ECS
From the ECS State Policy Database
1994-2013

Education Commission of the States • 700 Broadway, Suite 810 • Denver, CO 80203-3442 • 303.299.3600 • fax 303.296.8332 • www.ecs.org

The following summary includes policies ECS has tracked in this database since 1994. This database is made possible by your state's fiscal support of the Education Commission of the States (ECS). Most entries are legislative, although rules/regulations and executive orders that make substantive changes are included. Every effort is made to collect the latest available version of policies; in some instances, recent changes might not be reflected. For expediency purposes minimal attention has been paid to style (capitalization, punctuation) and format. To view the documents, click on the blue triangle next to the topic of interest.

Please cite use of the database as: Education Commission of the States (ECS) State Policy Database, retrieved [date].

State Status/Date Level Summary
+ 21st Century Skills
+ Accountability
+ Accountability--Accreditation
+ Accountability--Measures/Indicators
+ Accountability--Reporting Results
+ Accountability--Rewards
+ Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions
+ Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions--Learnfare
+ Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions--No Pass No Drive
+ Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions--No Pass No Play
+ Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions--Takeovers
+ Accountability--School Improvement
+ Adult Basic Education
+ Assessment
+ Assessment--Accommodations
+ Assessment--College Entrance Exams
+ Assessment--Computer Based
+ Assessment--End-of-Course
+ Assessment--Formative/Interim
+ Assessment--High Stakes/Competency
+ Assessment--Legal Issues
+ Assessment--NAEP (NAEP Results and NAEP Organization)
+ Assessment--Performance Based/Portfolio
+ Assessment--Value Added
+ At-Risk (incl. Dropout Prevention)
+ At-Risk (incl. Dropout Prevention)--Alternative Education
+ At-Risk (incl. Dropout Prevention)--Drugs/Alcohol
+ Attendance
+ Attendance--Compulsory
+ Attendance--Statutory Ages (Upper and Lower)
+ Attendance--Truancy
+ Background Checks
+ Bilingual/ESL
+ Brain Research
+ Business Involvement
+ Career/Technical Education
+ Career/Technical Education--Career Academies/Apprenticeship
+ Cheating
+ Choice of Schools
+ Choice of Schools--Charter Schools
+ Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Charter Districts
+ Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Closings
+ Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Cyber Charters
+ Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Finance
+ Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Research
+ Choice of Schools--Choice/Open Enrollment
+ Choice of Schools--Choice/Open Enrollment--Research
+ Choice of Schools--Innovation Schools
+ Choice of Schools--Magnet or Specialized Schools
+ Choice of Schools--Tax Credits
+ Choice of Schools--Vouchers
+ Choice of Schools--Vouchers--Privately Funded
+ Civic Education
+ Civic Education--Character Education
+ Civic Education--Civic Knowledge and Literacy
+ Civic Education--Curriculum/Standards
+ Civic Education--Pledge of Allegiance
+ Class Size
+ Curriculum
+ Curriculum--Alignment
+ Curriculum--Arts Education
+ Curriculum--Censorship
+ Curriculum--Core Curriculum
+ Curriculum--Drivers Education
+ Curriculum--Environmental Education
+ Curriculum--Excusal
+ Curriculum--Family Living Education
+ Curriculum--Financial Literacy/Economics Ed.
+ Curriculum--Foreign Language/Sign Language
+ Curriculum--Geography Education
- Curriculum--Health/Nutrition Education
CASigned into law 09/2012P-12Organ and Tissue Donation in Health and Science Curriculum Frameworks
A.B. 1967
From bill summary: Requires the Instructional Quality Commission and the state board to ensure that the health and science curriculum framew...

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DESigned into law 07/2012P-12Teen Dating Violence
S.B. 206
Requires school districts and charter schools to establish a policy on responding to Teen Dating Violence and Sexual Assault, including guid...

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VTSigned into law 05/2012P-12Cardiovascular Care Instruction
S.B. 245
Requires that all public secondary schools and approved and recognized independent secondary schools provide instruction in cardiopulmonary ...

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TNSigned into law 03/2012P-12Curricular Changes for CPR Training
S.B. 1680
Revises statute on CPR education, requiring schools to use hands-on practice and skills testing to support cognitive learning and training. ...

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TXAdopted 11/2011P-12Nutrition Outreach and Education
4 TAC 26.40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 52, 53, 55
Renames nutrition outreach and education programs and clarifies eligibility requirements for both programs. One program is now "Expanding th...

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FLSigned into law 06/2011P-12Internet Safety Instruction
H.B. 251
Adds Internet safety to the list of health education topics which public schools are required to cover. http://www.myfloridahouse.gov/Sectio...

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NJSigned into law 05/2011P-12Dating Violence Policy
A 2920
Directs the Department of Education to develop a school district dating violence policy and requires school districts to provide dating viol...

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IDSigned into law 04/2011P-12Health Education
S.B. 1204
Appropriations--Health Education - Appropriates $10,710,400 for Health Education Programs for fiscal year 2012; limits the number of full-t...

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DCAdopted 07/2010P-12Health and Wellness
LB 18-564 - Health and Wellness
Requires public schools and charter schools to provide health education to students in grades K-8. Requires schools to collaborate with pare...

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FLSigned into law 06/2010P-12Teen Dating Violence and Abuse Instruction
H.B. 467
Provides that comprehensive health education taught in public schools shall include component on teen dating violence and abuse for students...

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LASigned into law 06/2010P-12Dating Violence Instruction
H.B. 46
Requires that each school year the governing authority of each public school shall 10 provide to students in grades seven through twelve enr...

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NCSigned into law 06/2010P-12Healthful Living Honors-Level Courses
H.B. 901
Directs the state board of education to develop or identify academically rigorous honors level courses in healthful living education that ca...

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OHSigned into law 06/2010P-12Student Health
S.B. 210, Part I
Establishes the Healthy Choices for Healthy Children Council. Directs the council to:
(1) Monitor progress in improving student health and ...

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AKSigned into law 05/2010P-12Farm-to-School Program
H.B. 70
Establishes the farm-to-school program in the Department of Natural Resources; relates to school gardens, greenhouses and farms. Program wil...

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AZSigned into law 05/2010P-12Curriculum
S.B. 1308
AN ACT amending Title 15, chapter 3, article 3, Arizona Revised Statutes, by adding section 15-342.02; amending title 15, chapter 7, article...

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OHSigned into law 12/2009P-12Dating Violence Prevention
H.B. 19 - Dating Violence Prevention
Enacts the Tina Croucher Act to require school districts to adopt a dating violence prevention policy as part of its policy prohibiting hara...

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ILSigned into law 08/2009P-12Teen Dating Violence
H.B. 973
Allows the Comprehensive Health Education Program in grades 8-12 to include instruction on teen dating violence. http://www.ilga.gov/legisla...

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ILSigned into law 08/2009P-12Cancer Prevention
S.B. 1665
Requires that the Comprehensive Health Education Program include information about cancer, including types of cancer, signs and symptoms, ri...

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ORSigned into law 06/2009P-12Early Childhood Health Literacy
H.B. 3041
Authorizes the Department of Education to establish a pilot project for the purpose of assisting federal Head Start program providers locate...

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TXSigned into law 06/2009P-12Interagency Farm-to-School Coordination Task Force
S.B. 1027
Establishes an interagency farm-to-school coordination task force to promote a healthy diet for schoolchildren and the business of small to ...

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TXSigned into law 06/2009P-12Nutrition Education
S.B. 282
Authorizes the department of agriculture to develop an outreach program to promote better health and nutrition programs and prevent obesity ...

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RISigned into law 07/2008P-12Standards-Based PE and Health Curriculum
S.B. 2621
Requires that the physical education and health curriculums in schools be based on standards set by the Health Education Framework and the P...

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OKSigned into law 06/2008P-12School Health Coordinators Pilot Program
H.B. 3395
Directs the State Department of Education to contract with a statewide school health program to establish a School Health Coordinators Pilot...

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WASigned into law 03/2008P-12Local Farms-Healthy Kids Act
S.B. 6483
The bill creates the farm-to-school program within the department of agriculture to facilitate increased procurement of Washington grown foo...

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LASigned into law 06/2007P-12Health and Physical Education Coordinator
S.B. 362
Directs the state department of education to hire a health and physical education coordinator not later than the beginning of the 2008-2009 ...

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IASigned into law 04/2007P-12Human Growth and Development Curriculum
H.F. 611
Defines "age-appropriate" and "research-based." Directs the department of education to develop age-appropriate and research-based materials ...

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UTSigned into law 03/2007P-12Parental Notification/Consent Clinical Health Care Class
H.B. 371
Requires specific parental notification and consent before public education students who are minors may participate in the clinical experien...

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ILSigned into law 06/2006P-12Abandoned Newborn Infant Protection Act
S.B. 2455
Deletes provision that requires all sex education courses to advise pupils of the provisions of the Abandoned Newborn Infant Protection Act ...

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NJAdopted 06/2005P-12Model School Nutrition Policy
Nutrition Rule, Department of Agriculture
State Board of Agriculture has approved Agriculture Department's amended Nutrition Rule. Will be phased in. By September 1, 2006, districts ...

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SCSigned into law 06/2005P-12Physical Education, School Health Services, and Nutritional Standards
H.B. 3499
Adds Chapter 10, entitled Physical Education, School Health Services, and Nutritional Standards. Applies to elementary schools. Sets the amo...

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AZSigned into law 04/2005P-12Instruction on Skin Cancer Prevention
S.B. 1297
Requires all public schools to incorporate instruction on skin cancer prevention into the existing curriculum in the common school grades if...

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KSSigned into law 04/2005P-12Food and Beverages
S.B. 154
Requires the state board to develop nutrition guidelines for all foods and beverages made available to public school students during the sch...

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CASigned into law 08/2004P-12Comprehensive Sexual Health and AIDS Prevention
A.B. 1925
Requires, if instruction in comprehensive sexual health education and HIV/AIDS prevention will be taught by outside consultants, or if that ...

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MITo governor 06/2004P-12Sex Education Instruction
S.B. 943
Revises requirements for instruction in sex education; requires teaching abstinence relative to HIV/AIDS issues; requires emphasis on marria...

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CASigned into law 10/2003P-12Education: Sexual Health and HIV/AIDS Prevention
S.B. 71
Establishes the Comprehensive Sexual Health and HIV/AIDS Prevention Education Act. Authorizes school districts to provide comprehensive sexu...

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CASigned into law 09/2003P-12Health Education
A.B. 195
Specifies pupils may receive instruction relating to the components of preventative health. The instruction on nutrition may include related...

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TXSigned into law 06/2003P-12School Nutrition
S.C.R. 49
Requests the lieutenant governor and the speaker to create a joint interim committee to study issues related to nutrition among state public...

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ARSigned into law 04/2003P-12Oral Health Instruction into Public School
S.B. 811
Implements oral health instruction into public school curricula. http://www.arkleg.state.ar.us/ftproot/bills/2003/public/SB811.pdf...

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ARSigned into law 04/2003P-12Child Health Advisory Committee
H.B. 1583
Creates a Child Health Advisory Committee; coordinates statewide efforts to combat childhood obesity; provides for standards and policy reco...

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CASigned into law 09/2002P-12Enrichment Programs, Nutrition Education
A.B. 2024
Relates to existing law which provides incentives for schools and communities to partner together to establish after school enrichment progr...

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CASigned into law 09/2002P-12Nutrition Education Curriculum
A.B. 1634
Requires the Department of Education to incorporate nutrition education curriculum content into the health curriculum framework at its next ...

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TNSigned into law 06/2002P-12Food Offerings
H.J.R. 646
Relates to urging primary and secondary schools to offer students more calcium rich foods and beverages in their lunch and snack bar program...

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CASigned into law 09/2001P-12Information on school meals
S.B. 19
Authorizes every public school to post a summary of nutrition and physical activity laws and regulations and the school district policies. R...

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TXSigned into law 06/2001P-12CPR Instruction
H.B. 821
Relates to cardiopulmonary resuscitation instruction of public school students....

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GASigned into law 04/2001P-12Recess In Schools
S.R. 252
Act No. 33., Relates to obesity in children; creates the Joint Study Committee on Physical Activity (recess) in Schools....

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CAVetoed 09/2000P-12School Food Service Programs
S.B. 1514
Requires the Superintendent of Public Instruction to convene an advisory task force to explore ways to inform parents about the healthfulnes...

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TNSigned into law 02/2000P-12Coordinated Health Program
H.B. 674
Provides for coordinated school health program; requires program to include, but not be limited to, school nurses, health education, school ...

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+ Curriculum--Home Economics
+ Curriculum--International Education
+ Curriculum--Language Arts
+ Curriculum--Language Arts--Writing/Spelling
+ Curriculum--Mathematics
+ Curriculum--Multicultural
+ Curriculum--Physical Education
+ Curriculum--Science
+ Curriculum--Sex Education
+ Curriculum--Social Studies/History
+ Curriculum--Speech Education
+ Data-Driven Improvement
+ Demographics
+ Demographics--Condition of Children/Adults
+ Demographics--Enrollments
+ Desegregation
+ Economic/Workforce Development
+ Education Research
+ Equity
+ Federal
+ Finance
+ Finance--Adequacy/Core Cost
+ Finance--Aid to Private Schools
+ Finance--Bonds
+ Finance--District
+ Finance--Does Money Matter?
+ Finance--Equity
+ Finance--Facilities
+ Finance--Federal
+ Finance--Funding Formulas
+ Finance--Litigation
+ Finance--Local Foundations/Funds
+ Finance--Lotteries
+ Finance--Performance Funding
+ Finance--Private Giving
+ Finance--Resource Efficiency
+ Finance--State Budgets/Expenditures
+ Finance--Student Fees
+ Finance--Taxes/Revenues
+ Finance--Taxes/Revenues--Alternative Revenues
+ Governance
+ Governance--Deregulation/Waivers/Home Rule
+ Governance--Ethics/Conflict of Interest
+ Governance--Mandates
+ Governance--Regional Entities
+ Governance--School Boards
+ Governance--School Boards--Training
+ Governance--Site-Based Management
+ Governance--State Boards/Chiefs/Agencies
+ Health
+ Health--Child Abuse
+ Health--Mental Health
+ Health--Nutrition
+ Health--School Based Clinics or School Nurses
+ Health--Suicide Prevention
+ Health--Teen Pregnancy
+ High School
+ High School--Advanced Placement
+ High School--College Readiness
+ High School--Credit Recovery
+ High School--Dropout Rates/Graduation Rates
+ High School--Dual/Concurrent Enrollment
+ High School--Early Colleges/Middle Colleges
+ High School--Exit Exams
+ High School--GED (General Education Development)
+ High School--Graduation Requirements
+ High School--International Baccalaureate
+ Instructional Approaches
+ Instructional Approaches--Constructivism
+ Instructional Approaches--Grading Practices
+ Instructional Approaches--Homeschooling
+ Instructional Approaches--Homework/Study Skills
+ Instructional Approaches--Official English
+ Instructional Approaches--Problem Based Learning
+ Instructional Approaches--Single-Sex Education
+ Instructional Approaches--Time/Time on Task
+ Instructional Approaches--Tracking/Ability Grouping
+ Integrated Services/Full-Service Schools
+ International Benchmarking
+ Leadership
+ Leadership--District Superintendent
+ Leadership--District Superintendent--Compensation and Diversified Pay
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Certification and Licensure
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Compensation and Diversified Pay
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Evaluation and Effectiveness
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Induction Programs and Mentoring
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Preparation
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Preparation--Alternative
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Professional Development
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Recruitment and Retention
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Tenure
+ Middle School
+ Minority/Diversity Issues
+ Minority/Diversity Issues--African American
+ Minority/Diversity Issues--American Indian / Alaska Native / Native Hawaiian
+ Minority/Diversity Issues--Hispanic
+ No Child Left Behind
+ No Child Left Behind--Adequate Yearly Progress
+ No Child Left Behind--Assessment
+ No Child Left Behind--Choice/Transfer
+ No Child Left Behind--Consequences for Schools
+ No Child Left Behind--Finance
+ No Child Left Behind--Parent Involvement
+ No Child Left Behind--Reauthorization Issues/Waivers
+ No Child Left Behind--Report Cards
+ No Child Left Behind--School Support
+ No Child Left Behind--Special Populations
+ No Child Left Behind--Supplemental Services
+ Online Learning--Digital/Blended Learning
+ Online Learning--Virtual Schools/Courses
+ P-16 or P-20
+ P-3
+ P-3 Brain Development
+ P-3 Child Care
+ P-3 Content Standards and Assessment
+ P-3 Data Systems
+ P-3 Early Intervention (0-3)
+ P-3 Ensuring Quality
+ P-3 Evaluation/Economic Benefits
+ P-3 Family Involvement
+ P-3 Finance
+ P-3 Governance
+ P-3 Grades 1-3
+ P-3 Health and Mental Health
+ P-3 Kindergarten
+ P-3 Kindergarten--Full-Day Kindergarten
+ P-3 Kindergarten--Full Day Kindergarten
+ P-3 Preschool
+ P-3 Public/Private Partnerships
+ P-3 Special Ed./Inclusion
+ P-3 Teaching Quality/Professional Development
+ Parent/Family
+ Parent/Family--Parent Rights
+ Parent/Family--Research
+ Partnerships--University/School
+ Postsecondary
+ Postsecondary Accountability
+ Postsecondary Accountability--Accreditation
+ Postsecondary Accountability--Diploma Mills
+ Postsecondary Accountability--Licensing/Program Review and Approval
+ Postsecondary Accountability--Student Learning
+ Postsecondary Affordability
+ Postsecondary Affordability--Financial Aid
+ Postsecondary Affordability--Textbooks
+ Postsecondary Affordability--Tuition/Fees
+ Postsecondary Affordability--Tuition/Fees--Prepd/College Savings Plans
+ Postsecondary Affordability--Tuition/Fees--Undocumented Immigrants
+ Postsecondary Faculty
+ Postsecondary Faculty--Compensation
+ Postsecondary Faculty--Intellectual Property
+ Postsecondary Faculty--Teaching Assistants
+ Postsecondary Faculty--Tenure
+ Postsecondary Finance
+ Postsecondary Finance--Efficiency/Performance-Based Funding
+ Postsecondary Finance--Facilities
+ Postsecondary Finance--Revenue and Expenditures
+ Postsecondary Governance and Structures
+ Postsecondary Governance and Structures--Administrative/Leadership Issues
+ Postsecondary Governance and Structures--State Executives/State Agencies
+ Postsecondary Institutions
+ Postsecondary Institutions--Community/Technical Colleges
+ Postsecondary Institutions--For-Profit/Proprietary
+ Postsecondary Institutions--Four-Year Baccalaureate
+ Postsecondary Institutions--HBCUs/Minority-Serving Institutions
+ Postsecondary Institutions--Private/Independent
+ Postsecondary Online Instruction
+ Postsecondary Participation
+ Postsecondary Participation--Access
+ Postsecondary Participation--Admissions Requirements
+ Postsecondary Participation--Affirmative Action
+ Postsecondary Participation--Enrollments (Statistics)
+ Postsecondary Participation--Outreach
+ Postsecondary Students
+ Postsecondary Students--Adults
+ Postsecondary Students--Disabled
+ Postsecondary Students--Foster Youth
+ Postsecondary Students--Graduate/Professional
+ Postsecondary Students--International
+ Postsecondary Students--Low-Income
+ Postsecondary Students--Military
+ Postsecondary Students--Minority
+ Postsecondary Success
+ Postsecondary Success--Completion
+ Postsecondary Success--Completion--Completion Rates (Statistics)
+ Postsecondary Success--Developmental/Remediation
+ Postsecondary Success--Retention/Persistence
+ Postsecondary Success--Transfer/Articulation
+ Private Schools
+ Privatization
+ Privatization--Education Management Agencies (EMOs)
+ Proficiency-Based Approaches
+ Promising Practices
+ Promotion/Retention
+ Public Involvement
+ Purposes of Public Education
+ Reading/Literacy
+ Reading/Literacy--Adult Literacy
+ Religion
+ Religion--Prayer/Meditation
+ Religion--Scientific Creationism (Evolution)
+ Rural
+ Scheduling/School Calendar
+ Scheduling/School Calendar--Day/Class Length
+ Scheduling/School Calendar--Extended Day Programs
+ Scheduling/School Calendar--Summer School
+ Scheduling/School Calendar--Week
+ Scheduling/School Calendar--Year
+ Scheduling/School Calendar--Year Round
+ School Climate/Culture
+ School Safety
+ School Safety--Bullying Prevention/Conflict Resolution
+ School Safety--Code of Conduct
+ School Safety--Corporal Punishment
+ School Safety--Disaster/Emergency Preparedness
+ School Safety--Expulsion/Suspension
+ School Safety--No Child Left Behind--Safe Schools
+ School Safety--Sexual Harassment and Assault
+ School Safety--Special Education
+ School Safety--Uniforms/Dress Codes
+ School/District Structure/Operations
+ School/District Structure/Operations--District Consolidation/Deconsolidation
+ School/District Structure/Operations--District Size
+ School/District Structure/Operations--Facilities
+ School/District Structure/Operations--Food Service
+ School/District Structure/Operations--Libraries
+ School/District Structure/Operations--Org. (K-3/K-8 etc.)
+ School/District Structure/Operations--Personnel (Non-Teaching)
+ School/District Structure/Operations--School Size
+ School/District Structure/Operations--Shared Services
+ School/District Structure/Operations--Staffing Ratios
+ School/District Structure/Operations--Transportation
+ Service-Learning
+ Special Education
+ Special Education--Federal Law/Regulations
+ Special Education--Finance
+ Special Education--Inclusion (Mainstreaming)
+ Special Education--Placement
+ Special Education--Transition
+ Special Populations--Corrections Education
+ Special Populations--Foster Care
+ Special Populations--Gifted and Talented
+ Special Populations--Homeless Education
+ Special Populations--Immigrant Education
+ Special Populations--Migrant Education
+ Special Populations--Military
+ Standards
+ Standards--Common Core State Standards
+ Standards--Implementation
+ State Comparisons/Statistics
+ State Longitudinal Data Systems
+ State Policymaking
+ State Policymaking--Ballot Questions
+ State Policymaking--Constitutional Clauses
+ State Policymaking--Politics
+ State Policymaking--Task Forces/Commissions
+ STEM
+ Student Achievement
+ Student Achievement--Closing the Achievement Gap
+ Student Achievement--State Trends
+ Student Supports--Counseling/Guidance
+ Student Supports--Mentoring/Tutoring
+ Student Supports--Remediation
+ Student Surveys
+ Students
+ Students--Athletics/Extracurricular Activities
+ Students--Employment
+ Students--Incentives
+ Students--K-12 Exchange Students
+ Students--Mobility
+ Students--Records/Rights
+ Teaching Quality
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Alternative
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Assignment
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Highly Qualified Teachers
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Natl. Bd. for Prof. Teach. Stds.
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Special Education
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--State Prof. Standards Bds.
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Substitute Teachers
+ Teaching Quality--Compensation and Diversified Pay
+ Teaching Quality--Compensation and Diversified Pay--Pay-for-Performance
+ Teaching Quality--Compensation and Diversified Pay--Retirement/Benefits
+ Teaching Quality--Evaluation and Effectiveness
+ Teaching Quality--Induction Programs and Mentoring
+ Teaching Quality--Paraprofessionals
+ Teaching Quality--Preparation
+ Teaching Quality--Professional Development
+ Teaching Quality--Recruitment and Retention
+ Teaching Quality--Recruitment and Retention--At-Risk Schools
+ Teaching Quality--Recruitment and Retention--High-Needs Subjects
+ Teaching Quality--Reduction in Force
+ Teaching Quality--Teacher Attitudes
+ Teaching Quality--Teacher Contracts (Not Tenure)
+ Teaching Quality--Teacher Rights
+ Teaching Quality--Tenure or Continuing Contract
+ Teaching Quality--Unions/Collective Bargaining
+ Teaching Quality--Unions/Collective Bargaining--Strikes
+ Teaching Quality--Working Conditions
+ Technology
+ Technology--Computer Skills
+ Technology--Devices/Software/Hardware
+ Technology--Equitable Access
+ Technology--Funding Issues
+ Technology--Internet Safety
+ Technology--Research/Evaluation
+ Technology--Teacher/Faculty Training
+ Textbooks and Open Source
+ Urban
+ Urban--Change/Improvements
+ Urban--Governance
+ Whole-School Reform Models
+ Whole Child