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From the ECS State Policy Database 1994-2013

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Education Commission of the States • 700 Broadway, Suite 810 • Denver, CO 80203-3442 • 303.299.3600 • fax 303.296.8332 • www.ecs.org

The following summary includes policies ECS has tracked in this database since 1994. This database is made possible by your state's fiscal support of the Education Commission of the States (ECS). Most entries are legislative, although rules/regulations and executive orders that make substantive changes are included. Every effort is made to collect the latest available version of policies; in some instances, recent changes might not be reflected. For expediency purposes minimal attention has been paid to style (capitalization, punctuation) and format. To view the documents, click on the blue triangle next to the topic of interest. Please cite use of the database as: Education Commission of the States (ECS) State Policy Database, retrieved [date]. State Status/Date Level Summary 21st Century Skills Accountability Accountability--Accreditation Accountability--Measures/Indicators Accountability--Reporting Results Accountability--Rewards Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions--Learnfare Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions--No Pass No Drive Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions--No Pass No Play Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions--Takeovers Accountability--School Improvement Adult Basic Education Assessment Assessment--Accommodations Assessment--College Entrance Exams Assessment--Common Core/National Tests Assessment--Computer Based Assessment--End-of-Course Assessment--Formative/Interim Assessment--High Stakes/Competency Assessment--NAEP (NAEP Results and NAEP Organization) Assessment--Performance Based/Portfolio Assessment--Value Added At-Risk (incl. Dropout Prevention) At-Risk (incl. Dropout Prevention)--Alternative Education At-Risk (incl. Dropout Prevention)--Drugs/Alcohol Attendance Attendance--Compulsory Attendance--Statutory Ages (Upper and Lower) Attendance--Truancy Background Checks Bilingual/ESL Brain Research Business Involvement Career/Technical Education Career/Technical Education--Career Academies/Apprenticeship Cheating Choice of Schools Choice of Schools--Charter Schools Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Charter Districts Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Closings Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Cyber Charters Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Finance Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Research Choice of Schools--Choice/Open Enrollment Choice of Schools--Innovation Schools Choice of Schools--Magnet or Specialized Schools Choice of Schools--Tax Credits Choice of Schools--Vouchers Choice of Schools--Vouchers--Privately Funded Civic Education Civic Education--Character Education Civic Education--Civic Knowledge and Literacy Civic Education--Curriculum/Standards Civic Education--Pledge of Allegiance Class Size Counseling/Guidance Curriculum Curriculum--Alignment Curriculum--Arts Education Curriculum--Censorship Curriculum--Computer Science Curriculum--Core Curriculum Curriculum--Drivers Education Curriculum--Environmental Education Curriculum--Excusal Curriculum--Family Living Education Curriculum--Financial Literacy/Economics Ed. Curriculum--Foreign Language/Sign Language Curriculum--Geography Education Curriculum--Health/Nutrition Education Curriculum--Home Economics Curriculum--International Education Curriculum--Language Arts Curriculum--Language Arts--Writing/Spelling Curriculum--Mathematics Curriculum--Multicultural Curriculum--Physical Education Curriculum--Science Curriculum--Sex Education Curriculum--Social Studies/History Data-Driven Improvement Demographics Demographics--Condition of Children/Adults Demographics--Enrollments Desegregation Economic/Workforce Development Economic/Workforce Development--Value of an Education Education Research Equity Federal Finance Finance--Adequacy/Core Cost Finance--Aid to Private Schools Finance--Bonds Finance--District Finance--Does Money Matter? Finance--Equity Finance--Facilities Finance--Federal Finance--Funding Formulas Finance--Litigation Finance--Local Foundations/Funds Finance--Lotteries Finance--Performance Funding Finance--Private Giving Finance--Resource Efficiency Finance--State Budgets/Expenditures Finance--Student Fees Finance--Taxes/Revenues Finance--Taxes/Revenues--Alternative Revenues Governance Governance--Deregulation/Waivers/Home Rule Governance--Ethics/Conflict of Interest Governance--Mandates Governance--Regional Entities Governance--School Boards Governance--School Boards--Training Governance--Site-Based Management Governance--State Boards/Chiefs/Agencies Health Health--Child Abuse Health--Mental Health Health--Nutrition Health--School Based Clinics or School Nurses Health--Suicide Prevention Health--Teen Pregnancy High School High School--Advanced Placement High School--College Readiness High School--Credit Recovery High School--Dropout Rates/Graduation Rates High School--Dual/Concurrent Enrollment High School--Early Colleges/Middle Colleges High School--Exit Exams High School--GED (General Education Development) High School--Graduation Requirements Instructional Approaches Instructional Approaches--Constructivism Instructional Approaches--Grading Practices Instructional Approaches--Homeschooling Instructional Approaches--Homework/Study Skills Instructional Approaches--Official English Instructional Approaches--Problem Based Learning Instructional Approaches--Single-Sex Education Instructional Approaches--Teaching Across Disciplines Instructional Approaches--Time/Time on Task Instructional Approaches--Tracking/Ability Grouping Integrated Services/Full-Service Schools International Baccalaureate International Benchmarking Leadership Leadership--District Superintendent Leadership--District Superintendent--Compensation and Diversified Pay Leadership--Principal/School Leadership Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Certification and Licensure Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Compensation and Diversified Pay Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Evaluation and Effectiveness Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Induction Programs and Mentoring Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Preparation Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Preparation--Alternative Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Professional Development Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Recruitment and Retention Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Tenure Mentoring/Tutoring Middle School Minority/Diversity Issues Minority/Diversity Issues--African American Minority/Diversity Issues--American Indian / Alaska Native / Native Hawaiian Minority/Diversity Issues--Hispanic No Child Left Behind No Child Left Behind--Adequate Yearly Progress No Child Left Behind--Assessment No Child Left Behind--Choice/Transfer No Child Left Behind--Consequences for Schools No Child Left Behind--Finance No Child Left Behind--Parent Involvement No Child Left Behind--Reauthorization Issues/Waivers No Child Left Behind--Report Cards No Child Left Behind--School Support No Child Left Behind--Special Populations No Child Left Behind--Supplemental Services Online Learning--Digital/Blended Learning Online Learning--Virtual Schools/Courses P-16 or P-20 P-3 P-3 Brain Development P-3 Child Care P-3 Content Standards and Assessment P-3 Data Systems P-3 Early Intervention (0-3) P-3 English Language Learners (ELL) P-3 Ensuring Quality P-3 Evaluation/Economic Benefits P-3 Family Involvement P-3 Finance P-3 Governance P-3 Grades 1-3 P-3 Health and Mental Health P-3 Kindergarten P-3 Kindergarten--Full-Day Kindergarten P-3 Kindergarten--Full Day Kindergarten P-3 Preschool P-3 Public/Private Partnerships P-3 Special Ed./Inclusion P-3 Teaching Quality/Professional Development P-3 Technology Parent/Family Parent/Family--Parent Rights Parent/Family--Research Partnerships--University/School Postsecondary Postsecondary Accountability Postsecondary Accountability--Accreditation Postsecondary Accountability--Diploma Mills Postsecondary Accountability--Licensing/Program Review and Approval Postsecondary Accountability--Student Learning Postsecondary Affordability Postsecondary Affordability--Financial Aid Postsecondary Affordability--Textbooks Postsecondary Affordability--Tuition/Fees Postsecondary Affordability--Tuition/Fees--Prepd/College Savings Plans Postsecondary Affordability--Tuition/Fees--Undocumented Immigrants Postsecondary Faculty Postsecondary Faculty--Compensation Postsecondary Faculty--Intellectual Property Postsecondary Faculty--Teaching Assistants Postsecondary Faculty--Tenure Postsecondary Finance Postsecondary Finance--Efficiency/Performance-Based Funding Postsecondary Finance--Facilities Postsecondary Finance--Revenue and Expenditures Postsecondary Governance and Structures Postsecondary Governance and Structures--Administrative/Leadership Issues Postsecondary Governance and Structures--State Executives/State Agencies Postsecondary Institutions Postsecondary Institutions--Community/Technical Colleges Postsecondary Institutions--For-Profit/Proprietary Postsecondary Institutions--Four-Year Baccalaureate Postsecondary Institutions--HBCUs/Minority-Serving Institutions Postsecondary Institutions--Private/Independent Postsecondary Online Instruction Postsecondary Participation Postsecondary Participation--Access Postsecondary Participation--Admissions Requirements Postsecondary Participation--Affirmative Action Postsecondary Participation--Enrollments (Statistics) Postsecondary Participation--Outreach Postsecondary Students Postsecondary Students--Adults Postsecondary Students--Disabled Postsecondary Students--Foster Youth Postsecondary Students--Graduate/Professional Postsecondary Students--International Postsecondary Students--Low-Income Postsecondary Students--Military Postsecondary Students--Minority Postsecondary Success Postsecondary Success--Completion Postsecondary Success--Developmental/Remediation Postsecondary Success--Retention/Persistence Postsecondary Success--Transfer/Articulation Private Schools Privatization DC Adopted 04/2013 P-12 Generating Revenures for Athletic Programs & Activities L.B. 1078 Authorizes, on an emergency basis, the Office of the State Superintendent of Education to solicit sponsorships from individuals or organizations to generate revenue for state athletic programs and activities in exchange for advertisements in agency publication... More... FL To governor 04/2013 P-12 Background Screening and ID Badges for Noninstructional Contractors on School Grounds H.B. 21 Requires DOE to create uniform, statewide identification badge to be worn by noninstructional contractors signifying that contractor has met specified requirements. Requires school district to issue badge. Requires all districts to recognize the badge and for ... More... NM Vetoed 04/2013 P-12 School Management Contracts and Charter Boards H.B. 460 Partially from bill analysis: Proposes to amend the public school code to prohibit private entities from managing public schools through contracts with school boards, the public education department (PED), or charter schools. Stipulates that public schools sha... More... OH Signed into law 06/2011 P-12 Sanctions for the Lowest-Performing Schools H.B. 153 - Sanctions for the Lowest-Performing Schools Provides that for any building that is ranked in the lowest 5% of all public school buildings statewide for three consecutive years and is declared to be under an academic watch or in a state of academic emergency, the district board must do one of the followi... More... OH Signed into law 06/2011 P-12 Privatization of Transportation Services H.B. 153 - Privatization of Transportation Services Permits the board of a district to which the provisions of Chapter 124 of the revised code do not apply to terminate any of its transportation staff positions and enter into a contract with an independent agent for the provision of transportation services for ... More... UT Signed into law 03/2011 P-12 Advertising on School Buses H.B. 199 Permits a local board or a charter school to sell advertising space on the exterior of a school bus. Directs such a local board or charter school to adopt guidelines for permissible advertising; sets in statute certain parameters and limitations for content an... More... GA Adopted 07/2010 P-12 Alternative/Non-Traditional Education Programs 160-4-8-.12 Rule 160-4-8-.12, "Alternative Education Programs" has been repealed and a new rule adopted. Defines "alternative/non-traditional education program" as a program operating in affiliation with a school; a program does not report full-time equivalent (FTE) or re... More... IL Signed into law 07/2009 P-12 Charter Schools S.B. 612 Increases statewide charter school cap and charter school cap for Chicago. Above and beyond caps, permits five Chicago charters (and specified numbers of campuses and enrollment seats within those five charters) to be devoted to serving returning high school d... More... OH Signed into law 07/2009 P-12 Privatization of Student Transportation Services H.B. 1 - Section 3319.0810 Repeals Section 3319.0810, which allowed local boards to terminate student transportation staff positions for reasons of economy and efficiency if the board entered into a contract with an independent agent to provide transportation services. Page 2725 of 3120... More... TX Signed into law 06/2009 P-12 District Finance H.B. 3646 - Sections 66-68 and 86 Section 66: Establishes provisions allowing a school district to adopt a budget after the district adopts a tax rate for the tax year in which the fiscal year covered by the budget begins. Section 86 makes a conforming change in the Tax Code. Section 67: Adds ... More... TX Adopted 02/2009 P-12 Advertising on School Buses 37 TAC 1.14.E.14.61 -.65 Sets forth the advertising display requirements for school buses (repeals and replaces earlier language). Establishes a traffic crash reporting requirement for school buses that are displaying exterior advertising. http://info.sos.state.tx.us/pls/pub/readtac$e... More... LA Signed into law 06/2008 P-12 Prohibition on Contracting with For-profit Providers H.B. 350 Relates to the Recovery School District; prohibits the RSD from contracting with any for-profit private provider for the general operation of schools under its jurisdiction but authorizes the RSD to contract with for-profit providers for any needed services fo... More... IL Signed into law 08/2007 P-12 Contract with a Third Party for Non-Instructional Services H.B. 1347 Adds to provisions allowing a local board of education to contract with a third party for non-instructional services currently performed by any employee or bargaining unit member or to lay off such educational support personnel. Extends date of written notice ... More... ND Signed into law 04/2007 P-12 Postsec. Fee-Based Catering Services S.B. 2344 Allows institutions of higher education and school districts to provide (for fee) catered meal services off-site as long as those functions meet certain parameters (i.e., are related to school or institution activities). http://www.legis.nd.gov/assembly/60-200... More... LA Adopted 12/2005 P-12 Summer School and Private Providers LAC 28:CXV.2504 Allows students to attend summer school from private providers if the summer school applications from the private provider are approved by the district. Page 7 of 106: http://www.doa.state.la.us/osr/reg/0512/0512RUL.pdf... More... RI Signed into law 07/2003 Postsec. Relationships with For-Profits H.B. 6154, S.B. 864 This act would provide that researchers at institutions of higher education may form relationships with or hold interests in commercial ventures stemming from their research. The act would provide procedures for approval of such relationships and for the devel... More... NM Signed into law 04/2003 P-12 Prevention Programs for the Youth H.B. 700 Relates to juveniles; authorizes public support for public-private partnerships to develop after-school and other prevention programs for the youth of New Mexico; provides for fund distribution.... More... WV Signed into law 03/2002 Postsec. Contracting with Private Corporations H.B. 4322 In order to facilitate research and development grants and opportunities for state institutions of higher education, it is appropriate to authorize the governing boards to contract with private corporations organized for the purpose of providing such services ... More... NC Signed into law 08/2001 Postsec. Community College Community Colleges and Economic Development S.B. 531 Session Law Number 368., Exempts certain community college activities from the Umstead Act; provides for use of community college personnel or facilities, with the consent of the trustees of that college, in support of private business enterprise located on th... More... SC Signed into law 06/2001 Postsec. Campus Housing S.B. 557 Authorizes the Board of Trustees of State University and other institutions of higher education to enter into a ground lease agreement with a private entity for providing all services necessary to the creation and operation of an on-campus student housing faci... More... AZ To governor 05/2001 P-12 Contracting for Teachers and Administrators S.B. 1483 THE GOVERNING BOARD MAY OBTAIN THE SERVICES OF ANY EMPLOYEE, INCLUDING TEACHERS, SUBSTITUTE TEACHERS AND ADMINISTRATORS, BY CONTRACTING WITH A PRIVATE ENTITY THAT EMPLOYS PERSONNEL REQUIRED BY THE SCHOOL DISTRICT. ... More... TN Signed into law 05/2001 P-12 Tech-Prep Curriculum S.B. 1743 Authorizes local education agencies (LEAs) to enter into cooperative agreements with nonprofit entities to offer technical-prep high school curriculum under the following conditions: the local board of education must approve all agreements; agreements must be... More... SD Signed into law 02/2001 P-12 Contracts With Soft Drink Vendors H.B. 1070 Allows vendors to sell soft drinks or other concessions on school property; permits a school district to enter into contracts for sale of soft drinks or other concessions.... More... VA Signed into law 02/2001 P-12 Commercial Partnerships H.B. 2395 States that commercial, promotional and corporate partnerships and sponsorships relating to public schools; requires each school board to develop and implement and authorizes them to revise, from time to time, a policy relating to commercial, promotional, and ... More... VA To governor 02/2001 P-12 Performance-Based Contracts H.B. 1967 Allows any local governing body, school district or public institution of higher education to enter into energy performance-based contracts to significantly reduce energy and operating costs of a facility.... More... RI Signed into law 07/2000 P-12 Commercialization H.B. 6927, S.B. 2139 Allows municipal committees to promulgate rules and regulations permitting fundraising activities by public schools; enhances prohibition against school employees accepting money for tutoring students under their instruction during the school year; prohibits t... More... RI Became law without GOVERNOR'S signature 07/2000 P-12 Commercial Advertising on Computers H.B. 6893 Relates to curriculum; permits the display of televised commercial advertising necessarily incidental to Internet access.... More... AL Vetoed 05/2000 Postsec. Exemptions for Competitive Bidding by Postsecondary Institutions S.B. 478 Exempts from competitive bidding the renewal of all existing contracts that do not involve the expenditure of State funds and that are made for the selection of service contractors by or on behalf of public two-year and four-year colleges and universities of t... More... MN Signed by governor 05/2000 P-12 Contracts for Computers or Related Equipment or Service H.B. 3800 (Omnibus Bill) Prohibits a school board or school within the district to enter into a contract for use of a computer or related equipment or service that requires a advertising to be disseminated to students unless the board: 1) enters into a contract at a public hearing; 2)... More... CA Signed into law 09/1999 P-12 Instructional Materials Connected to Commercial Entities A.B. 116 Chapter No. 276; Requires instructional materials to use proper grammar and spelling, except as specified; adds to specified criteria concerning determinations by the Superintendent of Public Instruction that materials do not contain illustrations, providing u... More... CA Signed into law 09/1999 P-12 Contracting with Companies A.B. 117 Chapter No. 374; Prohibits the governing board of a school district from entering into a contract that grants exclusive advertising rights, or grants the right to the exclusive sale of carbonated beverages, throughout the district to a person, business, or cor... More... CA Signed into law 08/1999 P-12 Prohibits Adoption of Instructional Materials with Excessive Advertising A.B. 116 Prohibits the State Board of Education and local school district governing boards from adopting basic instructional materials, including illustrations, that contain unnecessary and inappropriate exposure to commercial brand names, products, or company logos.... More... KS Signed into law 05/1999 P-12 Authorizes School Districts to Contract for Food Service S.B. 361 Authorizes boards of education to enter into contracts with state education institutions and corporations controlled thereby for food service; amends and repeals the existing sections.... More... AR Signed into law 04/1999 P-12 Requires Disclosures from School Calendar Advertisers H.B. 2000 Amends the Deceptive Trade Practices Act; defines certain terms; requires solicitors for advertisements on school calendars to make certain disclosures; relates to funds raised for the school and disclosures of the percentage or lack of receiving a percentage.... More... ID Signed into law 03/1999 P-12 Authorizes School Districts to Contract for School Buses and Vans H.B. 192 Provides that the Board of Trustees of any school district may purchase or lease, maintain and operate school buses and vans; provides vans shall not have a seating capacity in excess of fifteen persons; provides that school districts may enter into agreements... More... RI Signed into law 07/1998 P-12 S.B. 2997 Allows all local school districts in the state to establish procedures for the display of televised commercial advertising necessary and incidental to the use and display of electronic news or educational programming by school officials in connection with the ... More... AL Signed into law 05/1998 P-12 H.B. 148 Authorizes governmental units to enter into guaranteed energy costs savings contracts; provides for bid proposal procedures; establishes standards and procedures for awarding guaranteed energy cost savings contracts; reiterates present law requiring that educa... More... VA Signed into law 04/1998 P-12 S.B. 625 Provides that any school board may enter into a contract with a commercial institution for the issuance of a telephone service or credit card that would bear the name or logo, or both, of the school board; provides that a portion or percentage of the revenue g... More... SD Signed into law 03/1998 P-12 S.B. 80 Permits school districts to enter an agreement with a nonprofit organization to provide for construction, operation, and maintenance of facilities. The nonprofit organization shall be an exempt organization under section 501(c)(3) or 501(c)(4) of the United St... More... SD Signed into law 03/1998 P-12 S.B. 183 Permits the issuance of economic development revenue bonds to finance primary, secondary, and postsecondary schools operated by nonprofit entities.... More... UT Signed into law 03/1998 P-12 S.B. 203 Advertising in Schools Relates to public education; provides that the state board of education, in consultation with the state's 40 school districts, study and develop for implementation a program to permit advertising in the public schools as a revenue source to help fund public ed... More... NM Signed into law 04/1997 P-12 S.B. 632 School Bus Advertisments Amends statute to authorize school districts to lease advertising space on school buses; creates the School Bus Advertising Fund in the state treasury to be administered by SDE; requires that proceeds raised be distributed in the following manner: 10 percent t... More... CO Died 02/1997 P-12 H.B. 1215 Extracurricular Activities Concerns authorization of school districts to establish corporations to provide extracurricular activities; authorizes a school district or Board of Cooperative Services, in cooperation with other school districts, boards of cooperative services, or private en... More... UT Passed 06/1996 P-12 Special Use Leases R850-30-100 to 1200 Allows the school and Institutional Trust Lands Administration flexibility in setting sublease fees for telecommunication site leases. Allows the school and Institutional Trust Lands Administration to charge telecommunication site sublessees the current fair ... More... IL Signed into law 07/1995 P-12 S.B. 961 Private School Bus Contractor for Pupil Transportation Provides that if a school district that provides pupil transportation on its own buses with its own drivers receives a timely request from an interested private school bus contractor to provide pupil transportation under contract,the district must solicit seal... More... AL Signed into law 05/1994 P-12 S 60 (Act 94-801) Privatization (Effective: 05/17/94) Provides that contracts for the purchase of personal property or contractual services shall be let for periods not greater than three years, contracts for capital improvements and repairs to real property shall be let for periods not grea... More... Privatization--Education Management Agencies (EMOs) Proficiency-Based Approaches Promising Practices Promotion/Retention Public Involvement Purposes of Public Education Reading/Literacy Reading/Literacy--Adult Literacy Religion Religion--Prayer/Meditation Religion--Scientific Creationism (Evolution) Remediation (K-12) Rural Scale-Up/Replication Scheduling/School Calendar Scheduling/School Calendar--Day/Class Length Scheduling/School Calendar--Extended Day Programs Scheduling/School Calendar--Summer School Scheduling/School Calendar--Week Scheduling/School Calendar--Year Scheduling/School Calendar--Year Round School Climate/Culture School Safety School Safety--Bullying Prevention/Conflict Resolution School Safety--Code of Conduct School Safety--Corporal Punishment School Safety--Disaster/Emergency Preparedness School Safety--Expulsion/Suspension School Safety--No Child Left Behind--Safe Schools School Safety--Sexual Harassment and Assault School Safety--Special Education School Safety--Uniforms/Dress Codes School/District Structure/Operations School/District Structure/Operations--District Consolidation/Deconsolidation School/District Structure/Operations--District Size School/District Structure/Operations--Facilities School/District Structure/Operations--Food Service School/District Structure/Operations--Libraries School/District Structure/Operations--Org. (K-3/K-8 etc.) School/District Structure/Operations--Personnel (Non-Teaching) School/District Structure/Operations--School Size School/District Structure/Operations--Shared Services School/District Structure/Operations--Staffing Ratios School/District Structure/Operations--Transportation Service-Learning Social/Emotional Learning and Non-Cognitive Skills Special Education Special Education--Federal Law/Regulations Special Education--Finance Special Education--Inclusion (Mainstreaming) Special Education--Placement Special Education--Transition Special Populations--Corrections Education Special Populations--Foster Care Special Populations--Gifted and Talented Special Populations--Homeless Education Special Populations--Immigrant Education Special Populations--Migrant Education Special Populations--Military Standards Standards--Common Core State Standards Standards--Implementation State Comparisons/Statistics State Longitudinal Data Systems State Policymaking State Policymaking--Ballot Questions State Policymaking--Constitutional Clauses State Policymaking--Politics State Policymaking--Task Forces/Commissions STEM Student Achievement Student Achievement--Closing the Achievement Gap Student Surveys Students Students--Athletics/Extracurricular Activities Students--Employment Students--Incentives Students--K-12 Exchange Students Students--Mobility Students--Records/Rights Teaching Quality Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Alternative Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Assignment Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Highly Qualified Teachers Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Natl. Bd. for Prof. Teach. Stds. Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Special Education Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--State Prof. Standards Bds. Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Substitute Teachers Teaching Quality--Compensation and Diversified Pay Teaching Quality--Compensation and Diversified Pay--Pay-for-Performance Teaching Quality--Compensation and Diversified Pay--Retirement/Benefits Teaching Quality--Evaluation and Effectiveness Teaching Quality--Induction Programs and Mentoring Teaching Quality--Paraprofessionals Teaching Quality--Preparation Teaching Quality--Professional Development Teaching Quality--Recruitment and Retention Teaching Quality--Recruitment and Retention--At-Risk Schools Teaching Quality--Recruitment and Retention--High-Needs Subjects Teaching Quality--Reduction in Force Teaching Quality--Teacher Attitudes Teaching Quality--Teacher Contracts (Not Tenure) Teaching Quality--Teacher Rights Teaching Quality--Tenure or Continuing Contract Teaching Quality--Unions/Collective Bargaining Teaching Quality--Unions/Collective Bargaining--Strikes Teaching Quality--Working Conditions Technology Technology--Computer Skills Technology--Devices/Software/Hardware Technology--Equitable Access Technology--Funding Issues Technology--Internet Safety Technology--Research/Evaluation Technology--Teacher/Faculty Training Textbooks and Open Source Urban Urban--Change/Improvements Urban--Governance Whole-School Reform Models