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From the ECS State Policy Database 1994-2013

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Education Commission of the States • 700 Broadway, Suite 810 • Denver, CO 80203-3442 • 303.299.3600 • fax 303.296.8332 • www.ecs.org

The following summary includes policies ECS has tracked in this database since 1994. This database is made possible by your state's fiscal support of the Education Commission of the States (ECS). Most entries are legislative, although rules/regulations and executive orders that make substantive changes are included. Every effort is made to collect the latest available version of policies; in some instances, recent changes might not be reflected. For expediency purposes minimal attention has been paid to style (capitalization, punctuation) and format. To view the documents, click on the blue triangle next to the topic of interest. Please cite use of the database as: Education Commission of the States (ECS) State Policy Database, retrieved [date]. State Status/Date Level Summary 21st Century Skills Accountability Accountability--Accreditation Accountability--Measures/Indicators Accountability--Reporting Results Accountability--Rewards Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions--Learnfare Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions--No Pass No Drive Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions--No Pass No Play Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions--Takeovers Accountability--School Improvement Adult Basic Education Assessment Assessment--Accommodations Assessment--College Entrance Exams Assessment--Computer Based Assessment--End-of-Course Assessment--Formative/Interim Assessment--High Stakes/Competency Assessment--Legal Issues Assessment--NAEP (NAEP Results and NAEP Organization) Assessment--Performance Based/Portfolio Assessment--Value Added At-Risk (incl. Dropout Prevention) At-Risk (incl. Dropout Prevention)--Alternative Education At-Risk (incl. Dropout Prevention)--Drugs/Alcohol Attendance Attendance--Compulsory Attendance--Statutory Ages (Upper and Lower) Attendance--Truancy Background Checks Bilingual/ESL Brain Research Business Involvement Career/Technical Education Career/Technical Education--Career Academies/Apprenticeship Cheating Choice of Schools Choice of Schools--Charter Schools Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Charter Districts Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Closings Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Cyber Charters Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Finance Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Research Choice of Schools--Choice/Open Enrollment Choice of Schools--Choice/Open Enrollment--Research Choice of Schools--Innovation Schools Choice of Schools--Magnet or Specialized Schools Choice of Schools--Tax Credits Choice of Schools--Vouchers Choice of Schools--Vouchers--Privately Funded Civic Education Civic Education--Character Education Civic Education--Civic Knowledge and Literacy Civic Education--Curriculum/Standards Civic Education--Pledge of Allegiance Class Size Curriculum Curriculum--Alignment Curriculum--Arts Education Curriculum--Censorship Curriculum--Core Curriculum Curriculum--Drivers Education IL Signed into law 08/2012 P-12 Drivers Education S.B. 3367 Amends procedures for a local board, joint agreement of districts, or regional superintendent to apply to the state board for a waiver or mo... More... AL Signed into law 05/2012 P-12 Driver Education Instructors at Private High Schools H.B. 19 Permits a driver education instructor at a private high school who is certified, approved, and trained by the department of public safety to... More... DE Signed into law 04/2012 P-12 Driver Certification for Students With IEPs H.B. 264 Allows students with individualized education plans until the age of 21 to complete their driver education certification. http://legis.delaw... More... PA Signed into law 04/2012 P-12 Driver Education Instruction S.B. 743 In the absence of a professional educator certified to teach driver education, allows a teacher or a director to teach driver education as l... More... TN Signed into law 04/2012 P-12 Driver's Education S.B. 3588 Requires all driver education courses to include instruction on the dangers of texting while driving and the penalty thereof. http://www.cap... More... LA Signed into law 06/2011 P-12 Drivers's Education H.B. 534 Relates to driver's education programs. Consolidates all driver's education programs and instruction under the Department of Public Safety a... More... OR (H) CHAPTER 357, (2011 LAWS): EFFECTIVE DATE JANUARY 1, 2012. 06/2011 P-12 Driver Education H.B. 2210 Relating to traffic safety education courses.... More... TX Signed into law 06/2011 P-12 Drivers Education and Background Checks H.B. 2678 Directs the Sunset Advisory Commission to review the education agency's jurisdiction and control over driver education and driving safety sc... More... MA Signed into law 08/2010 P-12 Motorcycle Drivers Education S.B. 2344 An Act relative to assuring that motorcyclists between the ages of 16 and 18 are provided with adequate education relative to the proper saf... More... NH Signed into law 06/2010 P-12 Drivers Ed School Application S.B. 477 Authorizes the department of safety to deny a driver education school application for failing to submit fingerprints. This bill also require... More... OH Signed into law 03/2010 P-12 Funds for Simulated Driving Curriculum H.B. 27 Creates the teen driver education license plate fund in the state treasury, from applicants who obtain teen driver education license plates.... More... IL Adopted 11/2009 P-12 Public Schools Evaluation, Recognition and Supervision 23 IAC 1.20, .30, .100, .240, .420, .465, .480, .510, .737 Partially from "Notice of Adopted Amendments" in Illinois Register (changes from this rulemaking but not listed below are technical in natur... More... IL Adopted 11/2009 P-12 Drivers' Education 23 IAC 252.20, .30, .40 Amends rules to provide flexibility for school districts with students who require adaptive driver's education for the behind-the-wheel comp... More... IL Signed into law 08/2009 P-12 Safety Education and Driver Education S.B. 1977 - Safety Education and Driver Education Clarifies that Internet safety component must be taught at least once a school year to students in grades 3-12. Requires one class period a ... More... IL To governor 06/2009 P-12 Drivers' Education S.B. 2217 Amends the definition of an approved driver education course to include any driver education course given at an approved Department of Defen... More... NC Signed into law 06/2009 P-12 Postsec. Community College Community Colleges May Offer Noncredit Safe Driving Courses to High School Students H.B. 391 Authorizes community colleges to offer noncredit courses in safe driving to high school students on a self-supporting basis during the acade... More... OR Signed into law 06/2009 P-12 Drivers Education S.B. 125 Requires the Department of Transportation to reimburse a public school or commercial driver training school for the cost of providing a cour... More... OR Signed into law 06/2009 P-12 Drivers Education H.B. 2233 Increases the insurance coverage required for an applicant or holder of a commercial driver training school certificate; eliminates the insu... More... TX Signed into law 06/2009 P-12 Distractions While Driving S.B. 1107 Requires driver education curriculum to include information regarding distractions while driving, including the effect of using a wireless c... More... TX Signed into law 06/2009 P-12 Driver's Education S.B. 1317 Bars the state from issuing a driver's license to a person under the age of 25 unless the person submits a driver education certificate that... More... TX Signed into law 06/2009 P-12 Driver's Education H.B. 2730 - Sections 12.02 through -.04, 12.08, 12.13 Requires districts to consider offering a driver's education course each school year. Authorizes districts to charge fees for courses or con... More... TX Signed into law 05/2009 P-12 Alternative Driver's Education Courses S.B. 858 Authorizes a driver education school to teach all or part of the classroom portion of an approved driver education course by an alternative ... More... NH Signed into law 04/2009 P-12 Increaesed Requirements for Drivers Ed H.B. 99 Increases the hours of supervised driving time required to complete driver education and adds a requirement that 10 of those hours be at nig... More... VA Signed into law 03/2009 P-12 Driver Safety Course H.B. 1782 Requires that minor applicants for a driver's license show they have successfully completed, with a parent or guardian, an in-person 90-minu... More... NY Signed into law 07/2008 P-12 Drivers Education S.B. 6985 Creates a temporary special advisory panel on driver education availability and curriculum enhancement to examine, assess and make recommend... More... IL Signed into law 08/2007 P-12 Distracted Driving as a Major Traffic Safety Issue S.B. 1557 Requires a driver education course to include classroom instruction on distracted driving as a major traffic safety issue. http://www.ilga.g... More... IL Signed into law 08/2007 P-12 Drivers Education S.B. 172 Eliminates provision allowing driver education courses to allow, in lieu of 5 clock hours of practice driving in a dual control car, the equ... More... VA Signed into law 03/2007 P-12 Drivers Education Surcharge/Fee H.B. 2216 Allows the state Board of Education to authorize a local school board's request to assess a surcharge for driver education programs in order... More... GA Adopted 11/2006 P-12 Teacher Preparation and Certification GAC 505-2-.05, .06, .25, .38, .150, .162, .163, .165, .202, .204, .205, .206; 505-3-.16, -.85 Clarifies various rules regarding certification, including certificaton for interns, non-renewable professionals, teaching endorsements, saf... More... MI Signed into law 09/2006 P-12 Postsec. Community College Driver Education Provider Certification & Requirements S.B. 1290 Provides for the certification of driver education providers; prescribes certain record-keeping and program requirements for such providers;... More... DE Signed into law 07/2006 P-12 Learner's Permit Requirements H.B. 256 Relates to a Level 1 Learner's Permit; relates to successful completion of a course in driver education in a public or private high school i... More... WY Emergency Rule Adoption 07/2006 P-12 High School Driver Education Program Requirements & Approval Chapter 39 Amends rules pertaining to high school driver education program requirements and approval. http://soswy.state.wy.us/RULES/6295.pdf... More... MN Signed into law 05/2006 P-12 Drivers Ed Organ and Tissue Donation S.B. 2646 Requires at least 30 minutes of driver education on organ and tissue donation for persons enrolled in driver education programs offered at p... More... CA Signed into law 09/2005 P-12 Driver's Ed at Private High Schools A.B. 846 Rewrites Section 51220.6 of the Education Code, relating to driver education. Specifies that a private school is not required to offer drive... More... IL Signed into law 08/2005 P-12 Cost of Drivers Education S.B. 69 Adds that the total amount from driver education fees and reimbursement from the state for driver education must not exceed the total cost o... More... NH Signed into law 06/2005 P-12 Driver education instructors S.B. 208 Driver education instructors are not be required to be certified as secondary school teachers. http://www.gencourt.state.nh.us/legislation/... More... GA Signed into law 05/2005 P-12 Driver's Education S.B. 226 Creates the Georgia Driver's Education Commission. Authorizes the commission to recommend to the governor and the general assembly changes i... More... AR Signed into law 04/2005 P-12 Seized Motor Vehicles H.B. 2828 Allows motor vehicles seized by law enforcement agencies to be donated to school districts for driver's education courses. http://www.arkleg... More... UT Rule Adoption 12/2004 P-12 Driver Education Programs for State Schools R277-746 Amends rules concerning driver education programs for state schools. Reflects revision date change made to the Driver Education for Utah Hig... More... CA Signed into law 09/2004 P-12 Private Schools: Driver's Education Instruction S.B. 524 Provides that the satisfactory completion of a course in automobile driver education offered by a private secondary school satisfies the ins... More... RI Became law without GOVERNOR'S signature. 07/2004 P-12 Community College Driver Education Administration H.B. 8665 Places driver education course requirements under the Board of Governors for Higher Education instead of the Board of Regents for Elementary... More... IA Vetoed 05/2004 P-12 Driver Education By A Teaching Parent. H.F. 2394 Creates new section allowing driver's education to be provided by a teaching parent. Teaching parent must provide, among other requirements... More... AZ Signed into law 04/2004 P-12 Drivers Education H.B. 2513 Allows high schools with driver education programs to educate students enrolled in the program about organ donation options. http://www.azle... More... ID Signed into law 03/2004 P-12 Driver Training S.B. 1255 Amends existing law relating to reimbursement to public school districts for driver training courses to increase the average cost per pupil ... More... ID Signed into law 03/2004 P-12 Driver Training S.B. 1353 Amends existing law to remove language setting forth alternative requirements for driver training programs; to provide that the State Board ... More... IL Total veto stands 11/2003 P-12 Driver Education and Practice Driving S.B. 70 Removes a provision that allows a school district to adopt a policy to permit proficiency examinations for the practice driving part of the ... More... IL Signed into law 08/2003 P-12 Drivers Education H.B. 1491 Public schools and educational facilities may not contract with an entity engaged in giving instruction in the driving of motor vehicles or ... More... RI Became law without governor's signature 07/2003 P-12 Community College Driver Education H.B. 5598 Transfers the administration of the driver education program from the department of elementary and secondary education to the Community Coll... More... DE Signed into law 04/2003 P-12 Postsec. Drivers Education Training H.B. 25 Enables state colleges, universities, high schools and those contracted by the Department of Education to conduct driver education classes w... More... OH Signed into law 06/2002 P-12 Drivers' Education H.B. 407 Transfers jurisdiction over high school drivers' education courses to the Department of Public Safety; requires school districts offering dr... More... RI Signed into law 06/2002 P-12 Driver Education S.B. 2172 Sets forth the curriculum requirements a driver education course must meet in order for the Board of Regents for Elementary and Secondary Ed... More... HI Signed into law 05/2002 P-12 Drivers Education Underwriters' Fee H.B. 1730 Increases the Drivers Education Underwriters Fee to provide an additional amount to the Department of Commerce and Consumer Affairs for the ... More... VA Signed into law 03/2002 P-12 Topics for Driver Education H.B. 686 Adds organ and tissue donor awareness to the topics that must be included in instruction for driver education in public school classrooms; a... More... VA Signed into law 03/2002 P-12 "Distracted" Driving S.B. 597 Provides that the State Department of Education's standardized driver education instruction for public schools to include distracted driving... More... IA Signed into law 04/2001 P-12 Driver education course H.B. 353 Relates to the amount of classroom instruction offered in an approved driver education course as programmed by the Department of Education.... More... CA Signed into law 09/2000 P-12 Drivers Education Information A.B. 2733 Requires the State Department of Education to prepare certain materials that focus on the reduction of future driving violations, with parti... More... DE Signed into law 06/2000 P-12 Drivers Education Issues H.B. 489 Recognizes the responsibility and authority of the court appointed custodian and allows them to determine if the minor is capable of operati... More... OH Signed by governor 06/2000 P-12 Drivers' Education 1999 H.B. 160 Eliminates the $50 limit on fees that school districts may charge students for drivers' education.... More... OH Signed into law 06/2000 P-12 Joint Voc. Districts as Driver Training Schools S.B. 237 Amends section 4508.01 and enacts section 4508.09 of the Revised Code; permits a joint vocational school district to be licensed as a commer... More... AL Signed into law 04/2000 P-12 Driver Education S.B. 241 Allows driver's education teacher to administer the written, vision, oral, or driving portion of the examination.... More... UT Signed into law 03/2000 P-12 Driver Education S.B. 114 Increases the ceiling on reimbursement to schools for driver education costs from $ 70 to $ 100 per student.... More... Curriculum--Environmental Education Curriculum--Excusal Curriculum--Family Living Education Curriculum--Financial Literacy/Economics Ed. Curriculum--Foreign Language/Sign Language Curriculum--Geography Education Curriculum--Health/Nutrition Education Curriculum--Home Economics Curriculum--International Education Curriculum--Language Arts Curriculum--Language Arts--Writing/Spelling Curriculum--Mathematics Curriculum--Multicultural Curriculum--Physical Education Curriculum--Science Curriculum--Sex Education Curriculum--Social Studies/History Curriculum--Speech Education Data-Driven Improvement Demographics Demographics--Condition of Children/Adults Demographics--Enrollments Desegregation Economic/Workforce Development Education Research Equity Federal Finance Finance--Adequacy/Core Cost Finance--Aid to Private Schools Finance--Bonds Finance--District Finance--Does Money Matter? Finance--Equity Finance--Facilities Finance--Federal Finance--Funding Formulas Finance--Litigation Finance--Local Foundations/Funds Finance--Lotteries Finance--Performance Funding Finance--Private Giving Finance--Resource Efficiency Finance--State Budgets/Expenditures Finance--Student Fees Finance--Taxes/Revenues Finance--Taxes/Revenues--Alternative Revenues Governance Governance--Deregulation/Waivers/Home Rule Governance--Ethics/Conflict of Interest Governance--Mandates Governance--Regional Entities Governance--School Boards Governance--School Boards--Training Governance--Site-Based Management Governance--State Boards/Chiefs/Agencies Health Health--Child Abuse Health--Mental Health Health--Nutrition Health--School Based Clinics or School Nurses Health--Suicide Prevention Health--Teen Pregnancy High School High School--Advanced Placement High School--College Readiness High School--Credit Recovery High School--Dropout Rates/Graduation Rates High School--Dual/Concurrent Enrollment High School--Early Colleges/Middle Colleges High School--Exit Exams High School--GED (General Education Development) High School--Graduation Requirements High School--International Baccalaureate Instructional Approaches Instructional Approaches--Constructivism Instructional Approaches--Grading Practices Instructional Approaches--Homeschooling Instructional Approaches--Homework/Study Skills Instructional Approaches--Official English Instructional Approaches--Problem Based Learning Instructional Approaches--Single-Sex Education Instructional Approaches--Time/Time on Task Instructional Approaches--Tracking/Ability Grouping Integrated Services/Full-Service Schools International Benchmarking Leadership Leadership--District Superintendent Leadership--District Superintendent--Compensation and Diversified Pay Leadership--Principal/School Leadership Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Certification and Licensure Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Compensation and Diversified Pay Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Evaluation and Effectiveness Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Induction Programs and Mentoring Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Preparation Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Preparation--Alternative Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Professional Development Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Recruitment and Retention Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Tenure Middle School Minority/Diversity Issues Minority/Diversity Issues--African American Minority/Diversity Issues--American Indian / Alaska Native / Native Hawaiian Minority/Diversity Issues--Hispanic No Child Left Behind No Child Left Behind--Adequate Yearly Progress No Child Left Behind--Assessment No Child Left Behind--Choice/Transfer No Child Left Behind--Consequences for Schools No Child Left Behind--Finance No Child Left Behind--Parent Involvement No Child Left Behind--Reauthorization Issues/Waivers No Child Left Behind--Report Cards No Child Left Behind--School Support No Child Left Behind--Special Populations No Child Left Behind--Supplemental Services Online Learning--Digital/Blended Learning Online Learning--Virtual Schools/Courses P-16 or P-20 P-3 P-3 Brain Development P-3 Child Care P-3 Content Standards and Assessment P-3 Data Systems P-3 Early Intervention (0-3) P-3 Ensuring Quality P-3 Evaluation/Economic Benefits P-3 Family Involvement P-3 Finance P-3 Governance P-3 Grades 1-3 P-3 Health and Mental Health P-3 Kindergarten P-3 Kindergarten--Full-Day Kindergarten P-3 Kindergarten--Full Day Kindergarten P-3 Preschool P-3 Public/Private Partnerships P-3 Special Ed./Inclusion P-3 Teaching Quality/Professional Development Parent/Family Parent/Family--Parent Rights Parent/Family--Research Partnerships--University/School Postsecondary Postsecondary Accountability Postsecondary Accountability--Accreditation Postsecondary Accountability--Diploma Mills Postsecondary Accountability--Licensing/Program Review and Approval Postsecondary Accountability--Student Learning Postsecondary Affordability Postsecondary Affordability--Financial Aid Postsecondary Affordability--Textbooks Postsecondary Affordability--Tuition/Fees Postsecondary Affordability--Tuition/Fees--Prepd/College Savings Plans Postsecondary Affordability--Tuition/Fees--Undocumented Immigrants Postsecondary Faculty Postsecondary Faculty--Compensation Postsecondary Faculty--Intellectual Property Postsecondary Faculty--Teaching Assistants Postsecondary Faculty--Tenure Postsecondary Finance Postsecondary Finance--Efficiency/Performance-Based Funding Postsecondary Finance--Facilities Postsecondary Finance--Revenue and Expenditures Postsecondary Governance and Structures Postsecondary Governance and Structures--Administrative/Leadership Issues Postsecondary Governance and Structures--State Executives/State Agencies Postsecondary Institutions Postsecondary Institutions--Community/Technical Colleges Postsecondary Institutions--For-Profit/Proprietary Postsecondary Institutions--Four-Year Baccalaureate Postsecondary Institutions--HBCUs/Minority-Serving Institutions Postsecondary Institutions--Private/Independent Postsecondary Online Instruction Postsecondary Participation Postsecondary Participation--Access Postsecondary Participation--Admissions Requirements Postsecondary Participation--Affirmative Action Postsecondary Participation--Enrollments (Statistics) Postsecondary Participation--Outreach Postsecondary Students Postsecondary Students--Adults Postsecondary Students--Disabled Postsecondary Students--Foster Youth Postsecondary Students--Graduate/Professional Postsecondary Students--International Postsecondary Students--Low-Income Postsecondary Students--Military Postsecondary Students--Minority Postsecondary Success Postsecondary Success--Completion Postsecondary Success--Completion--Completion Rates (Statistics) Postsecondary Success--Developmental/Remediation Postsecondary Success--Retention/Persistence Postsecondary Success--Transfer/Articulation Private Schools Privatization Privatization--Education Management Agencies (EMOs) Proficiency-Based Approaches Promising Practices Promotion/Retention Public Involvement Purposes of Public Education Reading/Literacy Reading/Literacy--Adult Literacy Religion Religion--Prayer/Meditation Religion--Scientific Creationism (Evolution) Rural Scheduling/School Calendar Scheduling/School Calendar--Day/Class Length Scheduling/School Calendar--Extended Day Programs Scheduling/School Calendar--Summer School Scheduling/School Calendar--Week Scheduling/School Calendar--Year Scheduling/School Calendar--Year Round School Climate/Culture School Safety School Safety--Bullying Prevention/Conflict Resolution School Safety--Code of Conduct School Safety--Corporal Punishment School Safety--Disaster/Emergency Preparedness School Safety--Expulsion/Suspension School Safety--No Child Left Behind--Safe Schools School Safety--Sexual Harassment and Assault School Safety--Special Education School Safety--Uniforms/Dress Codes School/District Structure/Operations School/District Structure/Operations--District Consolidation/Deconsolidation School/District Structure/Operations--District Size School/District Structure/Operations--Facilities School/District Structure/Operations--Food Service School/District Structure/Operations--Libraries School/District Structure/Operations--Org. (K-3/K-8 etc.) School/District Structure/Operations--Personnel (Non-Teaching) School/District Structure/Operations--School Size School/District Structure/Operations--Shared Services School/District Structure/Operations--Staffing Ratios School/District Structure/Operations--Transportation Service-Learning Special Education Special Education--Federal Law/Regulations Special Education--Finance Special Education--Inclusion (Mainstreaming) Special Education--Placement Special Education--Transition Special Populations--Corrections Education Special Populations--Foster Care Special Populations--Gifted and Talented Special Populations--Homeless Education Special Populations--Immigrant Education Special Populations--Migrant Education Special Populations--Military Standards Standards--Common Core State Standards Standards--Implementation State Comparisons/Statistics State Longitudinal Data Systems State Policymaking State Policymaking--Ballot Questions State Policymaking--Constitutional Clauses State Policymaking--Politics State Policymaking--Task Forces/Commissions STEM Student Achievement Student Achievement--Closing the Achievement Gap Student Achievement--State Trends Student Supports--Counseling/Guidance Student Supports--Mentoring/Tutoring Student Supports--Remediation Student Surveys Students Students--Athletics/Extracurricular Activities Students--Employment Students--Incentives Students--K-12 Exchange Students Students--Mobility Students--Records/Rights Teaching Quality Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Alternative Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Assignment Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Highly Qualified Teachers Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Natl. Bd. for Prof. Teach. Stds. Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Special Education Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--State Prof. Standards Bds. Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Substitute Teachers Teaching Quality--Compensation and Diversified Pay Teaching Quality--Compensation and Diversified Pay--Pay-for-Performance Teaching Quality--Compensation and Diversified Pay--Retirement/Benefits Teaching Quality--Evaluation and Effectiveness Teaching Quality--Induction Programs and Mentoring Teaching Quality--Paraprofessionals Teaching Quality--Preparation Teaching Quality--Professional Development Teaching Quality--Recruitment and Retention Teaching Quality--Recruitment and Retention--At-Risk Schools Teaching Quality--Recruitment and Retention--High-Needs Subjects Teaching Quality--Reduction in Force Teaching Quality--Teacher Attitudes Teaching Quality--Teacher Contracts (Not Tenure) Teaching Quality--Teacher Rights Teaching Quality--Tenure or Continuing Contract Teaching Quality--Unions/Collective Bargaining Teaching Quality--Unions/Collective Bargaining--Strikes Teaching Quality--Working Conditions Technology Technology--Computer Skills Technology--Devices/Software/Hardware Technology--Equitable Access Technology--Funding Issues Technology--Internet Safety Technology--Research/Evaluation Technology--Teacher/Faculty Training Textbooks and Open Source Urban Urban--Change/Improvements Urban--Governance Whole-School Reform Models Whole Child