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From the ECS State Policy Database 1994-2013

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Education Commission of the States • 700 Broadway, Suite 810 • Denver, CO 80203-3442 • 303.299.3600 • fax 303.296.8332 • www.ecs.org

The following summary includes policies ECS has tracked in this database since 1994. This database is made possible by your state's fiscal support of the Education Commission of the States (ECS). Most entries are legislative, although rules/regulations and executive orders that make substantive changes are included. Every effort is made to collect the latest available version of policies; in some instances, recent changes might not be reflected. For expediency purposes minimal attention has been paid to style (capitalization, punctuation) and format. To view the documents, click on the blue triangle next to the topic of interest. Please cite use of the database as: Education Commission of the States (ECS) State Policy Database, retrieved [date]. State Status/Date Level Summary 21st Century Skills Accountability Accountability--Accreditation Accountability--Measures/Indicators Accountability--Reporting Results Accountability--Rewards Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions--Learnfare Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions--No Pass No Drive Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions--No Pass No Play Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions--Takeovers Accountability--School Improvement Adult Basic Education Assessment Assessment--Accommodations Assessment--College Entrance Exams Assessment--Computer Based Assessment--End-of-Course Assessment--Formative/Interim Assessment--High Stakes/Competency Assessment--Legal Issues Assessment--NAEP (NAEP Results and NAEP Organization) Assessment--Performance Based/Portfolio Assessment--Value Added At-Risk (incl. Dropout Prevention) At-Risk (incl. Dropout Prevention)--Alternative Education At-Risk (incl. Dropout Prevention)--Drugs/Alcohol Attendance Attendance--Compulsory Attendance--Statutory Ages (Upper and Lower) Attendance--Truancy Background Checks Bilingual/ESL Brain Research Business Involvement Career/Technical Education Career/Technical Education--Career Academies/Apprenticeship Cheating Choice of Schools Choice of Schools--Charter Schools Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Charter Districts Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Closings Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Cyber Charters Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Finance Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Research Choice of Schools--Choice/Open Enrollment Choice of Schools--Choice/Open Enrollment--Research Choice of Schools--Innovation Schools Choice of Schools--Magnet or Specialized Schools Choice of Schools--Tax Credits Choice of Schools--Vouchers Choice of Schools--Vouchers--Privately Funded Civic Education Civic Education--Character Education Civic Education--Civic Knowledge and Literacy Civic Education--Curriculum/Standards Civic Education--Pledge of Allegiance Class Size LA Signed into law 06/2012 P-12 Pupil-Teacher Ratio Waivers S.B. 461 Repeals existing provisions requring the state board to adopt rules related to the issuance of waivers from pupil-teacher ratios over 20 stu... More... TN Signed into law 05/2012 P-12 Online Courses, Virtual Schools H.B. 3062 Requires virtual schools to maintain teacher-pupil ratios set by the state board of education and to provide the same length of time for lea... More... FL Signed into law 04/2012 P-12 Delay of Class Size Penalty H.B. 5101 - Delay of Class Size Penalty From bill analysis: Delays the increased class size penalty (from 50% to the full amount of the base student allocation) until 2014-2015, in... More... NY Signed into law 03/2012 P-12 Class Sizes for Students with Disabilities in Middle and High Schools A.B. 9057 - Class Sizes for Students with Disabilities in Middle and High Schools Part A, Section 12: Extends through 2012-13 school year provision authorizing the board of education of a city school district with a popula... More... WY Signed into law 03/2012 P-12 Class Size, Grade Configuration S.F. 90 Directs school districts to maintain an average class size of 16 for K-3 classrooms. Requires districts to report to the state superintenden... More... NC Veto overridden: legislature has overridden governor's veto 06/2011 P-12 Class Size Reduction for Grades 1-3 H.B. 200 - Class Size Reduction for Grades 1-3 Declares findings of the general assembly regarding benefits of small class sizes in grades 1-3, and disadvantages of larger class sizes. Es... More... FL Signed into law 05/2011 P-12 Charter School Enrollment/School District Class Size S.B. 2120 - Sec. 8, 11, 12, 14, 15 Sec. 8 - Adjusts the charter school enrollment process such that students living in a development that provides the facility and related pro... More... GA Signed into law 05/2011 P-12 Class Size H.B. 192 - Class Size Extends for 2013-14 and 2014-15 school years certain temporary provisions that permit the average class size for certain programs to be equi... More... CA Signed into law 03/2011 P-12 Class Size Reduction Funds S.B. 70 - Sec. 58 From bill summary: Existing law appropriates funding for class size reduction grades K-3, to be expended consistent with specified requireme... More... FL Rejected by voters 11/2010 P-12 Class Size Requirements Constitutional Amendment 8; SJR 2 Proposed amendment to the constitution to revise class size requirements for public schools as follows: (1) For grades Pre-kindergarten thro... More... FL Signed into law 06/2010 P-12 Class Size Requirements H.B. 5101 Section 11 - Requires each local school board, before adoption of the district school budget for 2010-2011, to hold public hearings and prov... More... FL Signed into law 05/2010 P-12 Revises Maximum Class Size Requirements SJR 2 Proposes a constitutional amendment to go before voters in November 2010; revises the maximum class size requirements; beginning with the 20... More... GA Signed into law 05/2010 P-12 Waivers to Reduce School Expenditures H.B. 908 From bill summary: Temporarily waives certain expenditure controls relating to funds earned for direct instructional costs, media center cos... More... WI Signed into law 05/2010 P-12 Class Size Reduction A.B. 808 Previous law allowed an eligible school board that has entered into a five-year renewable student achievement guarantee (SAGE) contract with... More... UT Signed into law 03/2010 P-12 State Reporting of Class Size and Charter School Funding S.B. 56 Modifies the state superintendent's annual report of the public school system by: (1) requiring reporting of data on average class sizes cal... More... NV Signed into law 02/2010 P-12 Class Size A.B. 4B Revises provisions governing class-size reduction to allow school districts flexibility in addressing budget shortfalls; allows a school dis... More... OH Signed into law 07/2009 P-12 Waiver of Pupil/Teacher Ratio in Grades K-4 H.B. 1 - Section 265.50.20 Authorizes the state superintendent, in the 2009 or 2010 academic year (or both) to waive the teacher/pupil ratio for grades K-4 as required... More... NY Signed into law 04/2009 P-12 Contracts for Excellence A.B. 157 - Part A, Sections 1-5 Provides that a district that submitted a contract for excellence for the 2008-09 school year must submit a contract for excellence for the ... More... CA Signed into law 09/2008 P-12 Class Size S.B. 1112 Extends the sunset date for the mitigation provisions in the Class Size Reduction Program, in which participating school districts are provi... More... DE Signed into law 06/2008 P-12 Compliance with Class-Size Ratios H.B. 393 Codifies the recommendation of the Class Size and Unit Allocation Task Force that the Department of Education annually collect and report da... More... NY Adopted 06/2008 P-12 Contracts for Excellence Title 8 NYCRR Sections 100.13 and 170.12 Establishes allowable programs and activities, criteria for public reporting by school districts of their total foundation aid expenditures,... More... NY Adopted 01/2008 P-12 Contracts for Excellence Title 8 NYCRR Sections 100.13 and 170.12 The board of regents has readopted, by emergency action effective January 22, 2008, the emergency rule adopted at the September 10, 2007 Reg... More... NY Emergency Rule Extension 11/2007 P-12 Contracts for Excellence Title 8 NYCRR Sections 100.13 and 170.12 Readopts, by emergency action effective November 25, 2007, the emergency rule adopted at the September 10, 2007 Regents meeting that added a... More... GA Adopted 08/2007 P-12 Class Size in Grades 9-12 GAC 160-5-1-.08, -.10 Establishes class size maximums for core courses in grades 9-12. http://www.doe.k12.ga.us/_documents/doe/legalservices/160-5-1-.08.pdf... More... NC Signed into law 07/2007 P-12 Reaching One's Potential for Excellence (ROPE) Scholars Pilot Program. S.B. 1030 The purpose of the ROPE Scholars Pilot Program is to strengthen middle grades education in order to provide students with the opportunity to... More... NY Adopted 07/2007 P-12 Contracts for Excellence Title 8 NYCRR Sections 100.13 and 170.12 Establishes allowable programs and activities, criteria for public reporting by school districts of their total foundation aid expenditures,... More... WV Adopted 07/2007 P-12 Quality Early Education System Policy 2525 The most recent updates to Policy 2525: West Virginia's Universal Access to a Quality Early Education System support quality in the classroo... More... GA Signed into law 05/2007 P-12 Multiples and Maximum Class Sizes S.B. 123 Requires twins or other multiples to be placed in the same classroom if the parent requests. Also allows districts to establish maximum clas... More... UT Signed into law 03/2007 P-12 School Reporting Amendments H.B. 215 Specifies how average class size shall be calculated for the purpose of reporting class size by grade and subject on annual school performan... More... IL Adopted 09/2006 P-12 Class Size Reduction Grants 23 IAC 565.10, .20, .30, .40, .50, .60, .110, .120, .130, .140, .150,.160 Establishes rules regarding the K-3 class size reduction grant program, and a class size reduction pilot project. Specifies that eligible di... More... GA Adopted 07/2006 P-12 Remediation, Charter Schools, Class Size, Student Attendance GAC 160-4-5-.01; -4-9-.04; -5-1-.08, -.10 Clarifies rules regarding the following: Remedial education for students in grades 6-12: http://rules.sos.state.ga.us/docs/160/4/5/01.pdf... More... IA Signed into law 06/2006 P-12 Class Size and Other Block Grant Funds S.B. 2272 - Section 6 Extends repeal date of Iowa Early Intervention and School Improvement Technology Block Grant Programs to July 2007. (Includes funds for K-3 ... More... IL Signed into law 06/2006 P-12 Class Size Reduction Pilot Program S.B. 2882 Creates a pilot class size reduction grant program, in addition to the existing class size reduction grant program, to be implemented and ad... More... GA Signed into law 04/2006 P-12 Class Size H.B. 1358 Changes certain provisions relating to maximum class size requirements. For the 2006-2007 school year, increases maximum class sizes in grad... More... TN Signed into law 04/2006 P-12 Class Size Waiver During Natural Disasters S.B. 2898 Relates to maximum classroom sizes; In the event of a natural disaster which results in the enrollment of displaced students, the commission... More... WI Vetoed 04/2006 P-12 Class Size Reduction Funding S.B. 68 Under current law, a school district may enter into a five-year, renewable student achievement guarantee (SAGE) contract with the Department... More... LA Signed into law 11/2005 P-12 Class Size Ratio Exemption H.B. 19A Exempts LA 4 (prekindergarten) classes from class size ratio for the 2005-2006 school year if the district or charter school enrolled any st... More... GA Adopted 10/2005 P-12 Maximum Individual Class Size GAC 160-5-1-.08 Changes the maximum individual class size for science grades 9-12 for school years 2007-05, 2005-06 and 2006-07 from 28 to 30. Amends the fu... More... IL Signed into law 08/2005 P-12 Control of Class Size Reduction Funding H.B. 2589 Under the K-3 class size reduction grant program, provides that if a school board determines that a school is using funds awarded under the... More... FL Vetoed 06/2005 P-12 Class Size Reduction S.B. 1678 States that, beginning in the 2005-2006 school year, if the actual student membership in the October survey exceeds the student membership e... More... NV Signed into law 06/2005 P-12 Class size H.B. 526 Each school district that does not meet the ratio of pupils per class (15:1 in grades k-3) must request a variance from the State Board by p... More... NV Signed into law 06/2005 P-12 Class size reduction S.B. 460 Authorizes certain school districts to develop plans for alternative pupil-teacher ratios. In lieu of complying with the pupil-teacher rati... More... NV (H) APPROVED BY THE GOVERNOR. CHAPTER 433. 06/2005 P-12 Class size reducation appropriation H.B. 575 Makes appropriations to the State Distributive School Account for purposes relating to class-size reduction. The state appropriates from th... More... WI Emergency Rule Adoption 02/2005 P-12 Student Achievement Guaranteed in Education Program (SAGE) PI 24 Amends class size reduction funding under the Student Achievement Guaranteed in Education Program (SAGE). WISCONSIN REG 20485 (SN) http://ww... More... IN Signed into law 01/2005 P-12 Funding Formula for K-3 Class Size Reduction H.B. 1001 (Section 181 and 233) Revises the funding formula for the K-3 class size reduction program. Effective retroactive to January 1, 2005. Makes other adjustments. ht... More... CA Signed into law 09/2004 P-12 Education: Class Size S.B. 311 Requires the Controller to deduct from the next principal apportionment of a school district a specified amount based on the annual pupil en... More... GA Adopted 08/2004 P-12 Class Size; Absences and Excuses GAC 160-5-1-.08; -.10 Clarifies rules regarding class size, absences and excuses. Renames chapter on absences as Student Attendance. Provides definition of truant... More... GA Adopted 07/2004 P-12 Class Size GAC 160-5-1-.08 Class size is amended to comply with changes in law that were adopted by the Georgia General Assembly during the 2004 session regarding the ... More... HI Signed into law 07/2004 P-12 Education Reform H.B. 2002 The education reform in this Act shall be known as the "Reinventing Education Act of 2004." The provisions include (1) establishing a weight... More... IL Signed into law 07/2004 P-12 K-3 Class Size Reduction Grant Program S.B. 2135 Creates a K-3 class size reduction grant program. Provides that only schools that are on the early academic warning list or academic watch l... More... HI Veto override 05/2004 P-12 Reinventing Education Act of 2004 S.B. 3238 Establishes a weighted student formula; provides additional information technology; empowers principals through a Hawaii principals academy ... More... VA Signed into law 04/2004 P-12 Substantial Amendments to the Standards of Learning H.B. 1014 Amends section 22.1-253.13:1 and 22.1-253.13:2 . Specifies that the Standards of Learning form the core of Virginia's educational program a... More... GA Adopted 11/2003 P-12 Public School Capital Outlay GAC 160-5-4-.04 Clarifies rules regarding special appropriation for public school capital outlay. Adds the additional funds authorized by the General Assemb... More... IL Amendatory veto by Governor - Bill dead 11/2003 P-12 Class Size Reduction Grant S.B. 902 Amends the School Code. Creates a K-3 class size reduction grant program to be implemented and administered by the state board of education.... More... CA Vetoed 10/2003 P-12 Class Size S.B. 556 Requires, through the 2005-06 school year, any school district establishing a class size reduction program to select the grade level or leve... More... GA Adopted 07/2003 P-12 Class Size GAC 160-5-1-.08 Clarifies rules regarding class size. Specifies definitions and requirements. http://www.doe.k12.ga.us/_documents/doe/legalservices/160-5-1-... More... FL Signed into law 06/2003 P-12 Quality Education S.B. 30 Establishes maximum class sizes; creates the Classrooms for Kids Program; establishes the District Effort Recognition Program; establishes t... More... GA Signed into law 05/2003 P-12 Assessment, Maximum Class size, Instruction, Revenue S.B. 249 Revises provisions relating to payment of fees for advanced placement tests; revises provision relating to the release of certain test quest... More... IA Signed into law 05/2003 P-12 Early Intervention Block Grant Program Repeal Date H.B. 549 (omnibus bill) Changes repeal date from 2003 to 2004 on chapter establishing statewide early intervention block grant program. Components of this program i... More... FL Approved by voters 11/2002 P-12 Florida's Amendment to Reduce Class Size Constitutional Amendment 9 Proposes an amendment to the State Constitution (Article IX, Section I) to require that the Legislature provide funding for sufficient class... More... CA Vetoed 09/2001 P-12 Small Class Size Program A.B. 231 Authorizes, on a pilot program basis, the Torrance and Poway Unified School Districts to implement an alternative class size reduction progr... More... TX Signed into law 06/2001 P-12 Class Size Limits H.B. 3313 A campus or district that is granted an exception from class size limits shall provide written notice of the exception to the parent of or p... More... CA Signed into law 09/2000 P-12 Modifications to Class Reduction Program A.B. 1608 Allows a school district that maintains only one school that serves pupils in kindergarten and grades 1 to 3, inclusive with an annual avera... More... CA Signed into law 09/2000 P-12 Revisions In the Small Class Size Program S.B. 871 This establishes 2 options under which a school district may apply to the Superintendent of Public Instruction for funds from the program. U... More... WA Approved by voters 06/2000 P-12 Ballot Initiative - Student Achievement Fund Initiative 728 INITIATIVE 728: Shall school districts reduce class sizes, extend learning programs, expand teacher training, and construct facilities, fund... More... AZ Signed into law 03/2000 P-12 Pupil/Teacher Ratios S.B. 1167 Requires schools to include information relating to classroom pupil to teacher ratios on the school report card for kindergarten through gra... More... GA Signed into law 03/2000 P-12 Omnibus Bill - Class Size Component H.B. 1187 The new class sizes are funded as follows: Kindergarten – 1:15; Kindergarten Early Intervention Program – 1:11; Grades 1-3 – 1:17; Grades 1-... More... CA Vetoed 10/1999 P-12 Class Size A.B. 133 Allows a school district with an average of no more than 60 pupils per participating grade level and an annual average class size of not mor... More... NV Signed into law 06/1999 P-12 Appropriates Funds for Class-Size Reduction A.B. 700 Renames the fund for class-size reduction as the fund for school improvement; makes appropriations to the state distributive school account ... More... IA Signed into law 04/1999 P-12 Establishes Early Intervention Block Grant Program H.B. 743 Establishes an Iowa early intervention block grant program; provides goal of class reduction; provides direction and resources for success, ... More... NV Signed into law 04/1999 P-12 Supplemental Appropriation for Class-Size Reduction S.B. 278 Makes supplemental appropriation to fund for class-size reduction for additional anticipated expenses.... More... VA Signed into law 03/1999 P-12 Reduces Class Size H.B. 1673 Lowers the division wide maximum ratios of students in average daily membership to full-time equivalent teaching positions excluding special... More... CA Vetoed 11/1998 P-12 Class Size Reduction Programs for Small Districts A.B. 2224 Provides flexibility for very small districts which lack budgetary or programmatic flexibility to participate in class size reduction progra... More... CA Signed into law 11/1998 P-12 S.B. 12 Class Size Reduction and Educational Technology K-University Public Education Facilities Bond Act ($4 Billion) Enacts a Class Size Reduction and Educational Technology K-University Public Education Facilities Bond Act which, upon approval by the state... More... DE Signed into law 07/1998 P-12 Reduces Class Size and Revises Regulations for Special Education Classifications H.B. 758 Reduces class sizes in core academic subjects; increases teaching fund to local school districts; requires the Department of Education to su... More... VA Died 06/1998 P-12 H.B. 434 & S.B. 167 Class Size Reduction Program Expands 4 year old at risk preschool programs to cover all eligible students in all schools; revises the Statewide voluntary pupil-teacher r... More... MD Signed into law 05/1998 P-12 H.J.R. 15 Requests the Governor to appoint a special committee to study the class size reduction programs in the State and in other states, to review ... More... MN Died 05/1998 P-12 S.B. 3157 Class Size Reduction Relates to educataion; enhances funding for class size reduction; provides full equalization of school district debt service levies; appropr... More... MS Died 05/1998 P-12 H.B. 9 Pupil-Teacher Ratio Establishes a maximum pupil-teacher ratio of 12:1 for kindergarten and grades 1,2 and 3 in school districts failing to meet lever 3 accredit... More... WA Died 05/1998 P-12 S.B. 6688 Class Size in Elementary Schools Relates to reducing class size in elementary schools.... More... AL Signed into law 04/1998 P-12 State Board of Education Resolution Class size caps for grades K-6 could be waived with a written and valid justification by the local superintendent and a remedy to correct th... More... VA Signed into law 04/1998 P-12 Teacher/Pupil Ratios H.B. 211 Pupil/Teacher Ratios Requires school boards to report, annually, on or before January 1, to the public the pupil/teacher ratios in the current school year by sch... More... UT Signed into law 03/1998 P-12 H.B. 182 Class Size Relates to education; makes an appropriation for class size reduction in grades 7 and 8 in the public schools; requires schools to use innov... More... OH 10/1997 P-12 S.B. 176 Earmarks specified percentages of personal income and sales and use taxes for education expenditures; creates the Ohio education fund to sup... More... CA Signed into law 08/1997 P-12 A.B. 64 1998 Class Size Reduction Bond Act and the 2000 Class Size Reduction Bond Act Enacts the 1998 Class Size Reduction Bond Act and the 2000 Class Size Reduction Bond Act, each of which, upon approval of the voters, would ... More... CA Signed into law 08/1997 P-12 A.B. 354 Class Size Reduction Program Evaluation Requires the Superintendent of Public Instruction to develop and submit to the Governor and the Legislature an evaluation research design re... More... CA Signed into law 07/1997 P-12 S.B. 66 Class Size Reduction Facilities Funding Program ($140 Million) Reallocates any unused class size reduction program funds (estimated to be $140 million) to the Class Size Reduction Facilities Funding Prog... More... NV Signed into law 07/1997 P-12 S.B. 482 Nevada Education Reform Act of 1997 Part of the Nevada Education Reform Act of 1997--LEGISLATIVE COMMITTEE ON EDUCATION: Eight members: 4 Senators and 4 Assembly Members. Revie... More... NV Passed 06/1997 P-12 A.B. 659 Makes appropriations to the trust fund for class-size reduction for distribution to the county school districts; specifies that must be used... More... SD Signed into law 06/1997 P-12 13-14-8.1 Youth-At-Risk Funds Youth-at-risk funds for class size reduction projects. Grants under 13-14-8 may be awarded to school districts for projects that will work t... More... CA Died 05/1997 P-12 S.B. 15 1997 Class Size Reduction and Educational Technology Bond Act Enacts a $3 billion 1997 Class Size Reduction and Educational Technology Bond Act.... More... FL Died 05/1997 P-12 S.B. 38 Class Size Act Creates the Maximum Class Size Act: Provides for certain class sizes in certain grades; provides for funding and review of statutory mandate... More... MO Died 05/1997 P-12 H.B. 627 Class Size Incentive Program Creates a formula for education appropriations and establishes an incentive program for lowering class size in primary grades. General reven... More... MS Died 02/1997 P-12 S.B. 2081 & S.B. 2082 One Teacher Unit Per 20 Pupils in Grades 1-4 for Minimum Education Program Funding Makes an Appropriation to the Department of Education for funding additional teacher units in grades 1-4 on a 1:20 ratio basis for fiscal ye... More... CA Signed into law 09/1996 P-12 S.B. 1414 Class Size Reduction Facilities Funding Program Provides that funds allocated pursuant to the Class Size Reduction Facilities Funding Program be expended solely for the purpose of school f... More... CA Signed into law 07/1996 P-12 S.B. 1789 Class Size Reduction Facilities Funding Program Establishes the Class Size Reduction Facilities Funding Program for the purpose of assisting school districts with the facilities-related co... More... CA Signed into law 07/1996 P-12 S.B. 1777 Class Size Reduction Program ... More... CA Signed into law 07/1996 P-12 S.B. 1777 Creates the Class Size Reduction Program to Provide Funding to School Districts Creates the Class Size Reduction Program to provide funding to school districts to reduce class size in kindergarten and grades 1 to 3, incl... More... CA Signed into law 07/1996 P-12 Class Size Reduction Facilities Funding Program Establishes the Class Size Reduction Facilities Funding Program for the Purpose of assisting school districts with the facilities-related co... More... MS Signed into law 03/1996 P-12 H.B. 1148 Pupil Teacher Ratios Prescribes maximum number of students for teachers.... More... AL Died 02/1996 P-12 H.B. 6 Class Size Establishes maximum enrollment sizes for grades K-3 at 18 students beginning school year 1994; 4-6 at 26 students beginning school year 2002... More... AZ Died 02/1996 P-12 H.B. 2506 Classroom Size Per Teacher Requires that by the 2000-01 school year, the State Board of Education is to supply local school districts with money sufficient to guarante... More... NV Signed into law 08/1995 P-12 S.B. 576 Chapter 592 Class Size Reduction Bill It appropriates a total of $43.4 million in the first year of the biennium, and $55.7 million in the second year to cover salary and fringe ... More... VA Signed into law 05/1995 P-12 Virginia Omnibus Education Act of 1995 The bill establishes a long term goal to reduce the pupil teacher ratio to 20 to 1 in grades K-3 in schools where 25 to 49% of the students ... More... UT Signed into law 06/1994 P-12 H.B. 73 Class Size Reduction Amendments (Effective: 07/01/94) Provides each local school district with greater flexibility in utilizing class size reduction monies in kindergarten ... More... 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(K-3/K-8 etc.) School/District Structure/Operations--Personnel (Non-Teaching) School/District Structure/Operations--School Size School/District Structure/Operations--Shared Services School/District Structure/Operations--Staffing Ratios School/District Structure/Operations--Transportation Service-Learning Special Education Special Education--Federal Law/Regulations Special Education--Finance Special Education--Inclusion (Mainstreaming) Special Education--Placement Special Education--Transition Special Populations--Corrections Education Special Populations--Foster Care Special Populations--Gifted and Talented Special Populations--Homeless Education Special Populations--Immigrant Education Special Populations--Migrant Education Special Populations--Military Standards Standards--Common Core State Standards Standards--Implementation State Comparisons/Statistics State Longitudinal Data Systems State Policymaking State Policymaking--Ballot Questions State Policymaking--Constitutional Clauses State Policymaking--Politics State Policymaking--Task Forces/Commissions STEM Student Achievement Student Achievement--Closing the Achievement Gap Student Achievement--State Trends Student Supports--Counseling/Guidance Student Supports--Mentoring/Tutoring Student Supports--Remediation Student Surveys Students Students--Athletics/Extracurricular Activities Students--Employment Students--Incentives Students--K-12 Exchange Students Students--Mobility Students--Records/Rights Teaching Quality Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Alternative Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Assignment Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Highly Qualified Teachers Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Natl. Bd. for Prof. Teach. Stds. Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Special Education Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--State Prof. Standards Bds. Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Substitute Teachers Teaching Quality--Compensation and Diversified Pay Teaching Quality--Compensation and Diversified Pay--Pay-for-Performance Teaching Quality--Compensation and Diversified Pay--Retirement/Benefits Teaching Quality--Evaluation and Effectiveness Teaching Quality--Induction Programs and Mentoring Teaching Quality--Paraprofessionals Teaching Quality--Preparation Teaching Quality--Professional Development Teaching Quality--Recruitment and Retention Teaching Quality--Recruitment and Retention--At-Risk Schools Teaching Quality--Recruitment and Retention--High-Needs Subjects Teaching Quality--Reduction in Force Teaching Quality--Teacher Attitudes Teaching Quality--Teacher Contracts (Not Tenure) Teaching Quality--Teacher Rights Teaching Quality--Tenure or Continuing Contract Teaching Quality--Unions/Collective Bargaining Teaching Quality--Unions/Collective Bargaining--Strikes Teaching Quality--Working Conditions Technology Technology--Computer Skills Technology--Devices/Software/Hardware Technology--Equitable Access Technology--Funding Issues Technology--Internet Safety Technology--Research/Evaluation Technology--Teacher/Faculty Training Textbooks and Open Source Urban Urban--Change/Improvements Urban--Governance Whole-School Reform Models Whole Child