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From the ECS State Policy Database 1994-2013

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Education Commission of the States • 700 Broadway, Suite 810 • Denver, CO 80203-3442 • 303.299.3600 • fax 303.296.8332 • www.ecs.org

The following summary includes policies ECS has tracked in this database since 1994. This database is made possible by your state's fiscal support of the Education Commission of the States (ECS). Most entries are legislative, although rules/regulations and executive orders that make substantive changes are included. Every effort is made to collect the latest available version of policies; in some instances, recent changes might not be reflected. For expediency purposes minimal attention has been paid to style (capitalization, punctuation) and format. To view the documents, click on the blue triangle next to the topic of interest. Please cite use of the database as: Education Commission of the States (ECS) State Policy Database, retrieved [date]. State Status/Date Level Summary 21st Century Skills Accountability Accountability--Accreditation Accountability--Measures/Indicators Accountability--Reporting Results Accountability--Rewards Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions--Learnfare Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions--No Pass No Drive Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions--No Pass No Play Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions--Takeovers Accountability--School Improvement Adult Basic Education Assessment Assessment--Accommodations Assessment--College Entrance Exams Assessment--Common Core/National Tests Assessment--Computer Based Assessment--End-of-Course Assessment--Formative/Interim Assessment--High Stakes/Competency Assessment--NAEP (NAEP Results and NAEP Organization) Assessment--Performance Based/Portfolio Assessment--Value Added At-Risk (incl. Dropout Prevention) At-Risk (incl. Dropout Prevention)--Alternative Education At-Risk (incl. Dropout Prevention)--Drugs/Alcohol Attendance Attendance--Compulsory Attendance--Statutory Ages (Upper and Lower) Attendance--Truancy Background Checks Bilingual/ESL Brain Research Business Involvement Career/Technical Education Career/Technical Education--Career Academies/Apprenticeship Cheating Choice of Schools Choice of Schools--Charter Schools Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Charter Districts Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Closings Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Cyber Charters Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Finance Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Research Choice of Schools--Choice/Open Enrollment Choice of Schools--Innovation Schools Choice of Schools--Magnet or Specialized Schools Choice of Schools--Tax Credits Choice of Schools--Vouchers Choice of Schools--Vouchers--Privately Funded Civic Education Civic Education--Character Education Civic Education--Civic Knowledge and Literacy Civic Education--Curriculum/Standards Civic Education--Pledge of Allegiance Class Size Counseling/Guidance Curriculum Curriculum--Alignment Curriculum--Arts Education Curriculum--Censorship Curriculum--Computer Science Curriculum--Core Curriculum Curriculum--Drivers Education Curriculum--Environmental Education Curriculum--Excusal Curriculum--Family Living Education Curriculum--Financial Literacy/Economics Ed. Curriculum--Foreign Language/Sign Language Curriculum--Geography Education Curriculum--Health/Nutrition Education Curriculum--Home Economics Curriculum--International Education Curriculum--Language Arts Curriculum--Language Arts--Writing/Spelling Curriculum--Mathematics Curriculum--Multicultural Curriculum--Physical Education Curriculum--Science Curriculum--Sex Education Curriculum--Social Studies/History Data-Driven Improvement Demographics Demographics--Condition of Children/Adults Demographics--Enrollments Desegregation Economic/Workforce Development Economic/Workforce Development--Value of an Education Education Research Equity Federal Finance Finance--Adequacy/Core Cost Finance--Aid to Private Schools Finance--Bonds Finance--District Finance--Does Money Matter? Finance--Equity Finance--Facilities Finance--Federal Finance--Funding Formulas Finance--Litigation Finance--Local Foundations/Funds Finance--Lotteries Finance--Performance Funding Finance--Private Giving Finance--Resource Efficiency Finance--State Budgets/Expenditures Finance--Student Fees Finance--Taxes/Revenues Finance--Taxes/Revenues--Alternative Revenues Governance Governance--Deregulation/Waivers/Home Rule Governance--Ethics/Conflict of Interest Governance--Mandates Governance--Regional Entities Governance--School Boards Governance--School Boards--Training Governance--Site-Based Management Governance--State Boards/Chiefs/Agencies Health Health--Child Abuse Health--Mental Health Health--Nutrition Health--School Based Clinics or School Nurses Health--Suicide Prevention Health--Teen Pregnancy High School High School--Advanced Placement High School--College Readiness High School--Credit Recovery High School--Dropout Rates/Graduation Rates High School--Dual/Concurrent Enrollment High School--Early Colleges/Middle Colleges High School--Exit Exams High School--GED (General Education Development) High School--Graduation Requirements Instructional Approaches Instructional Approaches--Constructivism Instructional Approaches--Grading Practices Instructional Approaches--Homeschooling Instructional Approaches--Homework/Study Skills Instructional Approaches--Official English Instructional Approaches--Problem Based Learning Instructional Approaches--Single-Sex Education Instructional Approaches--Teaching Across Disciplines Instructional Approaches--Time/Time on Task Instructional Approaches--Tracking/Ability Grouping Integrated Services/Full-Service Schools International Baccalaureate International Benchmarking Leadership Leadership--District Superintendent Leadership--District Superintendent--Compensation and Diversified Pay Leadership--Principal/School Leadership Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Certification and Licensure Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Compensation and Diversified Pay Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Evaluation and Effectiveness Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Induction Programs and Mentoring Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Preparation Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Preparation--Alternative Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Professional Development Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Recruitment and Retention Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Tenure Mentoring/Tutoring Middle School Minority/Diversity Issues Minority/Diversity Issues--African American Minority/Diversity Issues--American Indian / Alaska Native / Native Hawaiian Minority/Diversity Issues--Hispanic No Child Left Behind No Child Left Behind--Adequate Yearly Progress No Child Left Behind--Assessment No Child Left Behind--Choice/Transfer No Child Left Behind--Consequences for Schools No Child Left Behind--Finance No Child Left Behind--Parent Involvement No Child Left Behind--Reauthorization Issues/Waivers No Child Left Behind--Report Cards No Child Left Behind--School Support No Child Left Behind--Special Populations No Child Left Behind--Supplemental Services Online Learning--Digital/Blended Learning Online Learning--Virtual Schools/Courses P-16 or P-20 P-3 P-3 Brain Development P-3 Child Care P-3 Content Standards and Assessment P-3 Data Systems P-3 Early Intervention (0-3) P-3 English Language Learners (ELL) P-3 Ensuring Quality P-3 Evaluation/Economic Benefits P-3 Family Involvement P-3 Finance P-3 Governance P-3 Grades 1-3 P-3 Health and Mental Health P-3 Kindergarten P-3 Kindergarten--Full-Day Kindergarten P-3 Kindergarten--Full Day Kindergarten P-3 Preschool P-3 Public/Private Partnerships P-3 Special Ed./Inclusion P-3 Teaching Quality/Professional Development P-3 Technology Parent/Family Parent/Family--Parent Rights Parent/Family--Research Partnerships--University/School Postsecondary Postsecondary Accountability Postsecondary Accountability--Accreditation Postsecondary Accountability--Diploma Mills Postsecondary Accountability--Licensing/Program Review and Approval Postsecondary Accountability--Student Learning Postsecondary Affordability Postsecondary Affordability--Financial Aid Postsecondary Affordability--Textbooks Postsecondary Affordability--Tuition/Fees Postsecondary Affordability--Tuition/Fees--Prepd/College Savings Plans Postsecondary Affordability--Tuition/Fees--Undocumented Immigrants Postsecondary Faculty Postsecondary Faculty--Compensation Postsecondary Faculty--Intellectual Property Postsecondary Faculty--Teaching Assistants Postsecondary Faculty--Tenure Postsecondary Finance Postsecondary Finance--Efficiency/Performance-Based Funding Postsecondary Finance--Facilities Postsecondary Finance--Revenue and Expenditures Postsecondary Governance and Structures Postsecondary Governance and Structures--Administrative/Leadership Issues Postsecondary Governance and Structures--State Executives/State Agencies Postsecondary Institutions Postsecondary Institutions--Community/Technical Colleges Postsecondary Institutions--For-Profit/Proprietary Postsecondary Institutions--Four-Year Baccalaureate Postsecondary Institutions--HBCUs/Minority-Serving Institutions Postsecondary Institutions--Private/Independent Postsecondary Online Instruction Postsecondary Participation Postsecondary Participation--Access Postsecondary Participation--Admissions Requirements Postsecondary Participation--Affirmative Action Postsecondary Participation--Enrollments (Statistics) Postsecondary Participation--Outreach Postsecondary Students Postsecondary Students--Adults Postsecondary Students--Disabled Postsecondary Students--Foster Youth Postsecondary Students--Graduate/Professional Postsecondary Students--International Postsecondary Students--Low-Income Postsecondary Students--Military Postsecondary Students--Minority Postsecondary Success Postsecondary Success--Completion Postsecondary Success--Developmental/Remediation Postsecondary Success--Retention/Persistence Postsecondary Success--Transfer/Articulation Private Schools Privatization Privatization--Education Management Agencies (EMOs) Proficiency-Based Approaches Promising Practices Promotion/Retention Public Involvement Purposes of Public Education Reading/Literacy Reading/Literacy--Adult Literacy Religion Religion--Prayer/Meditation Religion--Scientific Creationism (Evolution) Remediation (K-12) Rural Scale-Up/Replication Scheduling/School Calendar Scheduling/School Calendar--Day/Class Length Scheduling/School Calendar--Extended Day Programs Scheduling/School Calendar--Summer School Scheduling/School Calendar--Week Scheduling/School Calendar--Year Scheduling/School Calendar--Year Round School Climate/Culture School Safety School Safety--Bullying Prevention/Conflict Resolution School Safety--Code of Conduct School Safety--Corporal Punishment School Safety--Disaster/Emergency Preparedness School Safety--Expulsion/Suspension School Safety--No Child Left Behind--Safe Schools School Safety--Sexual Harassment and Assault School Safety--Special Education School Safety--Uniforms/Dress Codes School/District Structure/Operations School/District Structure/Operations--District Consolidation/Deconsolidation School/District Structure/Operations--District Size School/District Structure/Operations--Facilities School/District Structure/Operations--Food Service School/District Structure/Operations--Libraries School/District Structure/Operations--Org. (K-3/K-8 etc.) School/District Structure/Operations--Personnel (Non-Teaching) School/District Structure/Operations--School Size School/District Structure/Operations--Shared Services ME Signed into law 05/2013 P-12 Regional School Units & Capital Construction H.P. 335 For a municipality that is part of a school administrative district that was reformulated as a regional school unit, if the commissioner finds that at least 2/3 of the votes validly cast in the municipality are in the affirmative, the commissioner is to notify... More... WV Signed into law 05/2013 P-12 Schools Operated by Multiple Districts H.B. 3160 Relates to joint establishment, maintenance and operation of school by two or more adjoining counties. Requiring formal agreement for apportionment of acquisition costs. Provides for joint governing partnership board pilot initiative. Establishes limitations a... More... IA Signed into law 04/2013 P-12 Shared Operational Fundations H.F. 472 From the fiscal note: Creates new supplementary weighting provisions for shared optional functions. Maintains and expands the current list of shared operational functions that are eligible for the supplementary weighting. School districts and area education ag... More... MT Signed into law 03/2013 P-12 Multiple District Cooperatives S.B. 291 Revises law related to multiple district cooperatives. Requires agreements to include provisions for dissolution of the cooperative, including the conditions under which dissolution may occur and the disposition of any remaining funds that had been transferred... More... AR Adopted 07/2012 pre-K-12 Rules Governing Education Service Cooperatives AR ADC 005.01.24-1.00 to AR ADC 005.01.24-31.00 Authorizes the State Board of Education (BOE) to establish a statewide system of not more than fifteen multicounty education service cooperatives of school districts to be intermediate service units in the state's elementary and secondary education system and ... More... PA Signed into law 06/2012 P-12 Open Campus Initiatives H.B. 1901 - Sections 1501-G through 1508-G New Article XV-G authorizes open campus initiatives between school districts. Defines as a cooperative agreement between districts which allows students to participate in courses not currently available in their resident district. Courses offered can be delive... More... MN Signed into law 05/2012 P-12 Joint School District Pilot Program S.F. 946 Establishes a five-year pilot project to allow groups of school districts to collaborate in providing innovative education programs and activities and sharing district resources. Directs groups of two or more interested school districts to collaborate with sc... More... MA Signed into law 03/2012 P-12 Accountability and Oversight of Education Collaboratives S.B. 2105 Defines an education collaborative as a written agreement to provide shared programs and services, including instructional, administrative, facility, community or any other services entered into by two or more school committees of cities, towns and regional sc... More... IA Signed into law 07/2011 P-12 Regional Academies H.F. 645 - Multiple Sections Amends regional academies. Intead of serving 9-12th grade student, such academies are allowed to serve 7th-12-grade students. Authorizes a district establishing a regional academy to collaborate and partner with, enter into an agreement or contract with one or... More... OH Signed into law 06/2011 P-12 Educational Service Centers H.B. 153 - Educational Service Centers Authorizes an educational service center's governing board to task an executive committee of the governing board with performing specified actions. Provides that the appointed members of an educational service center governing board may be representative of th... More... OH Signed into law 06/2011 P-12 Cooperative Educational Programs at Community Schools H.B. 153 - Cooperative Educational Programs at Community Schools Permits community schools to enter into agreements for joint or cooperative establishment and operation of any educational program. Provides that except as otherwise provided in 3321.01(H), no fees or tuition may be charged for students participating in the pr... More... TN Signed into law 06/2011 P-12 Collaboration, City and District Operations S.B. 1602 Permits a city and a special school district with coterminous boundaries to specify by contract that city funding for the district shall be used half for district operations and half for issuance of bonds and, upon agreement of the city legislative body and th... More... MT Signed into law 05/2011 P-12 Revenues, Shared Services, Reporting S.B. 329 Excerpts from the fiscal note: SB 329, as amended, increases the basic and per-ANB entitlements for K-12 public schools by 1.1% in FY 2012 and by 0.63% in FY 2013. The bill eliminates the 0.76% growth factor on school block grants after FY 2011 and retains oil... More... ND Signed into law 05/2011 P-12 Regional Education Associations S.B. 2150 - Multiple Provisions Rewrites approval requirements and core services requirements. Requires regional education association to offer coordination and facilitation of professional development activities for teachers and administrators; supplementation of technology support services... More... NV Signed into law 05/2011 P-12 Shared Services A.B. 551 Requires the board of trustees of each school district in this state to assess the feasibility of sharing services, functions and personnel with other school districts of this state.This bill also authorizes a school district to join in the contract of anothe... More... OK Signed into law 05/2011 P-12 School Consolidation Assistance Fund H.B. 2115 Allows expenditure from School Consolidation Assistance Fund to school districts that have entered into a mutual contract for a superintendent; establishes amount of assistance, including maximum. Total assistance paid over three years from the School Consoli... More... CT Signed into law 05/2010 P-12 School Boards May Jointly Purchase Employee Health Insurance H.B. 5424 Allows two or more boards of education to jointly purchase health insurance for their employees. http://www.cga.ct.gov/2010/ACT/Pa/pdf/2010PA-00174-R00HB-05424-PA.pdf... More... CT Signed into law 05/2010 P-12 Boards of Education Cooperative Arrangement H.B. 5336 Establishes a grant in fiscal year 2012 to any municipality whose board of education makes a cooperative arrangement with at least one other board of education to provide school transportation that results in a savings in fiscal year 2011. The grant is in addi... More... CA Signed into law 10/2009 P-12 Sharing of Real Property and Buildings A.B. 1080 Authorizes a school district to enter into leases and agreements relating to real property and buildings to be used jointly by the district and a local government agency. http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/pub/09-10/bill/asm/ab_1051-1100/ab_1080_bill_20091011_chaptered... More... OH Signed into law 07/2009 P-12 Learning Environments Demonstrating Innovation H.B. 1 - Section 3306.50, 3306.51, 3306.52, 3306.53, 3306.54, 3306.55, 3306.56, 3306.57 and 3306.58 Partially from the DOE summary of H.B. 1: Establishes the Harmon Commission to designate, upon application, individual classrooms as creative learning environments. Provides that designation as a creative learning environment must be based on a determination t... More... OH Signed into law 07/2009 P-12 Taxing District to Jointly Fund Special Education Services H.B. 1 - Section 3313.83 Authorizes two or more school boards in a county with a population greater than 1,200,000 to create a regional student education district (special taxing district) to fund special education and behavioral health services for students and their immediate famili... More... OH Signed into law 07/2009 P-12 State Funds and Educational Service Centers, Joint Educational Programs H.B. 1 - Section 3306.21 and 3306.22 Section 3306.21: Provides that nothing shall be construed to limit the authority of a district, charter school or STEM school to contract with an educational service center for the provision of any services calculated and paid for under the school funding form... More... ME Signed into law 05/2009 P-12 Regional Education Cooperatives H.B. 724 Provides for the formation of regional education cooperatives. School administrative units in existence as of July 1, 2009 may join a regional education cooperative of their choice, and each participating school administrative unit has a single representative ... More... MT Signed into law 04/2009 P-12 Sharing Superintendents and Principals S.B. 173 Clarifies the ability of school districts to share superintendents and principals.... More... NM Signed into law 04/2009 P-12 Regional Education Cooperatives H.B. 197 Allows regional education cooperatives to provide education-related services to nonmembers; allows cooperatives to apply for and receive government and private funding for educational programs; changes accountability procedures. http://nmlegis.gov/Sessions/09%... More... SD Signed into law 03/2009 P-12 shared services S.B. 140 Allows school districts to enter into contractual agreements with school boards of other school districts to provide for the whole-grade sharing of students among participating districts. http://legis.state.sd.us/sessions/2009/Bills/SB140ENR.pdf... More... CO Rule Adoption 09/2008 P-12 Regional Service Areas 1 CCR 301-76 Relates to the development, expansion, implementation, and management of regional service areas. On or before December 1, 2008, the State Board, in consultation with the Department, school districts, and boards of cooperative services, shall divide the state i... More... CO Signed into law 05/2008 P-12 Regional Service Cooperatives S.B. 38 Concerns the creation of a system of Regional Service Cooperatives throughout the state to support economic efficiencies in the delivery of effective public education services. Expands existing regional services areas from 8 to 12, including representation by ... More... MI Signed into law 09/2007 P-12 School District Shared Services H.B. 4592 Relates to a study by a school district concerning opportunities for sharing services with other providers of similar services, such as an intermediate school district, other school districts, units of local government and other programs to achieve cost saving... More... IA Signed into law 05/2007 P-12 Sharing and Efficiency of Operations S.F. 447 Reinstates whole grade sharing incentives and reorganization incentives. Creates operational sharing incentives; Mandates a statewide study of efficiencies and sharing to be provided to the Legislature by January 2008. Provides additional weighting for distric... More... IA Signed into law 06/2006 P-12 Education Efficiency and Improvement Plan H.B. 2792 - Section 31 Directs the institute for tomorrow's workforce to develop an Iowa education efficiency and improvement plan, the goal of which is to establish a new educational delivery system. Directs the institute, in developing the plan, to address issues concerning the a... More... IA Signed into law 06/2006 P-12 Education Efficiency and Improvement Plan H.B. 2792 - Section 31 Directs the institute for tomorrow's workforce to develop an Iowa education efficiency and improvement plan, the goal of which is to establish a new educational delivery system. Directs the institute, in developing the plan, to address issues concerning the a... More... VT Signed into law 05/2006 P-12 School District Authority H.B. 867 - Section 25 Authorizes local boards to make available school facilities and equipment for specified public purposes if such purposes appear, in the judgment of the board, to be in the best interests of the district and are an efficient, economical, and appropriate use of ... More... ME Signed into law 04/2006 P-12 District Cost Sharing Agreements H.B. 1344 (also HP 1344 and LD 1903) Relates to locally approved school administrative district cost-sharing agreements which were preempted by Public Law 2003, chapter 712, which first became effective for the 2005-06 school fiscal years and caused significant changes in the local financial obli... More... VA Signed into law 04/2006 P-12 Shared Vehicles H.B. 1582 Provides that any local government or combination of governments within planning district 16 may enter into cooperative agreements with a local school division for the use of school vehicles for public transportation purposes during non-school hours.  Such agr... More... MT Signed into law 05/2005 P-12 Allow off-site educational services S.B. 224 AN ACT ALLOWING A SCHOOL DISTRICT TO PROVIDE EDUCATIONAL SERVICES AT AN OFFSITE INSTRUCTIONAL SETTING TO CHILDREN ATTENDING SCHOOL IN THE SCHOOL DISTRICT; REQUIRING THE SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION TO ADOPT RULES; REVISING THE DEFINITION OF "AVERAGE NU... More... AR Signed into law 04/2005 P-12 Study of Education Service Cooperatives H.B. 2645 Requires the house interim committee on education and the senate interim committee to jointly conduct a study of education service cooperatives relative to instructional improvements and support services to the department of education and local school district... More... AR Signed into law 04/2005 P-12 Public School Academic Facilities Funding H.B. 2508 This subchapter is known as and may be cited as the "Arkansas Public School Academic Facilities Funding Act." Determines the value of total assesed valuation of taxable real, personal and utility property in the school district. Establishes the the Academic F... More... AR Signed into law 02/2004 P-12 Administratively Consolidated School Districts H.B. 1177 Allows students in administratively consolidated school districts to attend classes and programs in other schools in the district. http://www.arkleg.state.ar.us/ftproot/bills/2003s2/public/HB1177.pdf... More... AR Signed into law 02/2004 P-12 School District Administrative Consolidation H.B. 1161 Provides administrative consolidation assistance to school districts that administratively consolidate. http://www.arkleg.state.ar.us/ftproot/bills/2003s2/public/HB1161.pdf... More... OK Signed into law 05/2003 P-12 Governance of School Districts S.B. 216 Allows the boards of two or more school districts to contract with one superintendent to serve as superintendent of the school districts. Also allows boards of education of two or more school districts to enter into a mutual contract or separate contracts wit... More... MT Signed into law 05/2001 P-12 School District Sharing Agreements S.B. 394 Authorizes the trustees of a school district to enter into an interlocal cooperative agreement with another K-12 accredited public institution to provide educational services to supplement the district's educational program; requires that credits received and ... More... MT Signed into law 05/2001 P-12 School District Sharing Agreements H.B. 108 Authorizes a school district to enter into a cooperative purchasing contract with one or more districts for the procurement of supplies and services; provides bidding and advertisement requirements for a cooperative purchasing contract; provides for rejection ... More... MT Signed into law 04/2001 P-12 School District Sharing Agreements S.B. 182 Expands the Interlocal Cooperation Act to allow school districts to share teachers, specialists, or superintendents.... More... School/District Structure/Operations--Staffing Ratios School/District Structure/Operations--Transportation Service-Learning Social/Emotional Learning and Non-Cognitive Skills Special Education Special Education--Federal Law/Regulations Special Education--Finance Special Education--Inclusion (Mainstreaming) Special Education--Placement Special Education--Transition Special Populations--Corrections Education Special Populations--Foster Care Special Populations--Gifted and Talented Special Populations--Homeless Education Special Populations--Immigrant Education Special Populations--Migrant Education Special Populations--Military Standards Standards--Common Core State Standards Standards--Implementation State Comparisons/Statistics State Longitudinal Data Systems State Policymaking State Policymaking--Ballot Questions State Policymaking--Constitutional Clauses State Policymaking--Politics State Policymaking--Task Forces/Commissions STEM Student Achievement Student Achievement--Closing the Achievement Gap Student Surveys Students Students--Athletics/Extracurricular Activities Students--Employment Students--Incentives Students--K-12 Exchange Students Students--Mobility Students--Records/Rights Teaching Quality Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Alternative Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Assignment Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Highly Qualified Teachers Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Natl. Bd. for Prof. Teach. Stds. Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Special Education Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--State Prof. Standards Bds. Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Substitute Teachers Teaching Quality--Compensation and Diversified Pay Teaching Quality--Compensation and Diversified Pay--Pay-for-Performance Teaching Quality--Compensation and Diversified Pay--Retirement/Benefits Teaching Quality--Evaluation and Effectiveness Teaching Quality--Induction Programs and Mentoring Teaching Quality--Paraprofessionals Teaching Quality--Preparation Teaching Quality--Professional Development Teaching Quality--Recruitment and Retention Teaching Quality--Recruitment and Retention--At-Risk Schools Teaching Quality--Recruitment and Retention--High-Needs Subjects Teaching Quality--Reduction in Force Teaching Quality--Teacher Attitudes Teaching Quality--Teacher Contracts (Not Tenure) Teaching Quality--Teacher Rights Teaching Quality--Tenure or Continuing Contract Teaching Quality--Unions/Collective Bargaining Teaching Quality--Unions/Collective Bargaining--Strikes Teaching Quality--Working Conditions Technology Technology--Computer Skills Technology--Devices/Software/Hardware Technology--Equitable Access Technology--Funding Issues Technology--Internet Safety Technology--Research/Evaluation Technology--Teacher/Faculty Training Textbooks and Open Source Urban Urban--Change/Improvements Urban--Governance Whole-School Reform Models