ECS
From the ECS State Policy Database
1994-2012

Education Commission of the States • 700 Broadway, Suite 810 • Denver, CO 80203-3442 • 303.299.3600 • fax 303.296.8332 • www.ecs.org

The following summary includes policies ECS has tracked in this database since 1994. This database is made possible by your state's fiscal support of the Education Commission of the States (ECS). Most entries are legislative, although rules/regulations and executive orders that make substantive changes are included. Every effort is made to collect the latest available version of policies; in some instances, recent changes might not be reflected. For expediency purposes minimal attention has been paid to style (capitalization, punctuation) and format. To view the documents, click on the blue triangle next to the topic of interest.

Please cite use of the database as: Education Commission of the States (ECS) State Policy Database, retrieved [date].

State Status/Date Level Summary
+ 21st Century Skills
+ Accountability
+ Accountability--Accreditation
+ Accountability--Measures/Indicators
+ Accountability--Reporting Results
+ Accountability--Rewards
+ Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions
+ Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions--Learnfare
+ Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions--No Pass No Drive
+ Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions--No Pass No Play
+ Accountability--Sanctions/Interventions--Takeovers
+ Accountability--School Improvement
+ Adult Basic Education
+ Assessment
+ Assessment--Accommodations
+ Assessment--College Entrance Exams
+ Assessment--Computer Based
+ Assessment--End-of-Course
+ Assessment--Formative/Interim
+ Assessment--High Stakes/Competency
+ Assessment--Legal Issues
+ Assessment--NAEP (NAEP Results and NAEP Organization)
+ Assessment--Performance Based/Portfolio
+ Assessment--Value Added
+ At-Risk (incl. Dropout Prevention)
+ At-Risk (incl. Dropout Prevention)--Alternative Education
+ At-Risk (incl. Dropout Prevention)--Drugs/Alcohol
+ Attendance
+ Attendance--Compulsory
+ Attendance--Statutory Ages (Upper and Lower)
+ Attendance--Truancy
+ Background Checks
+ Bilingual/ESL
+ Brain Research
+ Business Involvement
+ Career/Technical Education
+ Career/Technical Education--Career Academies/Apprenticeship
+ Cheating
+ Choice of Schools
+ Choice of Schools--Charter Schools
+ Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Charter Districts
+ Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Closings
+ Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Cyber Charters
+ Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Finance
+ Choice of Schools--Charter Schools--Research
+ Choice of Schools--Choice/Open Enrollment
+ Choice of Schools--Choice/Open Enrollment--Research
+ Choice of Schools--Innovation Schools
+ Choice of Schools--Magnet or Specialized Schools
+ Choice of Schools--Tax Credits
+ Choice of Schools--Vouchers
+ Choice of Schools--Vouchers--Privately Funded
+ Civic Education
+ Civic Education--Character Education
+ Civic Education--Civic Knowledge and Literacy
+ Civic Education--Curriculum/Standards
+ Civic Education--Pledge of Allegiance
+ Class Size
+ Curriculum
+ Curriculum--Alignment
+ Curriculum--Arts Education
+ Curriculum--Censorship
+ Curriculum--Core Curriculum
+ Curriculum--Drivers Education
+ Curriculum--Environmental Education
+ Curriculum--Excusal
+ Curriculum--Family Living Education
+ Curriculum--Financial Literacy/Economics Ed.
+ Curriculum--Foreign Language/Sign Language
+ Curriculum--Geography Education
+ Curriculum--Health/Nutrition Education
+ Curriculum--Home Economics
+ Curriculum--International Education
+ Curriculum--Language Arts
+ Curriculum--Language Arts--Writing/Spelling
+ Curriculum--Mathematics
- Curriculum--Multicultural
COSigned into law 04/2012P-12Indicates the circumstances under which the education department may issue a Native American Language and Cultural instruction authorization to an individual. A district may adopt a policy to grant general education or world language credit for successful completion of Native American language course work for languages of fedrally recognized tribes.
http://www.leg.state.co.us/clics/clics2012a/csl.nsf/fsbillcont3/DE919C4DC5DD2AF487257981007DB7B8?Open&file=057_enr.pdf
Title: S.B. 57
Source: http://www.leg.state.co.us

MISigned into law 12/2008P-12Encourages a school district that teaches world history in middle school or high school to focus instruction regarding Africa on at least one of certain kingdoms of Africa.
http://www.legislature.mi.gov/documents/2007-2008/publicact/pdf/2008-PA-0312.pdf
Title: H.B. 4902
Source: http://www.legislature.mi.gov/

NYSigned into law 10/2005P-12Establishes and creates the Amistad Commission to coordinate educational and
other programs on slavery and African-American history. http://assembly.state.ny.us/leg/?bn=A06362&sh=t
Title: H.B. 6362
Source:

OKAdopted 10/2005P-12Replaces the term multicultural education with the term racial and ethnic education. Establishes new school board policy for the rule change. OKLAHOMA 13851
Title: OAC 210:20-19-2 thru -4
Source: Lexis-Nexis/StateNet

ILSigned into law 07/2005P-12Creates the Amistad Commission. Contains provisions concerning the membership and duties of the Commission. These duties include:
(i) providing assistance and advice to schools within the state with respect to the implementation of education, awareness programs, textbooks, and educational materials concerned with the African slave trade, slavery in America, the vestiges of slavery in this country, and the contributions of African-Americans to our society;
(ii) surveying and cataloging the extent and breadth of education concerning these topics;
(iii) acting as a liaison to textbook publishers and others in forming a curriculum on these subjects;
(iv) coordinating events and programs on slavery and related issues; and
(iv) developing with the cooperation of the State Board of Education, curriculum guidelines for the teaching of information on slavery topics and issues.

Authorizes the commission to call upon any department, office, division, or agency of the state, or of any county, municipality, or school district of the State, to supply such data, program reports, and other information, personnel, and assistance as it deems necessary to discharge its responsibilities under this Act. Requires the state board to assist the commission in a variety of ways, including by: (i) marketing and distributing information and materials on slavery topics to schools, and (ii) conducting at least one teacher workshop annually on slavery issues. Requires the Commission to make biannual reports on its activities to the Governor and the General Assembly. Effective immediately. http://www.ilga.gov/legislation/publicacts/fulltext.asp?Name=094-0285
Title: H.B. 383
Source: StateNet

NMSigned into law 04/2005P-12Adds that the Indian education division shall:
develop or select for implementation a challenging, sequential, culturally relevant curriculum to provide instruction to American Indian students in kindergarten through sixth grade to prepare them for pre-advanced placement and advanced placement coursework in grades seven through twelve;
Title: S.B. 215
Source: StateNet

NDRule Adoption 07/2004P-12Establishes rules regarding initial licenses, distance learning instructor - definition - qualifications - licensure, two-year and five-year renewals, professional development for license renewal, multicultural education and native american studies, and reentry.
Title: NDAC 67.1-02-02-, -04, -05, -07, -09
Source: StateNet

NMSigned into law 04/2003P-12Requires multicultural content for a percentage of instructional material approved by the State Board of Education.
Title: S.B. 396
Source: StateNet

CAVetoed 09/2002P-12Requires the Curriculum Development and Supplemental Materials Commission within the Department of Education to identify model programs, standards, and curricula relating to ethnic studies at the high school level. Requires the commission to submit a report to the Governor and Legislature and to make the report available on the department's Internet Web site. Appropriates funds for the purposes of the report.
Title: A.B. 2001
Source: Lexis-Nexis/StateNet

NJSigned into law 06/2002P-12Establishes the Amistad Commission to coordinate educational and other programs on slavery and African-American history in public and nonpublic schools and public and private nonprofit resource organizations. http://www.njleg.state.nj.us/2002/Bills/A1500/1301_R1.HTM
Title: A.B. 1301
Source: Lexis-Nexis/StateNet

NMVetoed 02/2002P-12Enacts the Indian Education Act; prescribes powers and duties. The purpose of the Indian Education Act is to: (A) ensure equitable educational opportunities for American Indian students residing in New Mexico; (B) ensure maintenance of native languages; (C) develop and implement educational systems that positively impact the educational success of American Indian students; and (D) structure a formal government-to-government relationship with New Mexico tribes.
Title: H.B. 28
Source: Lexis-Nexis/StateNet

NJVetoed 12/2001P-12Establishes Commission on Italian and Americans of Italian Heritage Culture and Education; appropriates funds. The duties of the commission include giving assistance to and advising public and nonpublic schools on the positive contributions and achievement of Italians and of Americans of Italian Heritage in our
society and encouraging a recognition of those values, both cultural and historical, which derive from the Italian heritage.
Title: A.B. 3693
Source: Lexis-Nexis/StateNet

CAVetoed 09/2000P-12Requires the State Department of Education to request proposals for the development of model curricula, aligned with state content standards, on California Native American history, culture, and tribal sovereignty, to be incorporated into educational materials for pupils in grades 1 to 12, inclusive. Appropriates a specified amount from the General Fund to the department for these purposes.
Title: S.B. 1439
Source: Lexis-Nexis/StateNet

CASigned into law 08/2000P-12Chapter No.213, Requires the State Board of Education to adopt a model curriculum guide for use by public schools for exercises related to Cesar Chavez Day. Requires the State Board of Education to ensure that the state curriculum framework, where appropriate, includes instruction in Cesar Chavez and the history of the farm labor movement in the United States. Creates the Cesar Chavez Day of Service and Learning Program.
Title: S.B. 984
Source: Lexis-Nexis/StateNet

RIBecame law without GOVERNOR'S signature 07/2000P-12Requires the Department of Elementary and Secondary Education to develop curricular material on genocide and human rights violations and issues including slave trade, great hunger in Ireland, the Armenian Genocide, the Holocaust and Mussolini's Fascist Regime.
Title: H.B. 7397
Source: www.rilin.state.ri.us/BillText00/HouseText00/H7397.htm

AKSigned into law 05/2000P-12Relates to a curriculum for Native language education.
Title: S.B. 103
Source: Lexis-Nexis/StateNet

VASigned into law 02/2000P-12Amends the Standards of Quality to require that the Board of Education supplement the Standards of Learning for Social Studies to ensure the study of contributions to society of diverse people; defines diverse as including consideration of disability, ethnicity, race and gender.
Title: S.B. 487
Source: Lexis-Nexis/StateNet

CASigned into law 11/1998P-12States the legislature's intent that historically accurate files and videotapes depicting the internment of Japanese-Americans during World War II be made available to schools and used in the classroom. Also encourages teachers to teach students about the Armenian genocide and internment and the relocation and restriction of people of Italian origin, two historical events commonly overlooked in school curricula.
Title: S.B. 2053
Source: Sacramento Education Legislative Letter

CASigned into law 11/1998P-12Intent is to sponsor public education activities and develop educational materials to ensure that the events surrounding the internment of Japanese-Americans during World War II are not forgotten.
Title: A.B. 1915
Source: Sacramento Education Legislative Letter

FLSigned into law 05/1998P-12Includes study of Hispanic and Women's contributions to United States in required public school instruction; revises provisions regarding purchase of instructional materials not on state-adopted list.
Title: H.B. 3407
Source: Information for Public Affairs, Inc.

COSigned into law 04/1998P-12Amends current law which requires public schools to teach the history and culture of the United States, including the history, culture and contributions of minorities, including Hispanic Americans, African Americans and American Indians.
Title: H.B. 1186 American Indian Culture
Source: Lexis-Nexis/StateNet

CTSigned into law 05/1997P-12Encourages local and regional board of education to include multi-cultural education and awareness as part of the program of instruction in the public schools and as part of in-service training programs for teachers.
Title: H.B. 5006 Multicultural Education
Source: Lexis-Nexis/StateNet

CTSigned into law 05/1997P-12Encourages local and regional boards of education to include study of the Irish famine in their program of instruction and in their in-service training programs.
Title: S.B. 81
Source: Lexis-Nexis/StateNet

ARSigned into law 03/1997P-12Requires the General Education Division to gather and distribute instructional materials for teaching African-American history and training in racial and ethnic awareness in grades K-12.
Title: S.B. 307 Teaching of Multicultural Awareness
Source: Lexis-Nexis/StateNet

CTDied 04/1996P-12Increases student knowledge of African American History and personal financial management. (Reported favorably from the joint committee on education)
Title: H.B. 5509 Multi-Cultural Curriculum of African American History
Source: Lexis-Nexis/StateNet

FLSigned into law 05/1994P-12(Effective: 05/11/94) Legislature mandated Holocaust and African American history curricula for schools. (Education Week 5/11/94)
Title: Legislative Update - Curriculum
Source: Education Week

+ Curriculum--Physical Education
+ Curriculum--Science
+ Curriculum--Sex Education
+ Curriculum--Social Studies/History
+ Curriculum--Speech Education
+ Data-Driven Improvement
+ Demographics
+ Demographics--Condition of Children/Adults
+ Demographics--Enrollments
+ Desegregation
+ Economic/Workforce Development
+ Education Research
+ Equity
+ Federal
+ Finance
+ Finance--Adequacy/Core Cost
+ Finance--Aid to Private Schools
+ Finance--Bonds
+ Finance--District
+ Finance--Does Money Matter?
+ Finance--Equity
+ Finance--Facilities
+ Finance--Federal
+ Finance--Funding Formulas
+ Finance--Litigation
+ Finance--Local Foundations/Funds
+ Finance--Lotteries
+ Finance--Performance Funding
+ Finance--Private Giving
+ Finance--Resource Efficiency
+ Finance--State Budgets/Expenditures
+ Finance--Student Fees
+ Finance--Taxes/Revenues
+ Finance--Taxes/Revenues--Alternative Revenues
+ Governance
+ Governance--Deregulation/Waivers/Home Rule
+ Governance--Ethics/Conflict of Interest
+ Governance--Mandates
+ Governance--Regional Entities
+ Governance--School Boards
+ Governance--School Boards--Training
+ Governance--Site-Based Management
+ Governance--State Boards/Chiefs/Agencies
+ Health
+ Health--Child Abuse
+ Health--Mental Health
+ Health--Nutrition
+ Health--School Based Clinics or School Nurses
+ Health--Suicide Prevention
+ Health--Teen Pregnancy
+ High School
+ High School--Advanced Placement
+ High School--College Readiness
+ High School--Credit Recovery
+ High School--Dropout Rates/Graduation Rates
+ High School--Dual/Concurrent Enrollment
+ High School--Early Colleges/Middle Colleges
+ High School--Exit Exams
+ High School--GED (General Education Development)
+ High School--Graduation Requirements
+ High School--International Baccalaureate
+ Instructional Approaches
+ Instructional Approaches--Constructivism
+ Instructional Approaches--Grading Practices
+ Instructional Approaches--Homeschooling
+ Instructional Approaches--Homework/Study Skills
+ Instructional Approaches--Official English
+ Instructional Approaches--Problem Based Learning
+ Instructional Approaches--Single-Sex Education
+ Instructional Approaches--Time/Time on Task
+ Instructional Approaches--Tracking/Ability Grouping
+ Integrated Services/Full-Service Schools
+ International Benchmarking
+ Leadership
+ Leadership--District Superintendent
+ Leadership--District Superintendent--Compensation and Diversified Pay
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Certification and Licensure
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Compensation and Diversified Pay
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Evaluation and Effectiveness
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Induction Programs and Mentoring
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Preparation
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Preparation--Alternative
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Professional Development
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Recruitment and Retention
+ Leadership--Principal/School Leadership--Tenure
+ Middle School
+ Minority/Diversity Issues
+ Minority/Diversity Issues--African American
+ Minority/Diversity Issues--American Indian / Alaska Native / Native Hawaiian
+ Minority/Diversity Issues--Hispanic
+ No Child Left Behind
+ No Child Left Behind--Adequate Yearly Progress
+ No Child Left Behind--Assessment
+ No Child Left Behind--Choice/Transfer
+ No Child Left Behind--Consequences for Schools
+ No Child Left Behind--Finance
+ No Child Left Behind--Parent Involvement
+ No Child Left Behind--Reauthorization Issues/Waivers
+ No Child Left Behind--Report Cards
+ No Child Left Behind--School Support
+ No Child Left Behind--Special Populations
+ No Child Left Behind--Supplemental Services
+ Online Learning--Digital/Blended Learning
+ Online Learning--Virtual Schools/Courses
+ P-16 or P-20
+ P-3
+ P-3 Brain Development
+ P-3 Child Care
+ P-3 Content Standards and Assessment
+ P-3 Data Systems
+ P-3 Early Intervention (0-3)
+ P-3 Ensuring Quality
+ P-3 Evaluation/Economic Benefits
+ P-3 Family Involvement
+ P-3 Finance
+ P-3 Governance
+ P-3 Grades 1-3
+ P-3 Health and Mental Health
+ P-3 Kindergarten
+ P-3 Kindergarten--Full-Day Kindergarten
+ P-3 Kindergarten--Full Day Kindergarten
+ P-3 Preschool
+ P-3 Public/Private Partnerships
+ P-3 Special Ed./Inclusion
+ P-3 Teaching Quality/Professional Development
+ Parent/Family
+ Parent/Family--Parent Rights
+ Parent/Family--Research
+ Partnerships--University/School
+ Postsecondary
+ Postsecondary Accountability
+ Postsecondary Accountability--Accreditation
+ Postsecondary Accountability--Diploma Mills
+ Postsecondary Accountability--Licensing/Program Review and Approval
+ Postsecondary Accountability--Student Learning
+ Postsecondary Affordability
+ Postsecondary Affordability--Financial Aid
+ Postsecondary Affordability--Textbooks
+ Postsecondary Affordability--Tuition/Fees
+ Postsecondary Affordability--Tuition/Fees--Prepd/College Savings Plans
+ Postsecondary Affordability--Tuition/Fees--Undocumented Immigrants
+ Postsecondary Faculty
+ Postsecondary Faculty--Compensation
+ Postsecondary Faculty--Intellectual Property
+ Postsecondary Faculty--Teaching Assistants
+ Postsecondary Faculty--Tenure
+ Postsecondary Finance
+ Postsecondary Finance--Efficiency/Performance-Based Funding
+ Postsecondary Finance--Facilities
+ Postsecondary Finance--Revenue and Expenditures
+ Postsecondary Governance and Structures
+ Postsecondary Governance and Structures--Administrative/Leadership Issues
+ Postsecondary Governance and Structures--State Executives/State Agencies
+ Postsecondary Institutions
+ Postsecondary Institutions--Community/Technical Colleges
+ Postsecondary Institutions--For-Profit/Proprietary
+ Postsecondary Institutions--Four-Year Baccalaureate
+ Postsecondary Institutions--HBCUs/Minority-Serving Institutions
+ Postsecondary Institutions--Private/Independent
+ Postsecondary Online Instruction
+ Postsecondary Participation
+ Postsecondary Participation--Access
+ Postsecondary Participation--Admissions Requirements
+ Postsecondary Participation--Affirmative Action
+ Postsecondary Participation--Enrollments (Statistics)
+ Postsecondary Participation--Outreach
+ Postsecondary Students
+ Postsecondary Students--Adults
+ Postsecondary Students--Disabled
+ Postsecondary Students--Foster Youth
+ Postsecondary Students--Graduate/Professional
+ Postsecondary Students--International
+ Postsecondary Students--Low-Income
+ Postsecondary Students--Military
+ Postsecondary Students--Minority
+ Postsecondary Success
+ Postsecondary Success--Completion
+ Postsecondary Success--Completion--Completion Rates (Statistics)
+ Postsecondary Success--Developmental/Remediation
+ Postsecondary Success--Retention/Persistence
+ Postsecondary Success--Transfer/Articulation
+ Private Schools
+ Privatization
+ Privatization--Education Management Agencies (EMOs)
+ Proficiency-Based Approaches
+ Promising Practices
+ Promotion/Retention
+ Public Attitudes
+ Public Involvement
+ Purposes of Public Education
+ Reading/Literacy
+ Reading/Literacy--Adult Literacy
+ Religion
+ Religion--Prayer/Meditation
+ Religion--Scientific Creationism (Evolution)
+ Rural
+ Scheduling/School Calendar
+ Scheduling/School Calendar--Day/Class Length
+ Scheduling/School Calendar--Extended Day Programs
+ Scheduling/School Calendar--Summer School
+ Scheduling/School Calendar--Week
+ Scheduling/School Calendar--Year
+ Scheduling/School Calendar--Year Round
+ School Climate/Culture
+ School Safety
+ School Safety--Bullying Prevention/Conflict Resolution
+ School Safety--Code of Conduct
+ School Safety--Corporal Punishment
+ School Safety--Disaster/Emergency Preparedness
+ School Safety--Expulsion/Suspension
+ School Safety--No Child Left Behind--Safe Schools
+ School Safety--Sexual Harassment and Assault
+ School Safety--Special Education
+ School Safety--Uniforms/Dress Codes
+ School/District Structure/Operations
+ School/District Structure/Operations--District Consolidation/Deconsolidation
+ School/District Structure/Operations--District Size
+ School/District Structure/Operations--Facilities
+ School/District Structure/Operations--Food Service
+ School/District Structure/Operations--Libraries
+ School/District Structure/Operations--Org. (K-3/K-8 etc.)
+ School/District Structure/Operations--Personnel (Non-Teaching)
+ School/District Structure/Operations--School Size
+ School/District Structure/Operations--Shared Services
+ School/District Structure/Operations--Staffing Ratios
+ School/District Structure/Operations--Transportation
+ Service-Learning
+ Special Education
+ Special Education--Federal Law/Regulations
+ Special Education--Finance
+ Special Education--Inclusion (Mainstreaming)
+ Special Education--Placement
+ Special Education--Transition
+ Special Populations--Corrections Education
+ Special Populations--Foster Care
+ Special Populations--Gifted and Talented
+ Special Populations--Homeless Education
+ Special Populations--Immigrant Education
+ Special Populations--Migrant Education
+ Special Populations--Military
+ Standards
+ Standards--Common Core State Standards
+ Standards--Implementation
+ State Comparisons/Statistics
+ State Longitudinal Data Systems
+ State Policymaking
+ State Policymaking--Ballot Questions
+ State Policymaking--Constitutional Clauses
+ State Policymaking--Politics
+ State Policymaking--Task Forces/Commissions
+ STEM
+ Student Achievement
+ Student Achievement--Closing the Achievement Gap
+ Student Achievement--State Trends
+ Student Supports
+ Student Supports--Counseling/Guidance
+ Student Supports--Mentoring/Tutoring
+ Student Supports--Remediation
+ Student Surveys
+ Students
+ Students--Athletics/Extracurricular Activities
+ Students--Employment
+ Students--Incentives
+ Students--K-12 Exchange Students
+ Students--Mobility
+ Students--Records/Rights
+ Teaching Quality
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Alternative
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Assignment
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Highly Qualified Teachers
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Natl. Bd. for Prof. Teach. Stds.
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Special Education
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--State Prof. Standards Bds.
+ Teaching Quality--Certification and Licensure--Substitute Teachers
+ Teaching Quality--Compensation and Diversified Pay
+ Teaching Quality--Compensation and Diversified Pay--Pay-for-Performance
+ Teaching Quality--Compensation and Diversified Pay--Retirement/Benefits
+ Teaching Quality--Evaluation and Effectiveness
+ Teaching Quality--Induction Programs and Mentoring
+ Teaching Quality--Paraprofessionals
+ Teaching Quality--Preparation
+ Teaching Quality--Professional Development
+ Teaching Quality--Recruitment and Retention
+ Teaching Quality--Recruitment and Retention--At-Risk Schools
+ Teaching Quality--Recruitment and Retention--High-Needs Subjects
+ Teaching Quality--Reduction in Force
+ Teaching Quality--Teacher Attitudes
+ Teaching Quality--Teacher Contracts (Not Tenure)
+ Teaching Quality--Teacher Rights
+ Teaching Quality--Tenure or Continuing Contract
+ Teaching Quality--Unions/Collective Bargaining
+ Teaching Quality--Unions/Collective Bargaining--Strikes
+ Teaching Quality--Working Conditions
+ Technology
+ Technology--Computer Skills
+ Technology--Devices/Software/Hardware
+ Technology--Equitable Access
+ Technology--Funding Issues
+ Technology--Internet Safety
+ Technology--Research/Evaluation
+ Technology--Teacher/Faculty Training
+ Textbooks and Open Source
+ Urban
+ Urban--Change/Improvements
+ Urban--Governance
+ Whole-School Reform Models
+ Whole Child