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From the ECS State Policy Database 1994-2013

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Education Commission of the States • 700 Broadway, Suite 810 • Denver, CO 80203-3442 • 303.299.3600 • fax 303.296.8332 • www.ecs.org

The following summary includes policies ECS has tracked in this database since 1994. This database is made possible by your state's fiscal support of the Education Commission of the States (ECS). Most entries are legislative, although rules/regulations and executive orders that make substantive changes are included. Every effort is made to collect the latest available version of policies; in some instances, recent changes might not be reflected. For expediency purposes minimal attention has been paid to style (capitalization, punctuation) and format. To view the documents, click on the blue triangle next to the topic of interest. Please cite use of the database as: Education Commission of the States (ECS) State Policy Database, retrieved [date]. State Status/Date Level Summary 21st Century Skills Accountability Accountability--Accreditation Accountability--Measures/Indicators Accountability--Reporting Results Accountability--Rewards Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions--Learnfare Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions--No Pass No Drive Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions--No Pass No Play Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions--Takeovers Accountability--School Improvement Adult Basic Education Assessment Assessment--Accommodations Assessment--College Entrance Exams Assessment--Common Core/National Tests Assessment--Computer Based Assessment--End-of-Course Assessment--Formative/Interim Assessment--High Stakes/Competency Assessment--NAEP (NAEP Results and NAEP Organization) Assessment--Performance Based/Portfolio Assessment--Value Added At-Risk (incl. Dropout Prevention) At-Risk (incl. Dropout Prevention)--Alternative Education At-Risk (incl. Dropout Prevention)--Drugs/Alcohol Attendance Attendance--Compulsory Attendance--Statutory Ages (Upper and Lower) Attendance--Truancy Background Checks Bilingual/ESL Brain Research Business Involvement Career/Technical Education Career/Technical Education--Career Academies/Apprenticeship Cheating Choice of Schools Choice of Schools--Charter Schools Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Charter Districts Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Closings Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Cyber Charters Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Finance Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Research Choice of Schools--Choice/Open Enrollment Choice of Schools--Innovation Schools Choice of Schools--Magnet or Specialized Schools Choice of Schools--Tax Credits Choice of Schools--Vouchers Choice of Schools--Vouchers--Privately Funded Civic Education Civic Education--Character Education Civic Education--Civic Knowledge and Literacy Civic Education--Curriculum/Standards Civic Education--Pledge of Allegiance Class Size Counseling/Guidance Curriculum Curriculum--Alignment Curriculum--Arts Education Curriculum--Censorship Curriculum--Computer Science Curriculum--Core Curriculum Curriculum--Drivers Education Curriculum--Environmental Education Curriculum--Excusal Curriculum--Family Living Education Curriculum--Financial Literacy/Economics Ed. Curriculum--Foreign Language/Sign Language Curriculum--Geography Education Curriculum--Health/Nutrition Education Curriculum--Home Economics Curriculum--International Education Curriculum--Language Arts Curriculum--Language Arts--Writing/Spelling Curriculum--Mathematics Curriculum--Multicultural Curriculum--Physical Education Curriculum--Science Curriculum--Sex Education Curriculum--Social Studies/History Data-Driven Improvement Demographics Demographics--Condition of Children/Adults Demographics--Enrollments Desegregation Economic/Workforce Development Economic/Workforce Development--Value of an Education Education Research Equity Federal Finance Finance--Adequacy/Core Cost Finance--Aid to Private Schools Finance--Bonds Finance--District Finance--Does Money Matter? Finance--Equity Finance--Facilities Finance--Federal Finance--Funding Formulas Finance--Litigation Finance--Local Foundations/Funds Finance--Lotteries Finance--Performance Funding Finance--Private Giving Finance--Resource Efficiency Finance--State Budgets/Expenditures Finance--Student Fees Finance--Taxes/Revenues Finance--Taxes/Revenues--Alternative Revenues Governance Governance--Deregulation/Waivers/Home Rule Governance--Ethics/Conflict of Interest Governance--Mandates Governance--Regional Entities Governance--School Boards Governance--School Boards--Training Governance--Site-Based Management Governance--State Boards/Chiefs/Agencies Health Health--Child Abuse Health--Mental Health Health--Nutrition Health--School Based Clinics or School Nurses Health--Suicide Prevention Health--Teen Pregnancy High School High School--Advanced Placement High School--College Readiness High School--Credit Recovery High School--Dropout Rates/Graduation Rates High School--Dual/Concurrent Enrollment High School--Early Colleges/Middle Colleges High School--Exit Exams High School--GED (General Education Development) High School--Graduation Requirements Instructional Approaches Instructional Approaches--Constructivism Instructional Approaches--Grading Practices Instructional Approaches--Homeschooling Instructional Approaches--Homework/Study Skills Instructional Approaches--Official English Instructional Approaches--Problem Based Learning Instructional Approaches--Single-Sex Education Instructional Approaches--Teaching Across Disciplines Instructional Approaches--Time/Time on Task Instructional Approaches--Tracking/Ability Grouping Integrated Services/Full-Service Schools International Baccalaureate International Benchmarking Leadership Leadership--District Superintendent Leadership--District Superintendent--Compensation and Diversified Pay Leadership--Principal/School Leadership Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Certification and Licensure Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Compensation and Diversified Pay Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Evaluation and Effectiveness Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Induction Programs and Mentoring Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Preparation Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Preparation--Alternative Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Professional Development Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Recruitment and Retention Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Tenure Mentoring/Tutoring Middle School Minority/Diversity Issues Minority/Diversity Issues--African American Minority/Diversity Issues--American Indian / Alaska Native / Native Hawaiian Minority/Diversity Issues--Hispanic No Child Left Behind No Child Left Behind--Adequate Yearly Progress No Child Left Behind--Assessment No Child Left Behind--Choice/Transfer No Child Left Behind--Consequences for Schools No Child Left Behind--Finance No Child Left Behind--Parent Involvement No Child Left Behind--Reauthorization Issues/Waivers No Child Left Behind--Report Cards No Child Left Behind--School Support No Child Left Behind--Special Populations No Child Left Behind--Supplemental Services Online Learning--Digital/Blended Learning Online Learning--Virtual Schools/Courses P-16 or P-20 P-3 P-3 Brain Development P-3 Child Care P-3 Content Standards and Assessment P-3 Data Systems P-3 Early Intervention (0-3) P-3 English Language Learners (ELL) P-3 Ensuring Quality P-3 Evaluation/Economic Benefits P-3 Family Involvement P-3 Finance P-3 Governance P-3 Grades 1-3 P-3 Health and Mental Health P-3 Kindergarten P-3 Kindergarten--Full-Day Kindergarten P-3 Kindergarten--Full Day Kindergarten P-3 Preschool P-3 Public/Private Partnerships P-3 Special Ed./Inclusion P-3 Teaching Quality/Professional Development P-3 Technology Parent/Family Parent/Family--Parent Rights Parent/Family--Research Partnerships--University/School Postsecondary Postsecondary Accountability Postsecondary Accountability--Accreditation Postsecondary Accountability--Diploma Mills Postsecondary Accountability--Licensing/Program Review and Approval Postsecondary Accountability--Student Learning Postsecondary Affordability Postsecondary Affordability--Financial Aid Postsecondary Affordability--Textbooks Postsecondary Affordability--Tuition/Fees Postsecondary Affordability--Tuition/Fees--Prepd/College Savings Plans Postsecondary Affordability--Tuition/Fees--Undocumented Immigrants Postsecondary Faculty Postsecondary Faculty--Compensation Postsecondary Faculty--Intellectual Property Postsecondary Faculty--Teaching Assistants Postsecondary Faculty--Tenure Postsecondary Finance Postsecondary Finance--Efficiency/Performance-Based Funding Postsecondary Finance--Facilities Postsecondary Finance--Revenue and Expenditures Postsecondary Governance and Structures Postsecondary Governance and Structures--Administrative/Leadership Issues Postsecondary Governance and Structures--State Executives/State Agencies Postsecondary Institutions Postsecondary Institutions--Community/Technical Colleges Postsecondary Institutions--For-Profit/Proprietary Postsecondary Institutions--Four-Year Baccalaureate Postsecondary Institutions--HBCUs/Minority-Serving Institutions Postsecondary Institutions--Private/Independent Postsecondary Online Instruction Postsecondary Participation Postsecondary Participation--Access Postsecondary Participation--Admissions Requirements Postsecondary Participation--Affirmative Action Postsecondary Participation--Enrollments (Statistics) Postsecondary Participation--Outreach Postsecondary Students Postsecondary Students--Adults Postsecondary Students--Disabled Postsecondary Students--Foster Youth Postsecondary Students--Graduate/Professional Postsecondary Students--International Postsecondary Students--Low-Income Postsecondary Students--Military Postsecondary Students--Minority Postsecondary Success Postsecondary Success--Completion Postsecondary Success--Developmental/Remediation Postsecondary Success--Retention/Persistence Postsecondary Success--Transfer/Articulation Private Schools Privatization Privatization--Education Management Agencies (EMOs) Proficiency-Based Approaches Promising Practices Promotion/Retention Public Involvement Purposes of Public Education Reading/Literacy Reading/Literacy--Adult Literacy Religion Religion--Prayer/Meditation Religion--Scientific Creationism (Evolution) Remediation (K-12) Rural Scale-Up/Replication Scheduling/School Calendar Scheduling/School Calendar--Day/Class Length Scheduling/School Calendar--Extended Day Programs Scheduling/School Calendar--Summer School Scheduling/School Calendar--Week Scheduling/School Calendar--Year Scheduling/School Calendar--Year Round School Climate/Culture School Safety School Safety--Bullying Prevention/Conflict Resolution School Safety--Code of Conduct School Safety--Corporal Punishment School Safety--Disaster/Emergency Preparedness ME Became law without governor's signature 07/2013 P-12 School Building Security Plans H.R. 629 Directs the Department of Education to gather information from school administrative units regarding the preparedness of schools to implement required emergency management plans and the present condition of school facilities in terms of facility security in th... More... PA Signed into law 07/2013 P-12 Safe Schools Legislation S.B. 10 Provides for new targeted grants through the Office of Safe Schools. These grants are for programs and measures to address school violence and security. This includes costs associated with school police and resource officers and the expansion of existing grant... More... RI Signed into law 07/2013 P-12 School Safety and Emergency Plans Act 152 (S. 800A, H.B. 5940) Requires school committees to annually review and update school safety and school emergency plans by November 1 of each year. Requires by December 31 of each year, the commissioner of elementary and secondary education to report to the general assembly and to ... More... RI Signed into law 07/2013 P-12 School Safety Assessments and Model School Safety Plan Public Law 13 (S 0801 Substitute B - Chapter 151) Directs each school district to conduct a school safety assessment in conjunction with local municipal police and fire departments within 30 days of this Act's passage and every three years thereafter. Also directs the department of elementary and secondary ed... More... OR Signed into law 06/2013 P-12 School Emergency Procedures H.B. 2789 Amends existing law to include fire, earthquake, tsunami, and safety threats to its emergency response procedures. http://www.leg.state.or.us/13reg/measpdf/hb2700.dir/hb2789.en.pdf ... More... MT Signed into law 05/2013 P-12 School Safety, Disaster Drills S.B. 348 Requires at least 8 disaster drills per year (prior law had specified that at least 4 had to be fire exit drills). Defines "disaster" as the occurrence or imminent threat of damage, injury, or loss of life or property. Requires each local board to adopt a scho... More... OK Signed into law 04/2013 P-12 Lockdown Drills S.B. 256 Requires each district board of education to ensure that a minimum of two (2) lockdown drills are conducted at each public school within the district each school year. http://webserver1.lsb.state.ok.us/cf/2013-14%20int/sb/SB256%20int.doc... More... WA Signed into law 04/2013 P-12 Taking Measures to Promote Safe School Buildings S.B. 5197 Requires school districts, and the school safety advisory committee convened by the office of the superintendent of public instruction, to work collaboratively with local law enforcement agencies and school security personnel to develop an emergency response s... More... AR Signed into law 03/2013 P-12 Safe School Initiative Act S.B. 140 Provides that a school district must train employees and students in preventing and responding to acts of violence, terrorism, and natural disasters. Includes drafting of emergency preparedness plans, active shooter drills, and tri-annual tornado drills. htt... More... SD Signed into law 03/2013 P-12 Provide for the Training, and Creation of, Armed School Sentinel Programs H.B. 1087 Provide for the creation of school sentinel programs and for the training of armed school sentinels. The bill offers the option to arm school employees, hired security, or volunteers in order to secure or enhance the deterrence of physical threat and defense ... More... VA Signed into law 03/2013 P-12 School Lock Down Policies H.B. 2346 Mandates two lock down drills per year: one in September and another in January. Requires each school safety audit committee to conduct a school inspection walkthrough using a standardized checklist. Directs local superintendent to make the results of each sch... More... DE Signed into law 09/2012 P-12 Omnibus School Safety Act S.B. 233 Requires the Department of Safety and Homeland Security (DSHS) to work with schools, districts and first responders to develop a comprehensive school safety plan (CSSP) for each public school and district. Each CSSP will be (1) coordinated with law enforcement... More... NV Signed into law 06/2011 P-12 Responding to Emergencies S.B. 317 Revising provisions governing plans for responding to a crisis in public schools of school districts, charter schools and private schools, so that such plans also address responding to an emergency; defines what constitutes an emergency; requires establishmen... More... TN Signed into law 06/2011 P-12 School Closures S.B. 449 Prohibits charging a teacher with a day of leave for any day on which the teacher's school or school district is closed because of natural disaster, inclement weather, serious outbreak of contagious illness or other unexpected event. http://state.tn.us/sos/ac... More... TX Signed into law 06/2011 Postsec. Postsecondary Emergency Alert Systems H.B. 2758 Requires public and private institutions of higher education to establish emergency alert systems for students and staff, using e-mail or telephone notifications, by the spring 2012 semester. Establishes procedures. Permits a student or staff member to opt out... More... FL Signed into law 05/2011 P-12 Firesafety Inspections of Educational Facilities H.B. 331 From Legislative Staff Summary: Aligns laws governing the State Fire Marshal with educational laws governing firesafety inspections on educational property. Clarifies the firesafety inspection process for charter schools and for public colleges. Requires all p... More... IN Signed into law 05/2011 P-12 Teacher Training on Emergency Medical Procedures S.B. 176 Requires an applicant for an initial teaching license to be trained and certified in the use of an automated external defibrillator. Requires, after June 30, 2012, an applicant for the renewal of a teaching license to complete training and obtain certification... More... WV Signed into law 05/2011 P-12 School Crisis Response Plans S.B. 592 Requires the state board in conjunction with the Division of Homeland Security and Emergency Management to promulgate by December 31, 2011, a legislative rule for the establishment of an up-to-date, school specific crisis response plan at every school in the s... More... ND Signed into law 03/2011 P-12 Emergency Drills H.B. 1215 Requires each public and nonpublic school (added nonpublic) to conduct fire, tornado, and other emergency or disaster drills, including lockdown drills (added lockdown drills). http://www.legis.nd.gov/assembly/62-2011/documents/11-0570-03000.pdf... More... WI Signed into law 05/2010 P-12 Health-Related School Closures S.B. 379 Requires a school board, within 24 hours of a school being closed by a local health officer or DHS, or by a school district administrator because of a threat to the health or safety of pupils or school personnel, and within 24 hours of reopening a closed schoo... More... VA Signed into law 03/2010 Postsec. Community College Institutional Crisis and Emergency Management Plan S.B. 608 Requires the president and vice-president of each public institution of higher education, or the superintendent in the case of the Virginia Military Institute, to annually certify in writing to the Department of Emergency Management comprehension and understan... More... VA Signed into law 03/2010 Postsec. Community College Threat Assessment Teams H.B. 903/S.B. 207 Exempts all records of threat assessment teams established at public institutions of higher education from the provisions of the Freedom of Information Act, and allows these teams to receive health and criminal history records of students for the purposes of a... More... TX Signed into law 06/2009 P-12 Disaster Relief H.B. 4102 Relates to the disaster contingency fund and relief for school districts located in a disaster area. Provides that a government entity that receives disaster contingency funding and then receives reimbursement from the federal government, an insurer or another... More... TN Signed into law 05/2009 P-12 Waivers for Makeup Days S.B. 899 Provides that in the event of a natural disaster or serious outbreak of illness affective or endangering students or staff during a school year, the Commissioner of Education may waive for such school year the requirement for 180 days of classroom instruction,... More... IA Signed into law 04/2009 P-12 Disaster Assistance S.B. 81 Relates to assisting schools to recover from disaster; changes the approval method for transfers of emergency fund moneys by modifying certain funding provisions to relate to disaster recovery and by allowing area education agency boards greater authority to p... More... VA Signed into law 03/2009 P-12 Assistance in Event of an Emergency S.B. 1150 Requires all school emergency plans to include a provision that the Department of Criminal Justice Services and the State Criminal Injuries Compensation Fund shall be contacted immediately to deploy assistance in the event of an emergency as defined in the eme... More... CO Signed into law 05/2008 P-12 School Mapping System for First Responders H.B. 1267 Requires the School Safety Resource Center in the Department of Public Safety to create and operate a first responder school mapping system to provide first responders immediate access to maps of school buildings and other information in the event of an emerge... More... CO Signed into law 05/2008 P-12 School Safety Resource Center S.B. 1 Creates the School Safety Resource Center to assist schools in preventing, preparing for, responding to, and recovering from emergencies and crisis situations; sets forth the duties of the center and authorizes the center to employ staff and contract for servi... More... NH Signed into law 05/2008 P-12 Inspection of Schools by Fire Chiefs S.B. 376 Requires local fire chiefs to annually inspect all school buildings within his or her jurisdiction and submit a report to the state fire marshal on the fire safety condition of such school buildings. http://www.gencourt.state.nh.us/legislation/2008/SB0376.html... More... CO Signed into law 04/2008 P-12 Coordinated Response to School Incidents S.B. 181 Improves coordination among agencies when responding to school incidents; requires the Department of Public Safety to place on its web site a description of the National Incident Management System and a listing of online courses required to become NIMS certifi... More... CT Signed into law 07/2007 P-12 School Security Grants S.B. 1110 Establishes a school security competitive grant program to reimburse towns for certain expenses for schools under the school district for the development or improvement of the security infrastructure of the school, including the installation of surveillance ca... More... ME Signed into law 06/2007 P-12 Automated External Defibrillator H.B. 1247 Requires every school administrative unit to place an automated external defibrillator in each of the unit's school buildings and make it available for secondary school athletic events inside and outside the building. The bill requires the school administrativ... More... ME Signed into law 06/2007 P-12 School Emergency Plans H.B. 193 Relates to a school comprehensive emergency management plan; makes the approval of a crisis response plan by a school board public information but makes the contents of the plan confidential and not available to the public; relates to hazards and potential haz... More... NH Signed into law 06/2007 P-12 Site-Specific Emergency Response Plan H.B. 556 Requires public and nonpublic schools to develop and implement a site-specific emergency response plan which is based on and conforms to the Incident Command System and the National Incident Management System. http://www.gencourt.state.nh.us/legislation/2007/H... More... TX Signed into law 06/2007 P-12 Train Derailment Emergency Plan S.B. 1504 Requires school districts with schools located within 1,000 yards of a railroad track to establish a policy for responding to train derailments in the district's multihazard emergency operations plan. http://www.capitol.state.tx.us/tlodocs/80R/billtext/pdf/SB0... More... TX Signed into law 05/2007 P-12 Postsec. Automated External Defibrillator S.B. 7 Requires that at least one automated external defibrillator (AED) be made available at every public school campus, and school athletic competitions and practices, and that someone who knows how to use the AED be present at each location where the device is ava... More... WA Signed into law 04/2007 P-12 Safe School Plans and Task Force on Gangs S.B. 5097 Schools and school districts are required to adopt, by September 1, 2008, and implement a safe school plan, consistent with the school mapping information system. Each plan must include required school safety policies and procedures; address emergency mitigati... More... OH Signed into law 12/2006 P-12 Building Floor Plans Posted with Attorney General H.B. 79 -- Floor Plan Section From fiscal notes: Sub. H.B. 422 of the 126th General Assembly required that the Attorney General post a copy of the blueprint for each school building on the Ohio Law Enforcement Gateway.  The bill, instead, requires that the Attorney General post a floor pla... More... IN Adopted 11/2006 P-12 Student Absences 512 IAC Establishes rules regarding the established threshold for absences related to students in local school corporations and accredited nonpublic schools. The threshold of 20 percent must be used to report symptoms and health syndromes from outbreaks or suspected o... More... VA Issued 11/2006 P-12 Postsec. Community College Emergency Preparedness Planning & Training E.O. 44 Directs all executive branch agencies, including institutions of higher education, to include emergency preparedness planning, training and promotion as a core component of their mission (Executive Order 2006-42). http://www.governor.virginia.gov/Initiatives/E... More... MO Issued 10/2006 P-12 Homeland Security Membership Executive Order 2006-44 Adds elementary and secondary education as another category with full membership representation on the Regional Homeland Security Oversight Committee in order to make certain that schools are included and actively engaged in homeland security planning at the s... More... CA Signed into law 08/2006 P-12 Disaster Preparedness Materials A.B. 103 Requires the State Department of Education to electronically distribute disaster preparedness educational materials and lesson plans that are currently available to local school districts and county offices of education. Requires the department to ensure that ... More... RI Became law without governor's signature 07/2006 P-12 Legislative Commission on Viral Pandemic in Schools S.B. 2300 Creates a fifteen member special legislative commission whose purpose it would be to make a comprehensive study of the impact a viral pandemic would have on the delivery of education to students enrolled in K-12 public and private schools, and who would report... More... MI Signed into law 06/2006 P-12 Postsec. Community College Lockdown Drills H.B. 4460 Requires school officials to conduct two lockdown drills each school year, for instances including release of hazardous materials or armed individuals near the school. Reduces the minimum number of required fire drills from eight to six. hhttp://www.legislatur... More... MN Signed into law 05/2006 P-12 Crisis Management Policy and Advisory Task Force on School and Staff Emergency/All Hazard Preparedness S.B. 2994 Directs the commissioner of education to maintain and make available to school boards and charter schools a model crisis management policy that that includes – among other items – school lock-down, tornado drills, and school fire drills. The policy must includ... More... OH Signed into law 05/2006 P-12 School Safety Plans H.B. 422 Requires community schools and chartered nonpublic schools to adopt school safety plans in the same manner as school districts; exempts school safety plans and school building blueprints from public records law; requires all public and nonpublic schools to con... More... OK Adopted 04/2006 P-12 Tornado Drills OAC 210:35-3-186 Amends rules to requires public schools to conduct two tornado drillseach school year. Ensures all public schools are preparing students andemployees for the possibility of hazardous weather conditions. OKLAHOMA 13923... More... TN Signed into law 04/2006 P-12 Class Size Waiver During Natural Disasters S.B. 2898 Relates to maximum classroom sizes; In the event of a natural disaster which results in the enrollment of displaced students, the commissioner of education may grant a waiver from the maximum class sizes established in this section. http://www.legislature.stat... More... WV Signed into law 03/2006 P-12 Flood Insurance S.B. 635 Requires boards of education to maintain certain flood insurance (for buildings meeting conditions such as in a flood hazard location; having been flooded in the past, etc.). http://www.legis.state.wv.us/Bill_Text_HTML/2006_SESSIONS/RS/BILLS/sb635%20enr.htm... More... School Safety--Expulsion/Suspension School Safety--No Child Left Behind--Safe Schools School Safety--Sexual Harassment and Assault School Safety--Special Education School Safety--Uniforms/Dress Codes School/District Structure/Operations School/District Structure/Operations--District Consolidation/Deconsolidation School/District Structure/Operations--District Size School/District Structure/Operations--Facilities School/District Structure/Operations--Food Service School/District Structure/Operations--Libraries School/District Structure/Operations--Org. (K-3/K-8 etc.) School/District Structure/Operations--Personnel (Non-Teaching) School/District Structure/Operations--School Size School/District Structure/Operations--Shared Services School/District Structure/Operations--Staffing Ratios School/District Structure/Operations--Transportation Service-Learning Social/Emotional Learning and Non-Cognitive Skills Special Education Special Education--Federal Law/Regulations Special Education--Finance Special Education--Inclusion (Mainstreaming) Special Education--Placement Special Education--Transition Special Populations--Corrections Education Special Populations--Foster Care Special Populations--Gifted and Talented Special Populations--Homeless Education Special Populations--Immigrant Education Special Populations--Migrant Education Special Populations--Military Standards Standards--Common Core State Standards Standards--Implementation State Comparisons/Statistics State Longitudinal Data Systems State Policymaking State Policymaking--Ballot Questions State Policymaking--Constitutional Clauses State Policymaking--Politics State Policymaking--Task Forces/Commissions STEM Student Achievement Student Achievement--Closing the Achievement Gap Student Surveys Students Students--Athletics/Extracurricular Activities Students--Employment Students--Incentives Students--K-12 Exchange Students Students--Mobility Students--Records/Rights Teaching Quality Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Alternative Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Assignment Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Highly Qualified Teachers Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Natl. Bd. for Prof. Teach. Stds. Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Special Education Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--State Prof. Standards Bds. Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Substitute Teachers Teaching Quality--Compensation and Diversified Pay Teaching Quality--Compensation and Diversified Pay--Pay-for-Performance Teaching Quality--Compensation and Diversified Pay--Retirement/Benefits Teaching Quality--Evaluation and Effectiveness Teaching Quality--Induction Programs and Mentoring Teaching Quality--Paraprofessionals Teaching Quality--Preparation Teaching Quality--Professional Development Teaching Quality--Recruitment and Retention Teaching Quality--Recruitment and Retention--At-Risk Schools Teaching Quality--Recruitment and Retention--High-Needs Subjects Teaching Quality--Reduction in Force Teaching Quality--Teacher Attitudes Teaching Quality--Teacher Contracts (Not Tenure) Teaching Quality--Teacher Rights Teaching Quality--Tenure or Continuing Contract Teaching Quality--Unions/Collective Bargaining Teaching Quality--Unions/Collective Bargaining--Strikes Teaching Quality--Working Conditions Technology Technology--Computer Skills Technology--Devices/Software/Hardware Technology--Equitable Access Technology--Funding Issues Technology--Internet Safety Technology--Research/Evaluation Technology--Teacher/Faculty Training Textbooks and Open Source Urban Urban--Change/Improvements Urban--Governance Whole-School Reform Models