B. 4 Assists community and technical colleges in acquiring capital funding. Specifies procedures for instituting millage elections. Makes technical changes to law. http://www.arkleg.state.ar.us/assembly/2013/2013R/Pages/BillInformation.aspx?measureno=sb4... More... CA Signed into law 09/2012 P-12 Community College Design-Build Contracts for District and Community College District Facilities S.B. 1509 Primarily from bill summary: Extends until January 1, 2020 the authority of a district governing board or community college district governing board to enter into a design-build contract for both the design and construction of a facility (was due to expire Jan... More... CA Signed into law 07/2012 Community College Fair Market Value of Community College Leases A.B. 1748 Removes provision that previously prohibited certain community college property leases from exceeding $25,000 a year. http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/pub/11-12/bill/asm/ab_1701-1750/ab_1748_bill_20120710_chaptered.pdf... More... AL Signed into law 05/2012 Postsec. Building Commission-Approved Safe Space or Hallway in Postsecondary Classrooms and Dorm Buildings H.B. 427 Requires any new construction of a building containing classrooms or dorm rooms at a public two-year or four-year institution of higher education to include an Alabama Building Commission approved safe space or hallway.... More... CO Signed into law 04/2012 Postsec. Higher Ed Facilities Funding S.B. 40 Specifies and expands the higher education institutions that are eligible for state controlled maintenance funding. http://www.leg.state.co.us/clics/clics2012a/csl.nsf/fsbillcont3/DE6E62B1C1A6F52887257981007E0669?Open&file=040_enr.pdf... More... FL Signed into law 04/2012 Postsec. Capital Improvement Fee H.B. 5201 - Capital Improvement Fee From final bill analysis: Allows colleges to increase the fee up to 20% of tuition or the sum of tuition and out-of-state fees. Implements a new fee structure for universities allowing them to increase the Capital Improvement Trust Fund fee up to 10% of tuitio... More... FL Signed into law 04/2012 Postsec. Local Development Agreement with Host Local Government H.B. 5201 - Local Development Agreement with Host Local Government For the 2012-13 fiscal year, permits a state university to enter into a local development agreement with an affected host local government to identify specific projects in the university's campus master plan to be constructed by the university for purposes of ... More... ND Signed into law 11/2011 Postsec. Authorization to Issue Revenue Bonds H.B. 1477 Amends and reenacts section 15 of chapter 3 of the 2011 Session Laws, relating to authorization of the state board of higher education to issue revenue bonds; to provide legislative intent; to provide an appropriation; and to provide an effective date. http://... More... PA Signed into law 11/2011 P-12 Postsec. Thresholds for Contracts Put Out for Bid S.B. 296 Increases the maximum amount of a contract before it must be put out for bids. Under current law, a district must seek written or phone price quotes from at least three contractors or suppliers for contracts over $4,000 but not more than $10,000. This increase... More... CA Signed into law 10/2011 Postsec. Best Value Construction Contract Pilot Program S.B. 835 From bill summary: Expands the Best Value Construction Contract Pilot Program, which currently allows a University of California campus in San Francisco to award construction contracts based on the best value procedures, to apply to all campuses of the Univers... More... CA Signed into law 09/2011 Postsec. Definition of "Private College" or "Private Participating College" A.B. 1163 Amends definition of a "private college" or "private participating college" for purposes of the California Educational Facilities Authority to mean a private college that does not restrict the admission of a student based on his/her race or ethnicity, provide... More... NY Signed into law 08/2011 Postsec. Energy Efficiency, Clean Energy Assistance for Not-for-Profit Postsecondary Institutions S.B. 3755 Relates to the eligibility of certain independent not-for-profit institutions of higher education to receive assistance from the New York power authority in establishing energy efficiency and clean energy initiatives. http://assembly.state.ny.us/leg/?default_f... More... SC Signed into law 08/2011 Postsec. The South Carolina Higher Education Efficiency & Administrative Policies Act of 2011 S.B. 172 Transparency and Efficiency Requires each public institution of higher learning to maintain a transaction register that includes a complete record of all funds expended, from whatever source for whatever purpose. Provides that the register must be prominently... More... OH Signed into law 06/2011 P-12 Postsec. K-12 and Higher Education Construction Contracts H.B. 153 - K-12 and Higher Education Construction Contracts Sections 9.33 to 9.335: Makes certain provisions related to a public authority's contracting for construction (that are already applicable to school districts) applicable to any state institution of higher education. Defines "construction manager at risk" as a... More... OH Signed into law 06/2011 P-12 Postsec. Reporting on Costs of Capital Facilities Projects H.B. 153 - Reporting on Costs of Capital Facilities Projects Directs public entities (including a state agency and a state institution of higher education), upon completion of a capital facilities project funded wholly or partially through state funds, to submit a report about the project to the director of administrati... More... OH Signed into law 06/2011 Community College Postsec. Capital Bonding Requirements for Community Colleges H.B. 153 - Capital Bonding Requirements for Community Colleges Creates new section to outline the capital bonding requirements for community colleges. Pages 336-339 of 1000: http://www.legislature.state.oh.us/BillText129/129_HB_153_EN_part1.pdf... More... OH Signed into law 06/2011 P-12 Postsec. Renting Facilities to Postsecondary Institutions H.B. 153 - Renting Facilities to Postsecondary Institutions Permits a district board to rent or lease facilities under its control to any public or nonpublic institution of higher education for the institution's use in providing evening and summer classes. Page 160 of 1000: http://www.legislature.state.oh.us/BillText12... More... OH Signed into law 06/2011 P-12 Postsec. Auxiliary Facilities May Be Transferred to 501(c)(3) H.B. 153 - Auxiliary Facilities May Be Transferred to 501(c)(3) Authorizes the the board of trustees of a state institution, with the approval of the chancellor of the Ohio board of regents and the controlling board, to enter into a financing agreement with a conduit entity (i.e., 501(c)(3)) and an independent funding sour... More... OH Signed into law 06/2011 P-12 Postsec. Leasing Campus Housing Facilities to Nonpublic Vendors H.B. 153 - Leasing Campus Housing Facilities to Nonpublic Vendors Permits each university to enter into a lease agreement with a nonpublic vendor to provide housing services in campus housing facilities to students of the university. Permits the lease agreement to require the vendor to construct new campus housing facilities... More... TX Signed into law 06/2011 Postsec. High-Performance, Sustainable Design, Construction, and Renovation Standards for Certain Facilities H.B. 51 From fiscal analysis: Establishes high-performance sustainable-design standards for the construction or renovation of state buildings, including those of institutions of higher education. Makes the State Energy Conservation Office (SECO) responsible for settin... More... TX Signed into law 06/2011 Community College Postsec. Abandoned Property of Junior Colleges H.B. 650 Adds junior colleges to provisions in property code relating to property presumed to be abandoned and valued at $100 or less. http://www.capitol.state.tx.us/tlodocs/82R/billtext/pdf/HB00650F.pdf#navpanes=0... More... TX Signed into law 06/2011 P-12 Postsec. Energy Efficiency S.B. 898 Requires each political subdivision, institution of higher education or state agency to establish a goal to reduce electric consumption by at least 5% each state fiscal year for 10 years, starting September 1, 2011. Requires each such entity that does not meet... More... TX Signed into law 06/2011 Postsec. Expedited Process for Certain Projects S.B. 5 - Expedited Process for Certain Projects Establishes an expedited process for a project (i.e., aquisition, construction, repair or rehabilitation of a building or other facility). Provides that board approval of a project at an institutuion of higher education if the institution notifies the board of... More... TX Signed into law 06/2011 Postsec. Property Management S.B. 5 - Property Management Requires a university system or institution of higher education to account for all personal property as defined by the comptroller. Requires the property records of a university system or institution of higher education to accurately reflect at all times the p... More... FL Signed into law 05/2011 Postsec. Postsecondary Education Funding S.B. 2150 From Legislative Budget Committee Summary: Coenrollment in Public Schools and Adult Education Programs Prohibits funding for coenrollment in public schools and adult general education programs, except that for the 2011-2012 fiscal year students may enroll i... More... NY Signed into law 03/2011 Postsec. State and City University Budgetary Power S.B. 2808 - Part D, Subparts A and B Provides that the state university trustees may acquire property by the acceptance of conditional gifts, grants, devises or bequests. Provides that fund procurement by state and city university trustees is not subject to the prior approval of any state officer... More... SD Signed into law 03/2011 Postsec. Facilities H.B. 1008 Authorize the Board of Regents to expend higher education facilities funds to maintain and repair certain facilities occupied under capital leases. http://legis.state.sd.us/sessions/2011/Bill.aspx?File=HB1008ENR.htm... More... TX Adopted 11/2010 Postsec. Definitions Re: Deferred Maintenance, Critical Deferred Maintenance, and other Postsecondary Facility Issues 19 TAC 17.3 Makes necessary changes to existing definitions to implement modified reporting and standard changes regarding deferred maintenance and critical deferred maintenance on postsecondary campuses. Adopted as proposed in the August 27, 2010 Texas Register (pp. 2-5 ... More... TX Adopted 11/2010 Postsec. Board Reports and Institutional Reports 19 TAC 17.100, 101 Makes necessary changes to direct the reporting of information pertaining to the physical condition of facilities and infrastructure by the higher education coordinating board. Additionally enables the coordinating board staff to direct the data collection eff... More... NY Signed into law 09/2010 Community College Postsec. Funding Capital Improvements at Certain Community Colleges A.B. 8079 Enacts the ''community college region capital financing act of 2009". Authorizes community college regions or regional boards of trustees to enter into agreements with the dormitory authority of the state of New York to borrow money or issue bonds for capital ... More... IL Adopted 07/2010 Postsec. Private Colleges and Universities Capital Distribution Formula 23 IAC 1039.10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 Primarily from summary in Administrative Register: On July 13, 2009, Public Act 96-37 was signed into law, creating the Private Colleges and Universities Capital Distribution Formula. This Act created a distribution formula for grants to non-profit private col... More... MD Signed into law 05/2010 Postsec. Community College Community College Capital Projects H.B. 1044/S.B. 234 Requires that community college capital projects that receive state funds comply with the state's High Performance Building Act; Allows community colleges to apply for waivers from this requirement under existing waiver procedures; Takes effect July 1, 2010, a... More... OK Signed into law 04/2010 P-12 Postsec. Conveyance of Real Property S.B. 2108 Authorizes the conveyance (by school districts) of real property to an educational institution within the State System of Higher Education. http://webserver1.lsb.state.ok.us/2009-10bills/SB/SB2108_ENR.RTF... More... WV Signed into law 04/2010 Postsec. Higher Education Capital Facilities Funding H.B. 4026 Establishes new provisions governing the financing, construction, purchase and leasing of facilities at state institutions of higher education, which could lead to the state taking responsibility for the bulk of construction and maintenance of educational faci... More... IA Signed into law 03/2010 P-12 Postsec. Community College H.B. 823 Requires public schools, community colleges, institutions under the control of the State Board of Regents, and state agencies to comply with an environmentally preferable cleaning and maintenance policy. http://coolice.legis.state.ia.us/linc/HF823_Enrolled.pdf... More... IL Signed into law 07/2009 Postsec. Private Postsecondary Facilities H.B. 2424 - Article 25 Establishes the Private Colleges and Universities Capital Distribution Formula Act. Creates a distribution formula for funds appropriated from the Build Illinois Bond Fund to the Capital Development Board for the Illinois Board of Higher Education for grants t... More... Postsecondary Finance--Revenue and Expenditures Postsecondary Governance and Structures Postsecondary Governance and Structures--Administrative/Leadership Issues Postsecondary Governance and Structures--State Executives/State Agencies Postsecondary Institutions Postsecondary Institutions--Community/Technical Colleges Postsecondary Institutions--For-Profit/Proprietary Postsecondary Institutions--Four-Year Baccalaureate Postsecondary Institutions--HBCUs/Minority-Serving Institutions Postsecondary Institutions--Private/Independent Postsecondary Online Instruction Postsecondary Participation Postsecondary Participation--Access Postsecondary Participation--Admissions Requirements Postsecondary Participation--Affirmative Action Postsecondary Participation--Enrollments (Statistics) Postsecondary Participation--Outreach Postsecondary Students Postsecondary Students--Adults Postsecondary Students--Disabled Postsecondary Students--Foster Youth Postsecondary Students--Graduate/Professional Postsecondary Students--International Postsecondary Students--Low-Income Postsecondary Students--Military Postsecondary Students--Minority Postsecondary Success Postsecondary Success--Completion Postsecondary Success--Developmental/Remediation Postsecondary Success--Retention/Persistence Postsecondary Success--Transfer/Articulation Private Schools Privatization Privatization--Education Management Agencies (EMOs) Proficiency-Based Approaches Promising Practices Promotion/Retention Public Involvement Purposes of Public Education Reading/Literacy Reading/Literacy--Adult Literacy Religion Religion--Prayer/Meditation Religion--Scientific Creationism (Evolution) Remediation (K-12) Rural Scale-Up/Replication Scheduling/School Calendar Scheduling/School Calendar--Day/Class Length Scheduling/School Calendar--Extended Day Programs Scheduling/School Calendar--Summer School Scheduling/School Calendar--Week Scheduling/School Calendar--Year Scheduling/School Calendar--Year Round School Climate/Culture School Safety School Safety--Bullying Prevention/Conflict Resolution School Safety--Code of Conduct School Safety--Corporal Punishment School Safety--Disaster/Emergency Preparedness School Safety--Expulsion/Suspension School Safety--No Child Left Behind--Safe Schools School Safety--Sexual Harassment and Assault School Safety--Special Education School Safety--Uniforms/Dress Codes School/District Structure/Operations School/District Structure/Operations--District Consolidation/Deconsolidation School/District Structure/Operations--District Size School/District Structure/Operations--Facilities School/District Structure/Operations--Food Service School/District Structure/Operations--Libraries School/District Structure/Operations--Org. (K-3/K-8 etc.) School/District Structure/Operations--Personnel (Non-Teaching) School/District Structure/Operations--School Size School/District Structure/Operations--Shared Services School/District Structure/Operations--Staffing Ratios School/District Structure/Operations--Transportation Service-Learning Social/Emotional Learning and Non-Cognitive Skills Special Education Special Education--Federal Law/Regulations Special Education--Finance Special Education--Inclusion (Mainstreaming) Special Education--Placement Special Education--Transition Special Populations--Corrections Education Special Populations--Foster Care Special Populations--Gifted and Talented Special Populations--Homeless Education Special Populations--Immigrant Education Special Populations--Migrant Education Special Populations--Military Standards Standards--Common Core State Standards Standards--Implementation State Comparisons/Statistics State Longitudinal Data Systems State Policymaking State Policymaking--Ballot Questions State Policymaking--Constitutional Clauses State Policymaking--Politics State Policymaking--Task Forces/Commissions STEM Student Achievement Student Achievement--Closing the Achievement Gap Student Surveys Students Students--Athletics/Extracurricular Activities Students--Employment Students--Incentives Students--K-12 Exchange Students Students--Mobility Students--Records/Rights Teaching Quality Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Alternative Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Assignment Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Highly Qualified Teachers Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Natl. Bd. for Prof. Teach. Stds. Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Special Education Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--State Prof. Standards Bds. Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Substitute Teachers Teaching Quality--Compensation and Diversified Pay Teaching Quality--Compensation and Diversified Pay--Pay-for-Performance Teaching Quality--Compensation and Diversified Pay--Retirement/Benefits Teaching Quality--Evaluation and Effectiveness Teaching Quality--Induction Programs and Mentoring Teaching Quality--Paraprofessionals Teaching Quality--Preparation Teaching Quality--Professional Development Teaching Quality--Recruitment and Retention Teaching Quality--Recruitment and Retention--At-Risk Schools Teaching Quality--Recruitment and Retention--High-Needs Subjects Teaching Quality--Reduction in Force Teaching Quality--Teacher Attitudes Teaching Quality--Teacher Contracts (Not Tenure) Teaching Quality--Teacher Rights Teaching Quality--Tenure or Continuing Contract Teaching Quality--Unions/Collective Bargaining Teaching Quality--Unions/Collective Bargaining--Strikes Teaching Quality--Working Conditions Technology Technology--Computer Skills Technology--Devices/Software/Hardware Technology--Equitable Access Technology--Funding Issues Technology--Internet Safety Technology--Research/Evaluation Technology--Teacher/Faculty Training Textbooks and Open Source Urban Urban--Change/Improvements Urban--Governance Whole-School Reform Models