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From the ECS State Policy Database 1994-2013

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Education Commission of the States • 700 Broadway, Suite 810 • Denver, CO 80203-3442 • 303.299.3600 • fax 303.296.8332 • www.ecs.org

The following summary includes policies ECS has tracked in this database since 1994. This database is made possible by your state's fiscal support of the Education Commission of the States (ECS). Most entries are legislative, although rules/regulations and executive orders that make substantive changes are included. Every effort is made to collect the latest available version of policies; in some instances, recent changes might not be reflected. For expediency purposes minimal attention has been paid to style (capitalization, punctuation) and format. To view the documents, click on the blue triangle next to the topic of interest. Please cite use of the database as: Education Commission of the States (ECS) State Policy Database, retrieved [date]. State Status/Date Level Summary 21st Century Skills Accountability Accountability--Accreditation Accountability--Measures/Indicators Accountability--Reporting Results Accountability--Rewards Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions--Learnfare Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions--No Pass No Drive Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions--No Pass No Play Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions--Takeovers Accountability--School Improvement Adult Basic Education Assessment Assessment--Accommodations Assessment--College Entrance Exams Assessment--Computer Based Assessment--End-of-Course Assessment--Formative/Interim Assessment--High Stakes/Competency Assessment--Legal Issues Assessment--NAEP (NAEP Results and NAEP Organization) Assessment--Performance Based/Portfolio Assessment--Value Added At-Risk (incl. Dropout Prevention) At-Risk (incl. Dropout Prevention)--Alternative Education At-Risk (incl. Dropout Prevention)--Drugs/Alcohol Attendance Attendance--Compulsory Attendance--Statutory Ages (Upper and Lower) Attendance--Truancy Background Checks Bilingual/ESL Brain Research Business Involvement Career/Technical Education Career/Technical Education--Career Academies/Apprenticeship Cheating Choice of Schools Choice of Schools--Charter Schools Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Charter Districts Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Closings Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Cyber Charters Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Finance Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Research Choice of Schools--Choice/Open Enrollment Choice of Schools--Choice/Open Enrollment--Research Choice of Schools--Innovation Schools Choice of Schools--Magnet or Specialized Schools Choice of Schools--Tax Credits Choice of Schools--Vouchers Choice of Schools--Vouchers--Privately Funded Civic Education Civic Education--Character Education Civic Education--Civic Knowledge and Literacy Civic Education--Curriculum/Standards Civic Education--Pledge of Allegiance Class Size Curriculum Curriculum--Alignment Curriculum--Arts Education Curriculum--Censorship Curriculum--Core Curriculum Curriculum--Drivers Education Curriculum--Environmental Education Curriculum--Excusal Curriculum--Family Living Education Curriculum--Financial Literacy/Economics Ed. Curriculum--Foreign Language/Sign Language Curriculum--Geography Education Curriculum--Health/Nutrition Education Curriculum--Home Economics Curriculum--International Education Curriculum--Language Arts Curriculum--Language Arts--Writing/Spelling Curriculum--Mathematics Curriculum--Multicultural Curriculum--Physical Education Curriculum--Science Curriculum--Sex Education Curriculum--Social Studies/History Curriculum--Speech Education Data-Driven Improvement Demographics Demographics--Condition of Children/Adults Demographics--Enrollments Desegregation Economic/Workforce Development Education Research Equity Federal Finance Finance--Adequacy/Core Cost Finance--Aid to Private Schools Finance--Bonds Finance--District Finance--Does Money Matter? Finance--Equity Finance--Facilities Finance--Federal Finance--Funding Formulas Finance--Litigation Finance--Local Foundations/Funds Finance--Lotteries Finance--Performance Funding Finance--Private Giving Finance--Resource Efficiency Finance--State Budgets/Expenditures Finance--Student Fees Finance--Taxes/Revenues Finance--Taxes/Revenues--Alternative Revenues Governance Governance--Deregulation/Waivers/Home Rule Governance--Ethics/Conflict of Interest Governance--Mandates Governance--Regional Entities Governance--School Boards Governance--School Boards--Training Governance--Site-Based Management Governance--State Boards/Chiefs/Agencies Health Health--Child Abuse Health--Mental Health Health--Nutrition Health--School Based Clinics or School Nurses Health--Suicide Prevention Health--Teen Pregnancy High School High School--Advanced Placement High School--College Readiness High School--Credit Recovery High School--Dropout Rates/Graduation Rates High School--Dual/Concurrent Enrollment High School--Early Colleges/Middle Colleges High School--Exit Exams High School--GED (General Education Development) High School--Graduation Requirements High School--International Baccalaureate Instructional Approaches Instructional Approaches--Constructivism Instructional Approaches--Grading Practices Instructional Approaches--Homeschooling Instructional Approaches--Homework/Study Skills Instructional Approaches--Official English Instructional Approaches--Problem Based Learning Instructional Approaches--Single-Sex Education Instructional Approaches--Time/Time on Task Instructional Approaches--Tracking/Ability Grouping Integrated Services/Full-Service Schools International Benchmarking Leadership Leadership--District Superintendent Leadership--District Superintendent--Compensation and Diversified Pay Leadership--Principal/School Leadership Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Certification and Licensure Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Compensation and Diversified Pay Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Evaluation and Effectiveness Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Induction Programs and Mentoring Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Preparation Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Preparation--Alternative Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Professional Development Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Recruitment and Retention Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Tenure Middle School Minority/Diversity Issues Minority/Diversity Issues--African American Minority/Diversity Issues--American Indian / Alaska Native / Native Hawaiian Minority/Diversity Issues--Hispanic No Child Left Behind No Child Left Behind--Adequate Yearly Progress No Child Left Behind--Assessment No Child Left Behind--Choice/Transfer No Child Left Behind--Consequences for Schools No Child Left Behind--Finance No Child Left Behind--Parent Involvement No Child Left Behind--Reauthorization Issues/Waivers No Child Left Behind--Report Cards No Child Left Behind--School Support No Child Left Behind--Special Populations No Child Left Behind--Supplemental Services Online Learning--Digital/Blended Learning Online Learning--Virtual Schools/Courses P-16 or P-20 P-3 P-3 Brain Development P-3 Child Care P-3 Content Standards and Assessment P-3 Data Systems P-3 Early Intervention (0-3) P-3 Ensuring Quality P-3 Evaluation/Economic Benefits P-3 Family Involvement P-3 Finance P-3 Governance P-3 Grades 1-3 P-3 Health and Mental Health P-3 Kindergarten P-3 Kindergarten--Full-Day Kindergarten P-3 Kindergarten--Full Day Kindergarten P-3 Preschool P-3 Public/Private Partnerships P-3 Special Ed./Inclusion P-3 Teaching Quality/Professional Development Parent/Family Parent/Family--Parent Rights Parent/Family--Research Partnerships--University/School Postsecondary Postsecondary Accountability Postsecondary Accountability--Accreditation Postsecondary Accountability--Diploma Mills Postsecondary Accountability--Licensing/Program Review and Approval Postsecondary Accountability--Student Learning Postsecondary Affordability Postsecondary Affordability--Financial Aid Postsecondary Affordability--Textbooks Postsecondary Affordability--Tuition/Fees Postsecondary Affordability--Tuition/Fees--Prepd/College Savings Plans Postsecondary Affordability--Tuition/Fees--Undocumented Immigrants Postsecondary Faculty Postsecondary Faculty--Compensation Postsecondary Faculty--Intellectual Property Postsecondary Faculty--Teaching Assistants Postsecondary Faculty--Tenure Postsecondary Finance Postsecondary Finance--Efficiency/Performance-Based Funding Postsecondary Finance--Facilities Postsecondary Finance--Revenue and Expenditures Postsecondary Governance and Structures Postsecondary Governance and Structures--Administrative/Leadership Issues Postsecondary Governance and Structures--State Executives/State Agencies Postsecondary Institutions Postsecondary Institutions--Community/Technical Colleges Postsecondary Institutions--For-Profit/Proprietary Postsecondary Institutions--Four-Year Baccalaureate Postsecondary Institutions--HBCUs/Minority-Serving Institutions Postsecondary Institutions--Private/Independent Postsecondary Online Instruction Postsecondary Participation Postsecondary Participation--Access Postsecondary Participation--Admissions Requirements Postsecondary Participation--Affirmative Action Postsecondary Participation--Enrollments (Statistics) Postsecondary Participation--Outreach Postsecondary Students Postsecondary Students--Adults Postsecondary Students--Disabled Postsecondary Students--Foster Youth Postsecondary Students--Graduate/Professional Postsecondary Students--International Postsecondary Students--Low-Income Postsecondary Students--Military Postsecondary Students--Minority Postsecondary Success Postsecondary Success--Completion Postsecondary Success--Completion--Completion Rates (Statistics) Postsecondary Success--Developmental/Remediation Postsecondary Success--Retention/Persistence Postsecondary Success--Transfer/Articulation Private Schools Privatization Privatization--Education Management Agencies (EMOs) Proficiency-Based Approaches Promising Practices Promotion/Retention OH Signed into law 06/2012 P-12 Third-Grade Reading Proficiency S.B. 316 - Third-Grade Reading Proficiency Directs the state board to determine a level of achievement on the 3rd grade English language arts assessment for a student to be promoted t... More... CO Signed into law 05/2012 P-12 Ensuring K-3 Literacy Education H.B. 1238 Requires each local education provider (LEP, i.e., school districts, Boards of Cooperative Educational Services or BOCES, charter schools) t... More... LA Signed into law 05/2012 P-12 Student Assessment and Statewide Standards H.B. 707 Relates to the Louisiana Competency-Based Education Program and the Louisiana Educational Assessment Program. Provides greater clarity to th... More... OK Signed into law 05/2012 P-12 Modifies the Reading Sufficiency Act H.B. 2516 Adds kindergarten students to assessment requirement (K-3 students are to be assessed at the beginning of each year using an approved screen... More... TN Signed into law 05/2012 P-12 Grade Retention S.B. 2156 Prohibits promotion of students in the third and eighth grades who do not demonstrate understanding of the curriculum and the ability to per... More... OH Signed into law 06/2011 P-12 Ranges of Scores on State Assessments H.B. 153 - Ranges of Scores on State Assessments Directs the state board not to prescribe the three ranges of scores for the assessments prescribed by division (A)(2) of section 3301.0710 o... More... TN Signed into law 06/2011 P-12 Reading Proficiency S.B. 1776 Beginning with the 2011-2012 school year, a student in the third grade may not be promoted to the next grade level unless the student has sh... More... TX Signed into law 06/2011 P-12 Assessing Students Taking Courses Above Their Grade Level H.B. 2135 Specifies that state policy does not require a 5th or 8th grader to be administered a criterion-referenced assessment if the student is enro... More... CO Signed into law 05/2011 P-12 Postsec. Community College Task Force on Student Academic Success S.B. 111 Creates the Task Force on Student Academic Success. The overall charge of the task force is to identify the junctures at which grade-level p... More... OK Signed into law 05/2011 P-12 Reading Proficiency and Support S.B. 346 Starting with students entering first grade in the 2011-2012 school year, the program of reading instruction must include provisions of the ... More... CA Signed into law 10/2010 P-12 Supplemental Instruction A.B. 1610 - Supplemental Instruction From bill summary: Makes inoperative until July 1, 2013 the requirement that districts offer programs of direct, systematic and intensive su... More... IN Notices of Intent to Adopt Rules 10/2010 P-12 Reading Framework 511 IAC 6.1-5-2.6; 511 IAC 6.2-3.1 Amends 511 IAC 6.1-5-2.6 to include the utilization of the reading framework adopted by the state board of education as part of the required... More... AZ Signed into law 05/2010 P-12 Task Force on Reading Assessment H.B. 2732 Requires the State Board of Education to adopt specific competency requirements for the promotion of third grade pupils. Establishes the Tas... More... OH Signed into law 07/2009 P-12 Waiver of American History Course Requirement H.B. 1 - Section 3313.60 From DOE summary of H.B. 1: Allows school district boards to waive the requirement to take an American history course for promotion from 8th... More... LA Signed into law 06/2009 P-12 Promotion/retention policies H.B. 179 Prohibits using test scores as the sole criteria for determining student promotion to the succeeding grade; deletes the requirement that the... More... TX Signed into law 06/2009 P-12 At-Risk Definition H.B. 2703 Provides that a student is not considered at risk of dropping out of school if the student was retained in prekindergarten or kindergarten s... More... TX Signed into law 06/2009 P-12 Student Promotion H.B. 3 - Section 28 and 29 Section 28: Provides that in determining student promotion, a district must consider the student's teacher's recommendation, the student 's ... More... FL Adopted 01/2009 P-12 COMPREHENSIVE MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM FAC 6A-1.094221 Amends rule to provide guidance relating to the statewide public school student progression law eliminating social promotion by removing the... More... LA Adopted 11/2008 P-12 Student Promotion/Retention LAC 28:28:XXXIX.503, 1301 Modifies the 8th grade waiver policy with additional criteria to be considered for requirement to pass state test to be promoted to 9th grad... More... TX Adopted 08/2006 P-12 Optional Extended Year Program 19 TAC 2.105.AA.105.1001 Amends rules relating to the optional extended year program for students in kindergarten through grade eleven who are identified as likely n... More... FL Signed into law 05/2006 P-12 Florida Secondary School Redesign Act H.B. 7087 - Section 19 Defines secondary schools as those serving grades 6-12. Specifies that the following guiding principles must be used in the annual preparat... More... FL Signed into law 05/2006 P-12 Middle School Reforms H.B. 7087 (Section 21) Beginning with students entering grade 6 in the 2006-2007 school year, promotion from a school composed of middle grades 6, 7, and 8 require... More... IN Signed into law 03/2006 P-12 District Report Cards H.B. 1347 Section 7 Requires district report cards to report: --The number and percentage of students participating in the school flex program, if offered (see... More... OK Signed into law 05/2005 P-12 Focus on Reading and Math in Grades K to 3 H.B. 1621 Requires each school district to ensure that instructional time each day of the school year in kindergarten through third grade is focused o... More... AR Signed into law 04/2005 P-12 Grade 3-8 Assessments, End-of-Course Exams and Remediation H.B. 2824 Requires a student not passing an immediately previous grades 3-8 benchmark assessment or in a secondary level end-of-course assessment to p... More... CA Vetoed 09/2004 P-12 Supplemental Instruction: Reading Ability S.B. 651 Requires a school district, as a condition of receiving funding for supplemental instruction, to convene a pupil study team for each pupil w... More... AR Signed into law 06/2004 P-12 Student Assessment and Educational Accountability Act of 2004 - Promotion S.B. 33 § 5 Adds Ark Code 6-15-1805. Eliminates social promotion; requires no student be assigned to a grade level based on age. http://www.arkleg.state... More... DE Rule Adoption 12/2003 P-12 Promotion 14 DAC 230 Establishes rules requiring that local school districts have promotion policies in place for grades K through grade 12. Incorporates the pro... More... OH Signed into law 08/2003 P-12 Promotion Provisions H.B. 3 -- Third Grade Reading Guarantee This section specififes that the following options available to districts under the third grad reading guarantee for students who receive a ... More... NV Signed into law 06/2003 P-12 Promotion S.B. 34 Amends NRS 392.125 with the provision "except for the promotion of a pupil to high school," to the requriement that no pupil may be retained... More... MN Signed into law 05/2003 P-12 Retention Based on State Test Scores H.F. 302 (multiple provisions) Allows a school, district or charter school to use a student's performance on a state assessment as one of multiple criteria in determining ... More... NV Signed into law 05/2003 P-12 Requirements for Promotion to Next Grade S.B. 253 Provides that a pupil must be in attendance for a minimum number of days to obtain credit or to be promoted to the next higher grade; requir... More... NM Signed into law 03/2003 P-12 Remediation, Promotion Policies H.B. 212 (Omnibus Bill) Amends Section 22-2A-6. Remediation programs, academic improvement programs and promotion policies shall be aligned with alternative school... More... FL Signed into law 08/2002 P-12 Education Code Re-Write: Public School Student Progression, Remedial Services, Reporting Requirements S.B. 20E Shifts responsibility for establishing rules regarding student report cards from state superintendent to state board. Modifies rules relatin... More... DE Signed into law 05/2002 P-12 Below the Standard Score and Individual Improvement Plan for Promotion S.B. 322 Before enactment of this legislation, this subparagraph banned any 3rd-, 5th- or 8th-grader scoring Well Below the Standard on the state rea... More... OH Signed into law 11/2001 P-12 Student Interventions S.B. 1 Requires districts and community schools (charters) to provide intervention services to students who fail to attain a proficient score on an... More... UT Signed into law 02/2001 P-12 Middle School Exit Requirements S.B. 102 Utah requires middle school students to meet required competencies before advancing to high school. The Utah legislature amended the law by... More... UT Signed into law 09/2000 P-12 Establishment of U-PASS Assessment Program H.B. 177 Puts into legislation recommendations of Task Force on Learning Standards and Accountability in Public Education created by 1999 legislation... More... DE Signed into law 05/2000 P-12 Professional Development and Educator Accountability Act S.B. 260 Creates the Professional Development and Educator Accountability Act. Beginning in 2002, at least 20% of educator's performance evaluation w... More... VA Signed into law 03/2000 P-12 Accelerated Learning H.B. 1196 Requires Board of Education to establish requirements to facilitate acceleration of students who are qualified under standard of learning as... More... NM Signed into law 02/2000 P-12 Standards, Remediation, Parent Involvement H.B. 78 Relates to educational standards; provides for remediation and academic improvement programs; restricts promotions; provides for parental in... More... CT Signed into law 07/1999 P-12 Promotion Policies and School Improvement Plans H.B. 7043 Requires local school boards to review and revise their promotion policies to ensure they foster student achievement, reduces social promoti... More... MO Signed by governor 07/1999 P-12 District Promotion/Remediation Policies H.B. 889 School districts may adopt student promotion policies which require remediation as a condition of promotion of student not mastering grade-l... More... OH Signed by governor 06/1999 P-12 Authorizes Testing Requirements for Student Promotion (Part of Omnibus Bill) H.B. 282 Allows a school board to opt not to promote to the next grade level any student who does not take any required proficiency test and who does... More... TX Signed by governor 06/1999 P-12 Requires Assessments for Promotion (Part of Omnibus Bill) S.B. 4 Creates assessments for student promotion, beginning the 2002-03 school year, requiring third-graders to pass the third-grade reading assess... More... FL Signed into law 05/1999 P-12 A+ Plan (Part of Omnibus Bill) H.B. 751 Students must receive remediation or may be retained with an intensive program that is different from the previous year's program and that t... More... AR Signed into law 03/1999 P-12 Requires Remediation Program for Promotion H.B. 1212 Repeals mandatory summer school for underperforming students in kindergarten through grade 3 (Section 6-16-703). Replaces it with: Students... More... MS Signed into law 03/1999 P-12 Student Promotion and Accreditation Standards S.B. 2156 Authorizes student assessment standards for student promotion and graduation in the public schools; defines standards for the implementation... More... CA Signed into law 10/1998 P-12 Supplemental Instruction for Retained Pupils A.B. 1639 Requires school districts to offer direct, systematic and intensive supplemental instruction to students in grades 2-9 who have been retaine... More... CA Signed into law 10/1998 P-12 Requires Policies on Promotion and Retention A.B. 1626 Requires SBE's to approve a policy regarding promotion and retention of pupils. The policy should provide for identifying pupils who should ... More... DE Signed into law 07/1998 P-12 H.B. 470 Requires that the Department of Education establish requirements or minimum standards for promotion, to include passing 50% of the core clas... More... DE Signed into law 07/1998 P-12 S.B. 250 Educational Accountability Act of 1998 Creates the "Educational Accountability Act of 1998". Intended to reduce social promotion, reward the academic achievement of students, scho... More... MN Died 05/1998 P-12 H.B. 3554 Graduation Requirement Relates to education; requires the content of the graduation rules to ensure that students satisfactorily complete applicable requirements; ... More... WA Died 05/1998 P-12 H.B. 3040 Student Retention Retains students who do not meet school assessment requirements at the current grade.... More... OH Signed into law 08/1997 P-12 S.B. 55 Student Retention Notwithstanding division (E) of this section, beginning July 1, 1999, a school district may retain any student for an additional year in suc... More... OH Signed into law 08/1997 P-12 3313.608 Fourth grade reading guarantee Beginning with students who enter fourth grade in the school year that starts July 1, 2001, no student may be promoted to fifth grade who fa... More... TX Died 08/1997 P-12 S.B. 522 Student Promotion Relates to promotion to the next grade level after completion of an extended year program.... More... FL Became law without governor's signature 06/1997 P-12 S.B. 1956 Pupil Progression Revises provisions regarding the district's comprehensive program for pupil progression; requires remedial instruction and retention of stud... More... FL Became law without governor's signature 06/1997 P-12 FL 232.245 Any student who exhibits substantial deficiency in reading skills, based on locally determined assessments conducted before the end of grade... More... IL Signed into law 06/1997 P-12 Public Act 90-548, Sec. 5-15 Promotion, Retention Decisions to promote or retain students in any classes shall be based on successful completion of the curriculum, attendance, performance ba... More... LA Signed into law 06/1997 P-12 La. R.S. 17:396 Particular emphasis shall be placed upon the student's mastery of grade appropriate skills in English language arts and mathematics before r... More... NV Signed into law 06/1997 P-12 H.B. 376 Requires the Board to adopt regulations that establish the criteria for students to be promoted from middle school to high school.... More... TX Signed into law 06/1997 P-12 Budget The law also provides incentives for school districts that admit students transferring from low-performing schools in other districts. In ad... More... AR Signed into law 04/1997 P-12 S.B. 550 Testing and Assessment Program Provides a comprehensive testing and assessment program for measuring academic achievement of public school students. Demonstrate grade-leve... More... FL Died 04/1997 P-12 H.B. 1931 Student Performance Standards and Assessment Procedures Revises provisions regarding the district's comprehensive program for pupil progression; requires remedial instruction and retention of stud... More... VA Signed into law 04/1997 P-12 22.1-253.13:4 Literacy Passports, diplomas and certificates The General Assembly and the Board hereby establish the requirement for a Literacy Passport for all students prior to grade nine and criteri... More... VA Signed into law 04/1997 P-12 H.B. 1859 Remedial Instructional Programs Requires students who do not pass the literacy tests required to obtain the Literacy Passport to participate in summer school or after-schoo... More... OR Died 03/1997 P-12 S.B. 754 Allows a student who has not met or exceeded mastery level or grade level standards to advance to next level if certain requirements are met... More... VA Died 02/1997 P-12 H.B. 1939 Students Promotion Requirements Requires school boards to establish criteria for promotion designed to require satisfactory completion of the requirements of the Board of E... More... TX Passed 07/1996 P-12 19 TAC 74.24 Curriculum Requirements; Credit by Examination (Effective: 09/01/96) Establishes requirements and procedures related to advancing a student without thte benefit of direct instruction. Pro... More... CO Signed into law 05/1996 P-12 H.B. 1139 Colorado Basic Literacy Act (Effective: 04/22/96) Kindergarten reading readiness level established by State Board. State Board will identify and approve instruments for... More... TX Passed 05/1996 P-12 Promotion and Altenatives to Social Promotion; Grading/Reporting Requirements; Course Credit (Effective: 09/01/96) Repeals rules concerning curriculum to comply with the sunset review process mandated by Senate Bill 1, 74th Legislatu... More... OK Signed into law 04/1995 P-12 H.B. 1056 Retention of Students (Effective: 04/21/95) Requires a school principal to review a teacher recommendation that a student be retained at the present grade level o... More... SC Signed into law 03/1995 P-12 H.B. 3507 Promotion of Students (Effective: 03/07/95) Approves regulations of the Board of Education, relating to criteria for the promotion of students to the next higher ... More... Public Involvement Purposes of Public Education Reading/Literacy Reading/Literacy--Adult Literacy Religion Religion--Prayer/Meditation Religion--Scientific Creationism (Evolution) Rural Scheduling/School Calendar Scheduling/School Calendar--Day/Class Length Scheduling/School Calendar--Extended Day Programs Scheduling/School Calendar--Summer School Scheduling/School Calendar--Week Scheduling/School Calendar--Year Scheduling/School Calendar--Year Round School Climate/Culture School Safety School Safety--Bullying Prevention/Conflict Resolution School Safety--Code of Conduct School Safety--Corporal Punishment School Safety--Disaster/Emergency Preparedness School Safety--Expulsion/Suspension School Safety--No Child Left Behind--Safe Schools School Safety--Sexual Harassment and Assault School Safety--Special Education School Safety--Uniforms/Dress Codes School/District Structure/Operations School/District Structure/Operations--District Consolidation/Deconsolidation School/District Structure/Operations--District Size School/District Structure/Operations--Facilities School/District Structure/Operations--Food Service School/District Structure/Operations--Libraries School/District Structure/Operations--Org. (K-3/K-8 etc.) School/District Structure/Operations--Personnel (Non-Teaching) School/District Structure/Operations--School Size School/District Structure/Operations--Shared Services School/District Structure/Operations--Staffing Ratios School/District Structure/Operations--Transportation Service-Learning Special Education Special Education--Federal Law/Regulations Special Education--Finance Special Education--Inclusion (Mainstreaming) Special Education--Placement Special Education--Transition Special Populations--Corrections Education Special Populations--Foster Care Special Populations--Gifted and Talented Special Populations--Homeless Education Special Populations--Immigrant Education Special Populations--Migrant Education Special Populations--Military Standards Standards--Common Core State Standards Standards--Implementation State Comparisons/Statistics State Longitudinal Data Systems State Policymaking State Policymaking--Ballot Questions State Policymaking--Constitutional Clauses State Policymaking--Politics State Policymaking--Task Forces/Commissions STEM Student Achievement Student Achievement--Closing the Achievement Gap Student Achievement--State Trends Student Supports--Counseling/Guidance Student Supports--Mentoring/Tutoring Student Supports--Remediation Student Surveys Students Students--Athletics/Extracurricular Activities Students--Employment Students--Incentives Students--K-12 Exchange Students Students--Mobility Students--Records/Rights Teaching Quality Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Alternative Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Assignment Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Highly Qualified Teachers Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Natl. Bd. for Prof. Teach. Stds. Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Special Education Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--State Prof. Standards Bds. Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Substitute Teachers Teaching Quality--Compensation and Diversified Pay Teaching Quality--Compensation and Diversified Pay--Pay-for-Performance Teaching Quality--Compensation and Diversified Pay--Retirement/Benefits Teaching Quality--Evaluation and Effectiveness Teaching Quality--Induction Programs and Mentoring Teaching Quality--Paraprofessionals Teaching Quality--Preparation Teaching Quality--Professional Development Teaching Quality--Recruitment and Retention Teaching Quality--Recruitment and Retention--At-Risk Schools Teaching Quality--Recruitment and Retention--High-Needs Subjects Teaching Quality--Reduction in Force Teaching Quality--Teacher Attitudes Teaching Quality--Teacher Contracts (Not Tenure) Teaching Quality--Teacher Rights Teaching Quality--Tenure or Continuing Contract Teaching Quality--Unions/Collective Bargaining Teaching Quality--Unions/Collective Bargaining--Strikes Teaching Quality--Working Conditions Technology Technology--Computer Skills Technology--Devices/Software/Hardware Technology--Equitable Access Technology--Funding Issues Technology--Internet Safety Technology--Research/Evaluation Technology--Teacher/Faculty Training Textbooks and Open Source Urban Urban--Change/Improvements Urban--Governance Whole-School Reform Models Whole Child