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From the ECS State Policy Database 1994-2013

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Education Commission of the States • 700 Broadway, Suite 810 • Denver, CO 80203-3442 • 303.299.3600 • fax 303.296.8332 • www.ecs.org

The following summary includes policies ECS has tracked in this database since 1994. This database is made possible by your state's fiscal support of the Education Commission of the States (ECS). Most entries are legislative, although rules/regulations and executive orders that make substantive changes are included. Every effort is made to collect the latest available version of policies; in some instances, recent changes might not be reflected. For expediency purposes minimal attention has been paid to style (capitalization, punctuation) and format. To view the documents, click on the blue triangle next to the topic of interest. Please cite use of the database as: Education Commission of the States (ECS) State Policy Database, retrieved [date]. State Status/Date Level Summary 21st Century Skills Accountability Accountability--Accreditation Accountability--Measures/Indicators Accountability--Reporting Results Accountability--Rewards Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions--Learnfare Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions--No Pass No Drive Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions--No Pass No Play Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions--Takeovers Accountability--School Improvement Adult Basic Education Assessment Assessment--Accommodations Assessment--College Entrance Exams Assessment--Computer Based Assessment--End-of-Course Assessment--Formative/Interim Assessment--High Stakes/Competency Assessment--Legal Issues Assessment--NAEP (NAEP Results and NAEP Organization) Assessment--Performance Based/Portfolio Assessment--Value Added At-Risk (incl. Dropout Prevention) At-Risk (incl. Dropout Prevention)--Alternative Education At-Risk (incl. Dropout Prevention)--Drugs/Alcohol Attendance Attendance--Compulsory Attendance--Statutory Ages (Upper and Lower) Attendance--Truancy Background Checks Bilingual/ESL Brain Research Business Involvement Career/Technical Education Career/Technical Education--Career Academies/Apprenticeship Cheating Choice of Schools Choice of Schools--Charter Schools Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Charter Districts Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Closings Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Cyber Charters Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Finance Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Research Choice of Schools--Choice/Open Enrollment Choice of Schools--Choice/Open Enrollment--Research Choice of Schools--Innovation Schools Choice of Schools--Magnet or Specialized Schools Choice of Schools--Tax Credits Choice of Schools--Vouchers Choice of Schools--Vouchers--Privately Funded Civic Education Civic Education--Character Education Civic Education--Civic Knowledge and Literacy Civic Education--Curriculum/Standards Civic Education--Pledge of Allegiance Class Size Curriculum Curriculum--Alignment Curriculum--Arts Education Curriculum--Censorship Curriculum--Core Curriculum Curriculum--Drivers Education Curriculum--Environmental Education Curriculum--Excusal Curriculum--Family Living Education Curriculum--Financial Literacy/Economics Ed. Curriculum--Foreign Language/Sign Language LA Adopted 09/2012 P-12 American Sign Language in Foreign Languages Offered in High Schools LAC 28:CXV.2345 Adds American Sign Language (ASL) III and IV to the list of foreign language courses that may be offered for graduation credit in public hig... More... CA Signed into law 08/2012 P-12 Heritage Schools S.B. 1137 From bill summary: Requires each heritage school's electronic registration form filed with the superintendent of public instruction to inclu... More... NY Signed into law 07/2012 P-12 State Seal of Biliteracy A.B. 10292 Establishes purposes of the state seal of biliteracy. Confers a state seal of biliteracy (district participation is voluntary) to high schoo... More... LA Signed into law 06/2012 P-12 International Language Immersion School at ULL S.B. 712 Creates an exploratory committee to develop a plan regarding the creation and establishment of an international language immersion school at... More... AK Signed into law 05/2012 P-12 Alaska Native Language Preservation and Advisory Council S.B.130 Establishes the Alaska Native Language Preservation and Advisory Council to advise both the governor and legislature on programs, policies, ... More... CO Signed into law 04/2012 P-12 Indigenous Language Instruction S.B. 57 Indicates the circumstances under which the education department may issue a Native American Language and Cultural instruction authorization... More... FL Signed into law 04/2012 Community College Postsec. Foreign Language in Associate Degree Programs H.B. 7135 - Foreign Language in Associate Degree Programs Requires students seeking an associate of arts degree to demonstrate competency in a foreign language. Page 18 of 31: http://myfloridahouse... More... CA Signed into law 10/2011 P-12 State Seal of Biliteracy on High School Diplomas and Transcripts A.B. 815 From bill summary: Establishes the State Seal of Biliteracy to recognize high school graduates who have attained a high level of proficiency... More... CT Signed into law 07/2011 P-12 Genocide Education/Sign Language is Foreign Language H.B. 6499 - Sec. 1 and 2 Includes genocide education in the materials provided by the Department of Education to school districts for student curriculum and educator... More... LA Signed into law 06/2011 P-12 Foreign Language Immersion Programs S.B. 104 Requires the State Board of Elementary and Secondary Education to develop and implement a process to certify foreign language immersion educ... More... VA Signed into law 02/2011 P-12 American Sign Language H.B. 1435 Provides that if a local school board offers an elective course in American Sign Language, it must grant academic credit for course completi... More... CA Signed into law 09/2010 P-12 Heritage Schools S.B. 1116 Applies specified background check procedures to heritage schools, which serve children between the ages of 5 and 18 who attend a public or ... More... TN Signed into law 06/2010 P-12 Foreign Language Proficiency H.B. 209 Before graduating from high school, students who have completed coursework in a foreign language are required to take a foreign language pro... More... TN Signed into law 05/2010 P-12 Foreign Language Instruction S.B. 1075 Requires the state board of education to develop guidelines and criteria for the inclusion of foreign language instruction in grades kinderg... More... OR Signed into law 03/2010 P-12 Chinese Language H.B. 3628A Authorizes Superintendent of Public Instruction to enter into contract for purpose of ensuring that Chinese language is available to public ... More... DE Signed into law 02/2010 P-12 American Sign Language as World Language H.B. 245 Recognizes American Sign Language as a World Language for purposes of school curriculum. http://legis.delaware.gov/LIS/lis145.nsf/vwLegislat... More... IL Signed into law 12/2009 P-12 Postsec. American Sign Language Courses H.B. 725 Encourages school boards to include American Sign Language courses in schools' foreign language curricula. Provides that the foreign languag... More... CA Signed into law 10/2009 P-12 American Indian Languages Teaching Credential A.B. 544 Requires the Commission on Teacher Credentials to issue an American Indian Languages eminence credential to a candidate who has demonstrated... More... WI Signed into law 06/2009 P-12 Tribal Language Revitalization Grants A.B. 75 Permits a school board or cooperative educational service agency, in conjunction with a tribal education authority, to apply to the state de... More... LA Signed into law 07/2008 P-12 Foreign Language Opportunities S.B. 549 Requires, by a specified time, that all children attending public schools shall have the opportunity to study the critical languages in addi... More... CT Signed into law 06/2008 P-12 High School Foreign Language Credit H.B. 5820 Concerns high school credit for private world language courses; provides that students may earn up to two credits toward high school graduat... More... TN Signed into law 03/2008 P-12 Guidelines for Foreign Language Fluency S.B. 2980 Directs the State Board of Education to develop guidelines for Develop guidelines for the use of LEAs to foster foreign language fluency as ... More... CA To governor 09/2007 P-12 Foreign Language A.B. 280 Establishes the State Seal of Biliteracy to recognize high school graduates who have mastered languages in addition to English. Requires the... More... LA Adopted 08/2007 P-12 Duration of Foreign Language Specialist Certificate PK-8 LAC 28:CXXXI.311 Allows the Foreign Language Specialist Certificate PK-8 to be valid for six years due to changes in the visa requirements. Page 10 of 79: ht... More... NC Signed into law 06/2007 P-12 Postsec. Community College American Sign Language H.B. 915 Encourages the public schools, the community college system and the University of North Carolina to offer American Sign Language for credit ... More... WV Adopted 06/2007 P-12 Foreign Language Standards Title 126, Series 44G Amends rules regarding foreign language content standards and objectives for West Virginia schools. ... More... GA Signed into law 05/2007 P-12 American Sign Language S.B. 170 Provides that any student, not just a deaf student, may fulfill the foreign language requirements for a college preparatory curriculum seal ... More... MN Signed into law 05/2007 P-12 World Languages Pilot Program Grants H.F. 2245 [World Languages] Creates a pilot program to award five world languages grants to develop and implement sustainable, high-quality model world languages progra... More... MN Signed into law 05/2007 P-12 Bilingual/Multilingual Certificates H.F. 2245 [Multilingual/Bilingual] Directs the Department of Education to develop and recommend to the legislature by February 15, 2008, the standards and process for awarding... More... ID Signed into law 03/2007 P-12 Official State Language S.B. 1172 Amends existing law to declare English to be the official state language. Provides that English is the sole language of government, subject ... More... UT Signed into law 03/2007 P-12 Critical Languages Program S.B. 80 Establishes the Critical Languages Program, which includes languages described in the federal National Security Language Initiative, includi... More... WY Signed into law 02/2007 Postsec. Community College Foreign Language Teacher Loan Repayment Program H.B. 182 Amends the teacher shortage loan repayment program to include students pursuing degrees to become foreign language teachers; transfers admin... More... MD Adopted 11/2006 P-12 American Sign Language as Foreign Language Credit COMAR 13A.03.02.04 Amends rules to the Board of Education. Allows students to use American Sign Language as an alternative to foreign language in fulfilling gr... More... CA Vetoed 09/2006 P-12 Graduates with Multiple Language Skills A.B. 2445 Establishes the State Seal of Biliteracy to recognize high school graduates who have mastered speaking, reading, and writing skills in one o... More... TX Adopted 07/2006 P-12 Foreign Language Courses and Tech Prep Progam 19 TAC 2.74.D.74.43, .44 Allows for students who are at higher proficiency levels to meet the graduation requirements by taking higher level language courses. Clarif... More... IL Signed into law 06/2006 P-12 Arts and Foreign Language Education Grant Program S.B. 176 Creates an arts and foreign language education grant program to fund arts education and foreign language education programs in the public sc... More... OH Signed into law 06/2006 P-12 Postsec. Community College Ohio Core Support H.B. 115 Appropriates funds for support of the Ohio Core Program. Funds will be used to: (1) Support the participation of teachers licensed in Ohio a... More... SC Signed into law 06/2006 P-12 American Sign Language S.B. 1107 Relates to high school courses in American sign language; provides that a school district may give credit as a foreign language to a pupil w... More... MN Signed into law 05/2006 P-12 Chinese Language Program H.B. 4162 Authorizes the commissioner of education to contract with the Board of Regents of the University of Minnesota or other Minnesota public enti... More... AL Signed into law 07/2005 P-12 American Sign Language S.B. 94 Amends Section 16-6B-2 to specify that American Sign Language is a foreign language for purposes of satisfying certain curriculum requiremen... More... MO DELIVERED TO GOVERNOR 05/2005 P-12 American Sign Language H.B. 530 This bill treats American Sign Language (ASL) as a foreign language for the granting of academic credit at public schools and public higher ... More... MS Signed into law 03/2005 P-12 Italian language classes H.B. 1163 Italian language classes; establish a pilot program to offer to students in grades K-12. http://billstatus.ls.state.ms.us/documents/2005/ht... More... DE Rule Adoption 06/2004 P-12 Foreign Language and Bilingual Teacher Regulations 14 DAC 1528, 1529, 1533, 1537, and 1558 Amends regulations that apply to the requirements for Standard Certificates for Foreign Language and Bilingual Teachers. These amendments re... More... CO Signed into law 04/2004 P-12 Postsec. Community College American Sign Language H.B. 1037 Concerns the treatment of American Sign Language as a foreign language in education that counts toward graduation requirements. http://www.s... More... WY Signed into law 03/2004 P-12 Public Schools Foreign Language Pilot Project H.B. 170 Relates to public schools; establishes a pilot project for expansion of foreign language instruction through grade six; imposes requirements... More... CA Signed into law 10/2003 P-12 Postsec. Curriculum: Foreign Languages S.B. 5 Requires the department of education, by June 1, 2009, to adopt content standards for teaching foreign languages in grades K-12 pursuant to... More... HI Signed into law 07/2003 P-12 Education S.B. 1326 Allows the Department of Education to adopt a program for grades 3- 12 which provides opportunities for competency in a second language. htt... More... FL Signed into law 06/2003 P-12 Postsec. American Sign Language S.B. 162 Requires school boards to advise students taking American Sign Language as a foreign language that post-secondary schools outside of Florida... More... KY Signed into law 03/2003 P-12 Integration of Arts and Foreign Languages into Elementary School Curriculum S.B. 154 Requires the department to create a program to promote the integration of the arts and foreign languages into the elementary school program.... More... MA Signed into law 08/2002 P-12 Foreign Language Instruction to Be Required in Elementary Schools H.B. 5010 "[W]ithin five years of the effective date of this act, any foreign language classes required by the department [...] or by a school distric... More... FL Signed into law 05/2002 P-12 Education Code Re-Write: District K-12 Foreign Language Curriculum Required S.B. 20E Requires every local board to create a plan for a K-12 foreign language curriculum, to be submitted to the commissioner by June 30, 2004. Se... More... OR Signed into law 06/2001 P-12 Student Bill of Rights, Dual Enrollment S.B. 65 Eliminates the 2-year second language requirement for students who have completed grade 12; requires all students who have met the requireme... More... VT Signed into law 05/2001 P-12 American Sign Language S.B. 25 Authorizes schools to offer American Sign Language (ASL) as a course of foreign language credit; directs the Board of Education to establish... More... UT Signed into law 03/2001 P-12 Postsec. Mandarin Chinese Course S.B. 57 Modifies provisions related to the State System of Public Education by requiring the State Board of Education to develop and implement a con... More... CA Signed into law 07/2000 P-12 Language Education and Testing S.B. 1667 Relates to existing law which requires a school district with pupils who are English learners to conduct annual assessments on the pupils En... More... CT Died 06/1997 P-12 S.B. 1072 Curriculum for K-12 Specifies which subject areas must be offered every year in grades k-12, taught every year to all pupils in grades k-12, and offered over th... More... CA Active 06/1996 P-12 Recognition of American Sign Language (ASL) Requires one course in visual or performing arts or foreign language during grades 9-11 for graduation from high school. A course in ASL is ... More... CT Active 06/1996 P-12 Recognition of American Sign Language (ASL) ASL as a foreign language has been proposed to the state legislature, but was not passed. It is under consideration for future legislation. ... More... DE Active 06/1996 P-12 Recognition of American Sign Language (ASL) ASL as a foreign language has never been proposed to the state legislature. The University of Delaware offers ASL as a foreign language and ... More... Curriculum--Geography Education Curriculum--Health/Nutrition Education Curriculum--Home Economics Curriculum--International Education Curriculum--Language Arts Curriculum--Language Arts--Writing/Spelling Curriculum--Mathematics Curriculum--Multicultural Curriculum--Physical Education Curriculum--Science Curriculum--Sex Education Curriculum--Social Studies/History Curriculum--Speech Education Data-Driven Improvement Demographics Demographics--Condition of Children/Adults Demographics--Enrollments Desegregation Economic/Workforce Development Education Research Equity Federal Finance Finance--Adequacy/Core Cost Finance--Aid to Private Schools Finance--Bonds Finance--District Finance--Does Money Matter? Finance--Equity Finance--Facilities Finance--Federal Finance--Funding Formulas Finance--Litigation Finance--Local Foundations/Funds Finance--Lotteries Finance--Performance Funding Finance--Private Giving Finance--Resource Efficiency Finance--State Budgets/Expenditures Finance--Student Fees Finance--Taxes/Revenues Finance--Taxes/Revenues--Alternative Revenues Governance Governance--Deregulation/Waivers/Home Rule Governance--Ethics/Conflict of Interest Governance--Mandates Governance--Regional Entities Governance--School Boards Governance--School Boards--Training Governance--Site-Based Management Governance--State Boards/Chiefs/Agencies Health Health--Child Abuse Health--Mental Health Health--Nutrition Health--School Based Clinics or School Nurses Health--Suicide Prevention Health--Teen Pregnancy High School High School--Advanced Placement High School--College Readiness High School--Credit Recovery High School--Dropout Rates/Graduation Rates High School--Dual/Concurrent Enrollment High School--Early Colleges/Middle Colleges High School--Exit Exams High School--GED (General Education Development) High School--Graduation Requirements High School--International Baccalaureate Instructional Approaches Instructional Approaches--Constructivism Instructional Approaches--Grading Practices Instructional Approaches--Homeschooling Instructional Approaches--Homework/Study Skills Instructional Approaches--Official English Instructional Approaches--Problem Based Learning Instructional Approaches--Single-Sex Education Instructional Approaches--Time/Time on Task Instructional Approaches--Tracking/Ability Grouping Integrated Services/Full-Service Schools International Benchmarking Leadership Leadership--District Superintendent Leadership--District Superintendent--Compensation and Diversified Pay Leadership--Principal/School Leadership Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Certification and Licensure Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Compensation and Diversified Pay Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Evaluation and Effectiveness Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Induction Programs and Mentoring Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Preparation Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Preparation--Alternative Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Professional Development Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Recruitment and Retention Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Tenure Middle School Minority/Diversity Issues Minority/Diversity Issues--African American Minority/Diversity Issues--American Indian / Alaska Native / Native Hawaiian Minority/Diversity Issues--Hispanic No Child Left Behind No Child Left Behind--Adequate Yearly Progress No Child Left Behind--Assessment No Child Left Behind--Choice/Transfer No Child Left Behind--Consequences for Schools No Child Left Behind--Finance No Child Left Behind--Parent Involvement No Child Left Behind--Reauthorization Issues/Waivers No Child Left Behind--Report Cards No Child Left Behind--School Support No Child Left Behind--Special Populations No Child Left Behind--Supplemental Services Online Learning--Digital/Blended Learning Online Learning--Virtual Schools/Courses P-16 or P-20 P-3 P-3 Brain Development P-3 Child Care P-3 Content Standards and Assessment P-3 Data Systems P-3 Early Intervention (0-3) P-3 Ensuring Quality P-3 Evaluation/Economic Benefits P-3 Family Involvement P-3 Finance P-3 Governance P-3 Grades 1-3 P-3 Health and Mental Health P-3 Kindergarten P-3 Kindergarten--Full-Day Kindergarten P-3 Kindergarten--Full Day Kindergarten P-3 Preschool P-3 Public/Private Partnerships P-3 Special Ed./Inclusion P-3 Teaching Quality/Professional Development Parent/Family Parent/Family--Parent Rights Parent/Family--Research Partnerships--University/School Postsecondary Postsecondary Accountability Postsecondary Accountability--Accreditation Postsecondary Accountability--Diploma Mills Postsecondary Accountability--Licensing/Program Review and Approval Postsecondary Accountability--Student Learning Postsecondary Affordability Postsecondary Affordability--Financial Aid Postsecondary Affordability--Textbooks Postsecondary Affordability--Tuition/Fees Postsecondary Affordability--Tuition/Fees--Prepd/College Savings Plans Postsecondary Affordability--Tuition/Fees--Undocumented Immigrants Postsecondary Faculty Postsecondary Faculty--Compensation Postsecondary Faculty--Intellectual Property Postsecondary Faculty--Teaching Assistants Postsecondary Faculty--Tenure Postsecondary Finance Postsecondary Finance--Efficiency/Performance-Based Funding Postsecondary Finance--Facilities Postsecondary Finance--Revenue and Expenditures Postsecondary Governance and Structures Postsecondary Governance and Structures--Administrative/Leadership Issues Postsecondary Governance and Structures--State Executives/State Agencies Postsecondary Institutions Postsecondary Institutions--Community/Technical Colleges Postsecondary Institutions--For-Profit/Proprietary Postsecondary Institutions--Four-Year Baccalaureate Postsecondary Institutions--HBCUs/Minority-Serving Institutions Postsecondary Institutions--Private/Independent Postsecondary Online Instruction Postsecondary Participation Postsecondary Participation--Access Postsecondary Participation--Admissions Requirements Postsecondary Participation--Affirmative Action Postsecondary Participation--Enrollments (Statistics) Postsecondary Participation--Outreach Postsecondary Students Postsecondary Students--Adults Postsecondary Students--Disabled Postsecondary Students--Foster Youth Postsecondary Students--Graduate/Professional Postsecondary Students--International Postsecondary Students--Low-Income Postsecondary Students--Military Postsecondary Students--Minority Postsecondary Success Postsecondary Success--Completion Postsecondary Success--Completion--Completion Rates (Statistics) Postsecondary Success--Developmental/Remediation Postsecondary Success--Retention/Persistence Postsecondary Success--Transfer/Articulation Private Schools Privatization Privatization--Education Management Agencies (EMOs) Proficiency-Based Approaches Promising Practices Promotion/Retention Public Involvement Purposes of Public Education Reading/Literacy Reading/Literacy--Adult Literacy Religion Religion--Prayer/Meditation Religion--Scientific Creationism (Evolution) Rural Scheduling/School Calendar Scheduling/School Calendar--Day/Class Length Scheduling/School Calendar--Extended Day Programs Scheduling/School Calendar--Summer School Scheduling/School Calendar--Week Scheduling/School Calendar--Year Scheduling/School Calendar--Year Round School Climate/Culture School Safety School Safety--Bullying Prevention/Conflict Resolution School Safety--Code of Conduct School Safety--Corporal Punishment School Safety--Disaster/Emergency Preparedness School Safety--Expulsion/Suspension School Safety--No Child Left Behind--Safe Schools School Safety--Sexual Harassment and Assault School Safety--Special Education School Safety--Uniforms/Dress Codes School/District Structure/Operations School/District Structure/Operations--District Consolidation/Deconsolidation School/District Structure/Operations--District Size School/District Structure/Operations--Facilities School/District Structure/Operations--Food Service School/District Structure/Operations--Libraries School/District Structure/Operations--Org. (K-3/K-8 etc.) School/District Structure/Operations--Personnel (Non-Teaching) School/District Structure/Operations--School Size School/District Structure/Operations--Shared Services School/District Structure/Operations--Staffing Ratios School/District Structure/Operations--Transportation Service-Learning Special Education Special Education--Federal Law/Regulations Special Education--Finance Special Education--Inclusion (Mainstreaming) Special Education--Placement Special Education--Transition Special Populations--Corrections Education Special Populations--Foster Care Special Populations--Gifted and Talented Special Populations--Homeless Education Special Populations--Immigrant Education Special Populations--Migrant Education Special Populations--Military Standards Standards--Common Core State Standards Standards--Implementation State Comparisons/Statistics State Longitudinal Data Systems State Policymaking State Policymaking--Ballot Questions State Policymaking--Constitutional Clauses State Policymaking--Politics State Policymaking--Task Forces/Commissions STEM Student Achievement Student Achievement--Closing the Achievement Gap Student Achievement--State Trends Student Supports--Counseling/Guidance Student Supports--Mentoring/Tutoring Student Supports--Remediation Student Surveys Students Students--Athletics/Extracurricular Activities Students--Employment Students--Incentives Students--K-12 Exchange Students Students--Mobility Students--Records/Rights Teaching Quality Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Alternative Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Assignment Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Highly Qualified Teachers Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Natl. Bd. for Prof. Teach. Stds. Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Special Education Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--State Prof. Standards Bds. Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Substitute Teachers Teaching Quality--Compensation and Diversified Pay Teaching Quality--Compensation and Diversified Pay--Pay-for-Performance Teaching Quality--Compensation and Diversified Pay--Retirement/Benefits Teaching Quality--Evaluation and Effectiveness Teaching Quality--Induction Programs and Mentoring Teaching Quality--Paraprofessionals Teaching Quality--Preparation Teaching Quality--Professional Development Teaching Quality--Recruitment and Retention Teaching Quality--Recruitment and Retention--At-Risk Schools Teaching Quality--Recruitment and Retention--High-Needs Subjects Teaching Quality--Reduction in Force Teaching Quality--Teacher Attitudes Teaching Quality--Teacher Contracts (Not Tenure) Teaching Quality--Teacher Rights Teaching Quality--Tenure or Continuing Contract Teaching Quality--Unions/Collective Bargaining Teaching Quality--Unions/Collective Bargaining--Strikes Teaching Quality--Working Conditions Technology Technology--Computer Skills Technology--Devices/Software/Hardware Technology--Equitable Access Technology--Funding Issues Technology--Internet Safety Technology--Research/Evaluation Technology--Teacher/Faculty Training Textbooks and Open Source Urban Urban--Change/Improvements Urban--Governance Whole-School Reform Models Whole Child